The role of calcium and vitamin D in the prevention of colorectal cancer
Authors:
P. Minárik 1,2; P. Mlkvý 3
Authors place of work:
Oddelenie gastroenterológie, Onkologický ústav sv. Alžbety, s. r. o., Bratislava, Slovenská republika
1; Vysoká škola zdravotníctva a sociálnej práce sv. Alžbety, Bratislava, Slovenská republika
2; Oddelenie laserovej medicíny, Onkologický ústav sv. Alžbety, s. r. o., Bratislava, Slovenská republika
3
Published in the journal:
Gastroent Hepatol 2016; 70(2): 157-171
Category:
Gastrointestinal Oncology: Review Article
doi:
https://doi.org/10.14735/amgh2016csgh.info03
Summary
Calcium is an important nutrient for bone and dental health and, in the European region, milk together with dairy products are the main source of calcium. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the world‘s third most common cancer. In recent years, sufficient evidence has accumulated to show that calcium and vitamin D have antineoplastic effects in colon cancer. Consistent evidence from existing studies suggests that both calcium and milk probably protect against CRC. Calcium supplementation probably protects against CRC as well. On the other hand, there is currently limited evidence to suggest that cheese increases the risk of CRC. Dietary supplements containing calcium are indicated as an alternative source of calcium for people who, for whatever reason, are unable to obtain enough calcium from a normal diet. The main role of vitamin D is to ensure calcium and phosphate homeostasis, and is important for bone and dental health. A number of observational and epidemiological studies have been published in recent years confirming that vitamin D plays an active protective role in preventing the development of CRC, as well as cancers of the prostate, breast, ovary, and skin. Most of the evidence on the protective effects of vitamin D concern CRC. The status of vitamin D in the body is best expressed by the serum 25(OH)D vitamin level. Despite the strength of evidence showing that oral intake and synthesis of vitamin D reduce the risk of CRC incidence and mortality, health professionals at present do not recommend supplementation with vitamin D as a general measure for the prevention of malignancies, including CRC. There is still a lack of clear evidence from randomized, controlled intervention studies. Further prospective studies are needed to obtain more information about the causality of vitamin D and CRC, interactions between vitamin D and other protective nutrients, and other aspects of the preventive effects of vitamin D on colorectal cancer, as well as on other cancers.
Key words:
calcium – vitamin D – colorectal cancer – prevention – risk
The authors declare they have no potential conflicts of interest concerning drugs, products, or services used in the study.
The Editorial Board declares that the manuscript met the ICMJE „uniform requirements“ for biomedical papers.
Submitted:
1. 9. 2015
Accepted:
23. 10. 2015
Zdroje
1. Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. Dietary reference intakes for vitamin D and calcium, food and nutrition board. Washington DC: National Academy Press 2010.
2. Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. Calcium. In: Dietary reference intakes for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D and fluoride. Washing-ton, DC: National Academy Press 2009. [online]. Available from: http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=5776&page=71.
3. Weaver CM, Proulx WR, Heaney R. Choices for achieving adequate dietary calcium with a vegetarian diet. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 70 (Suppl 3): 543–548.
4. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements. Calcium. Dietary supplement fact sheet for health professionals. Washington DC: USDA, NIH 2013. [online]. Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Calcium-HealthProfessional/.
5. Heaney RP. Protein intake and the calcium economy. J Am Diet Assoc 1993; 93(11): 1259–1260.
6. Longo DL, Fauci AS, Kasper L et al. Harrison’s principles of internal medicine. 18th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill 2012. [online]. Available from: http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=331§ionid=40727158.
7. Jones G. Pharmacokinetics of vitamin D toxicity. Am J Clin Nutr 2008; 88(2): 582S–586S.
8. Norman AW, Henry HH. Vitamin D. In: Bowman BA, Russell RM (eds). Present knowledge in nutrition. 9th ed. Washington DC: ILSI Press 2006.
9. Institute of Medicine (US) Committee to Review dietary reference Intakes for vitamin D and calcium. Dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D. Washington DC: National Academies Press 2011.
10. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements. Vitamin D.Dietary supplement fact sheet for healthprofessionals. Washington DC: USDA, NIH2014. [online]. Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminD-health%20Professional/.
11. Wharton B, Bishop N. Rickets. Lancet 2003; 362(9393): 1389–1400.
12. Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med 2007; 357(3): 266–281.
13. Wagner CL, Greer FR, American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Breastfeeding et al. Prevention of rickets and vitamin D deficiency in infants, children, and adolescents. Pediatrics 2008; 122(5): 1142–1152. doi: 10.1542/peds.2008-1862.
14. Hossein-Nezhad A, Holick MF. Vitamin D for health: a global perspective. Mayo Clin Proc 2013; 88(7): 720–755. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.05.011.
15. Ferlay J, Shin HR, Bray F et al. GLOBOCAN 2008 v1.2, cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: IARC CancerBase 10. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer 2010. [online]. Available from: http://globocan.iarc.fr/Default.aspx.
16. World Cancer Research Fund International, American Institute for Cancer Research. Colorectal cancer 2011 report. food, nutrition, physical activity, and the prevention of colorectal cancer. Continuous update uroject. Washington DC American Institute for Cancer Research 2011: 1–40. [online]. Available from: www.dietandcancerreport.org/cancer_resource_center/downloads/cu/Colorectal-Cancer-2011-Report.pdf.
17. World Cancer Research Fund, American Institute for Cancer Research. Food, nutrition, physical activity, and the prevention of cancer: a Global Perspective. Washington DC: American Institute for Cancer Research 2007: 132–133.
18. Shaukat A, Scouras N, Schünemann HJ. Role of supplemental calcium in the recurrence of colorectal adenomas: a metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Gastroenterol 2005; 100(2): 390–394.
19. Grau MV, Baron JA, Sandler RS et al. Vitamin D, calcium supplementation, and colorectal adenomas: results of a randomized trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95(23): 1765–1771.
20. Cho E, Smith-Warner SA, Speigelman D et al. Dairy foods, calcium, and colorectal cancer: a pooled analysis of 10 cohort studies. J Natl Cancer Inst 2004; 96: 1015–1022.
21. Yang B, McCullough ML, Gapstur SM et al. Calcium, vitamin D, dairy products, and mortality among colorectal cancer survivors: The Cancer Prevention Study-II Nutrition Cohort. American Society of Clinical Oncology. [online]. Available from: http://jco.ascopubs.org/cgi/doi/10.1200/JCO.2014.55.3024.
22. Thomas MG, Thomson JP, Williamson RC. Oral calcium inhibits rectal epithelial proliferation in familial adenomatous polyposis. Br J Surg 1993; 80(4): 499–501.
23. Baron JA, Beach M, Mandel JS et al. Calcium supplements for the prevention of colorectal adenomas. Calcium polyp prevention study group. N Engl J Med 1999; 340(2): 101–107.
24. Stegeman I, de Wijkerslooth TR, Stoop EM et al. Colorectal cancer risk factors in the detection of advanced adenoma and colorectal cancer. Cancer Epidemiol 2013; 37(3): 278–283. doi: 10.1016/j.canep.2013.02.004.
25. Nolfo F, Rametta S, Marventano S et al.Pharmacological and dietary prevention for colorectal cancer. BMC Surgery 2013; 13 (Suppl 2): 16. Available from: www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2482/13/S2/S16.
26. Lamprecht SA, Lipkin M. Cellular mechanisms of calcium and vitamin D in the inhibition of colorectal carcinogenesis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001; 952: 73–87.
27. Galas A, Augustyniak M, Sochacka-Tatara E. Does dietary calcium interact with dietary fiber against colorectal cancer? A case-control study in Central Europe. Nutr J 2013; 12: 134. doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-12-134.
28. Van Der Meer R, Kleibeuker JH, Lapré JA. Calcium phosphate, bile acids and colorectal cancer. Eur J Canc Prev 1991; 1 (Suppl 2): 55–62.
29. Saidak Z, Mentaverri R, Brown EM. The role of the calcium-sensing receptor in the development and progression of cancer. Endocr Rev 2009; 30(2): 178–195. doi: 10.1210/er.2008-0041.
30. Guraya SY. Chemopreventive role of vitamin D in colorectal carcinoma. Journal of Microscopy and Ultrastructure 2014; 2(1): 1–6.
31. Garland CF, Garland FC. Do sunlight and vitamin D reduce the likelihood of colon cancer? Int J Epidemiol 1980; 9(3): 227–231.
32. Jenab M, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Ferrari P et al. Association between pre-diagnostic circulating vitamin D concentration and risk of colorectal cancer in European populations: a nested case-control study. BMJ 2010; 340: b5500. doi: 10.1136/bmj. b5500.
33. Freedman DM, Looker AC, Chang SC et al. Prospective study of serum vitamin D and cancer mortality in the United States. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007; 99(21): 1594–1602. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djm204.
34. Mezawa H, Sugiura T, Watanabe M et al. Serum vitamin D levels and survival of patients with colorectal cancer: post-hoc analysis of a prospective cohort study. BMC Cancer 2010; 10: 347. doi: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-347.
35. Ma Y, Zhang P, Wang F et al. Association between vitamin D and risk of colorectal cancer: a systematic review of prospective studies. J Clin Oncol 2011; 29(28): 3775–3782. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2011.35.7566.
36. Trivedi DP, Doll R, Khaw KT. Effect of four monthly oral vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) supplementation on fractures and mortality in men and women living in the community: randomised double blind controlled trial. BMJ 2003; 326(7387): 469. doi: 10.1136/bmj.326.7387.469.
37. Wactawski-Wen de J, Kotchen JM, Anderson GL et al. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 2006; 354(7): 684–696. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa055222.
38. Masri OA, Chalhoub JM, Sharara AI. Role of vitamins in gastrointestinal diseases. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21(17): 5191–5209. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i17.5191.
39. U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Dietary guidelines for Americans 2010. 7th ed. Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office 2010: 43–54.
40. Weaver CM. Should dairy be recommended as part of a healthy vegetarian diet? Point. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 89(5): 1634–1637. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.26736O.
41. Larsson SC, Bergkvist L, Wolk A. Milk and lactose intake and ovarian cancer risk in the Swedish Mammography Cohort. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 80(5): 1353–1357.
42. Weaver C, Wijesinha-Bettoni R, McMahon D. Milk and dairy products as part of the diet. In: Muehlhoff E, Bennett A, McMahon D. Milk and dairy products in human nutrition. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 2013: 154–155.
43. Cancer Council. Position statement: Dairy foods, calcium and cancer prevention. Sydney: Cancer Council Australia 2009: 1–12. [online]. Available from: www.cancer.org.au/content/pdf/CancerControlPolicy/PositionStatements/PS_Dairy_foods_calcium_and_cancer_May_2007_Updated_July_2009.pdf.
44. Severi G, English DR, Hopper JL. Re: Prospective studies of dairy product and calcium intakes and prostate cancer risk: a meta-analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst 2006; 98(11): 795.
45. World Cancer Research Fund International, Continuous Update Project. Diet, nutrition, physical activity and prostate cancer. London: World Cancer Research Fund International 2014: 16–17.
46. Garland CF, Garland FC, Gorham ED et al. The role of vitamin D in cancer prevention. Am J Public Health 2006; 96(2): 252–261.
47. Ahonen MH, Tenkanen L, Teppo L et al. Prostate cancer risk and prediagnostic serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels (Finland). Cancer Causes Control 2000; 11(9): 847–852.
48. Goodwin PJ. Vitamin D in breast cancer. Mount Sinai Hospital, Princess Margaret Hospital, University of Toronto. Toronto: American Institute for Cancer Research 2010. Available from: www.aicr.org/assets/docs/pdf/research/2010pdfs/GoodwinPamela.pdf.
49. Park Y, Kim J. Association of dietary vitamin D and calcium with genetic polymorphisms in colorectal neoplasia. J Cancer Prev 2015; 20(2): 97–105. doi: 10.15430/JCP.2015.20.2.97.
50. Baron JA, Barry EL, Mott LA et al. A trial of calcium and vitamin D for the prevention of colorectal adenomas. N Engl J Med 2015; 373(16): 1519–1530. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1500409.
51. U.S. Department of Agriculture. National nutrient database for standard reference, Release 24. [online]. Available from: www.ars.usda.gov/ba/bhnrc/ndl.
52. Pereira F, Larriba MJ, Muñoz A. Vitamin D and colon cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2012; 19(3): R51–R71. doi: 10.1530/ ERC-11-0388.
Štítky
Paediatric gastroenterology Gastroenterology and hepatology SurgeryČlánok vyšiel v časopise
Gastroenterology and Hepatology
2016 Číslo 2
- Metamizole at a Glance and in Practice – Effective Non-Opioid Analgesic for All Ages
- Metamizole vs. Tramadol in Postoperative Analgesia
- Spasmolytic Effect of Metamizole
- Possibilities of Using Metamizole in the Treatment of Acute Primary Headaches
- Current Insights into the Antispasmodic and Analgesic Effects of Metamizole on the Gastrointestinal Tract
Najčítanejšie v tomto čísle
- Chronically elevated levels of liver enzymes
- Eziclen® – reliable method for cleaning the bowel before the colonoscopic examination
- Methods for non-invasive determination of advancement of liver fibrosis
- Severe life-threatening parasitic liver disease complicated by dissemination to the lungs