Recurrence of thromboembolic disease and the possibility of its prevention

Česká verzia

Authors: J. Chlumský
Authors place of work: Přednosta: prof. MUDr. Milan Kvapil, CSc., MBA ; 2. lékařská fakulta a Fakultní nemocnice Motol ; Interní klinika ; Univerzita Karlova v Praze
Published in the journal: Prakt. Lék. 2011; 91(10): 577-581
Category: Reviews

Summary

Patients with an initial VTE event are at an increased risk for recurrence, but the risk is not equivalent in all patients. Currently available anticoagulation therapies are effective in reducing VTE recurrence, they are associated with bleeding risks. When assessing the need for and duration of secondary prophylaxis the risk for recurrence needs to be balanced with the risk for bleeding. Warfarin is the most widely used oral anticoagulation agent but is inconvenient in the setting of long-term prophylaxis as it requires frequent monitoring and dose adjustments. New oral anticoagulant agents can be given in fixed doses without the need for coagulation monitoring hold the promise of being more convenient for secondary prophylaxis.

Key words:
thromboembolic disease, anticoagulation treatment, bleeding.

Zdroje

1. Silverstein, M.D., Heit, J.A., Mohr, D.N. et al. Trends in the incidence of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a 25-year population-based study. Arch. Intern. Med. 1998, 158, p. 585-593.

2. Lilienfeld, D.E. Decreasing mortality from pulmonary embolism in the United States, 1979-1996. Int. J. Epidemiol. 2000, 29, p. 465-469.

3. White, R.H. The epidemiology of venous thromboembolism. Circulation 2003, 107, p. I4-I8.

4. Kahn, S.R., Ginsberg, J.S. Relationship between deep venous thrombosis and the postthrombotic syndrome. Arch. Intern. Med. 2004, 164, p. 17-26.

5. Schulman, S., Lindmarker, P., Holmstrom, M. et al. Post-thrombotic syndrome, recurrence, and death 10 years after the first episode of venous thromboembolism treated with warfarin for 6 weeks or 6 months. J. Thromb. Haemost. 2006, 4, p. 734-742.

6. Prandoni, P., Lensing, A.W., Cogo, A. et al. The long-term clinical course of acute deep venous thrombosis. Ann. Intern. Med. 1996, 125, p. 1-7.

7. Heit, J.A., Mohr, D.N., Silverstein, M.D. et al. Predictors of recurrence after deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a population-based cohort study. Arch. Intern. Med. 2000, 160, p. 761-768.

8. Prandoni, P., Villalta, S., Bagatella, P. et al. The clinical course of deep-vein thrombosis. Prospective long-term follow-up of 528 symptomatic patients. Haematologica 1997, 82, p. 423-428.

9. Pesavento, R., Bernardi, E., Concolato, A. et al. Postthrombotic syndrome. Semin Thromb. Hemost. 2006, 32, p. 744-751.

10. Douketis, J.D., Gu, C.S., Schulman, S. et al. The risk for fatal pulmonary embolism after discontinuing anticoagulant therapy for venous thromboembolism. Ann. Intern. Med. 2007, 147, p. 766-774.

11. Pengo, V., Lensing, A.W., Prins, M.H. et al. Incidence of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension after pulmonary embolism. N. Engl. J. Med. 2004, 350, p. 2257-2264.

12. Cushman, M., Tsai, A., White, R. et al. Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in two cohorts: the Longitudinal Investigation of Thromboembolism Etiology (LITE). Am. J. Med. 2004, 117, p. 19-25.

13. Palareti, G., Legnani, C., Lee, A. et al. A comparison of the safety and efficacy of oral anticoagulation for the treatment of venous thromboembolic disease in patients with or without malignancy. Thromb. Haemost. 2000, 84, p. 805-810.

14. Schulman, S., Svenungsson, E., Granqvist, S. Anticardiolipin antibodies predict early recurrence of thromboembolism and death among patients with venous thromboembolism following anticoagulant therapy. Duration of Anticoagulation Study Group. Am. J. Med. 1998, 104, p. 332-338.

15. Hansson, P.O., Sörbo, J., Eriksson, H. Recurrent venous thromboembolism after deep vein thrombosis: incidence and risk factors. Arch. Intern. Med. 2000, 160, p. 769-774.

16. Douketis, J.D., Crowther, M.A., Foster, G.A., Ginsberg, J.S. Does the location of thrombosis determine the risk of disease recurrence in patients with proximal deep vein thrombosis? Am. J. Med. 2001, 110, p. 515-519.

17. Boutitie, F., Schulman, S., Kearon, C. et al. Factors at baseline influencing the risk of recurrence in venous thromboembolism: results of a meta-analysis on individual patient data. Blood 2003, 102, Abstract 730.

18. McRae, S., Tran, H., Schulman, S. et al. Effect of patient’s sex on risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism: a meta-analysis. Lancet 2006, 368, p. 371-378.

19. Kyrle, P.A., Minar, E., Bialonczyk, C. et al. The risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism in men and women. N. Engl. J. Med. 2004, 350, p. 2558-2563.

20. Ögren, M., Eriksson, H., Bergqvist, D., Sternby, N.H. Subcutaneous fat accumulation and BMI associated with risk for pulmonary embolism in patients with proximal deep vein thrombosis: a population study based on 23 796 consecutive autopsies. J. Intern. Med. 2005, 258, p. 166-171.

21. Schulman, S., Wåhlander, K., Lundström, T. et al. Secondary prevention of venous thromboembolism with the oral direct thrombin inhibitor ximelagatran (THRIVE III). N. Engl. J. Med. 2003, 349, p. 1713-1721.

22. Christiansen, S.C., Cannegieter, S.C., Koster, T. et al. Thrombophilia, clinical factors, and recurrent venous thrombotic events. JAMA 2005, 293, p. 2352-2361.

23. Ho, W.K., Hankey, G.J., Quinlan, D.J., Eikelboom, J.W. Risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients with common thrombophilia: a systematic review. Arch. Intern. Med. 2006, 166, p. 729-736.

24. Marchiori, A., Mosena, L., Prins, M.H., Prandoni, P. The risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism among heterozygous carriers of factor V Leiden or prothrombin G20210A mutation. A systematic review of prospective studies. Haematologica 2007, 92, p. 1107-1114.

25. Ageno, W., Becattini, C., Brighton, T. et al. Cardiovascular risk factors and venous thromboembolism: a meta-analysis. Circulation 2008, 117, p. 93-102.

26. Heit, J.A., Silverstein, M.D., Mohr, D.N. et al. The epidemiology of venous thromboembolism in the community. Thromb. Haemost. 2001, 86, p. 452-463.

27. Eichinger, S., Hron, G., Bialonczyk, C. et al. Overweight, obesity, and the risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism. Arch. Intern. Med. 2008, 168, p. 1678-1683.

28. Prandoni, P., Lensing, A.W., Prins, M.H. et al. Residual venous thrombosis as a predictive factor of recurrent venous thromboembolism. Ann. Intern. Med. 2002, 137, p. 955-960.

29. Hron, G., Kollars, M., Binder, B.R. et al. Identification of patients at low risk for recurrent venous thromboembolism by measuring thrombin generation. JAMA 2006, 296, p. 397-402.

30. Bounameaux, H., Perrier, A. Duration of anticoagulation therapy for venous thromboembolism. Hematology Am. Soc. Hematol. Educ. Program. 2008, p. 252-258.

31. Levine, M.N., Raskob, G., Beyth, R.J. et al. Hemorrhagic complications of anticoagulant treatment: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Chest 2004, 126, p. 287S-310S.

32. Linkins, L.A., Choi, P.T., Douketis, J.D. Clinical impact of bleeding in patients taking oral anticoagulant therapy for venous thromboembolism: a meta-analysis. Ann. Intern. Med. 2003, 139, p. 893-900.

33. Ruíz-Gimínez, N., Suárez, C., González, R. et al. Predictive variables for major bleeding events in patients presenting with documented acute venous thromboembolism. Findings from the RIETE Registry. Thromb. Haemost. 2008, 100, p. 26-31.

34. Garcia, D. Novel anticoagulants and the future of anticoagulation. Thromb. Res. 2009, 123,Suppl. 4, p. S50-S55.

35. Nishioka, J., Goodin, S. Low-molecular-weight heparin in cancer-associated thrombosis: treatment, secondary prevention, and survival. J. Oncol. Pharm. Pract. 2007, 13, p. 85-97.

36. Spinler, S.A., Wittkowsky, A.K., Nutescu, E.A., Smythe, M.A. Anticoagulation monitoring part 2: unfractionated heparin and low-molecular-weight heparin. Ann. Pharmacother. 2005, 39, p. 1275-1285.

37. Louzada, M.L., Majeed, H., Wells, P.S. Efficacy of low- molecular- weight- heparin versus vitamin K antagonists for long term treatment of cancer-associated venous thromboembolism in adults: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Thromb. Res. 2009, 123, p. 837-844.

38. Nishio, H., Ieko, M., Nakabayashi, T. New therapeutic option for thromboembolism−dabigatran etexilate. Expert. Opin. Pharmacother. 2008, 9, p. 2509-2517.

39. Schulman, S., Kearon, C., Kakkar, A.K. et al. Dabigatran versus warfarin in the treatment of acute venous thromboembolism. N. Engl. J. Med. 2009, 361, p. 2342-2352.

40. Raghavan, N., Frost, C.E., Yu, Z. et al. Apixaban metabolism and pharmacokinetics after oral administration to humans. Drug. Metab. Dispos. 2009, 37, p. 74-81.

41. AMPLIFY - EXT. A safety and efficacy trial evaluating the use of apixaban for the extended treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism [on-line]. Dostupné na http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00633893.

42. Weinz, C., Schwarz, T., Kubitza, D. et al. Metabolism and excretion of rivaroxaban, an oral, direct factor Xa inhibitor, in rats, dogs, and humans. Drug. Metab. Dispos. 2009, 37, p. 1056-1064.

43. The EINSTEIN Investigators. Oral rivaroxaban for symptomatic venous thromboembolism. N. Engl. J. Med. 2010, 363, p. 2499-2510