Betaglucans – immunomodulatory substances in prevention and support treatment

Česká verzia

Authors: P. Šíma ¹; B. Turek ²; V. Bencko ³
Authors place of work: Mikrobiologický ústav v. v. i., AV ČR Ředitel: RNDr. Martin Bilej, DrSc. ¹; Společnost pro výživu, Praha Předseda: MUDr. Petr Tláskal, CSc. ²; Ústav hygieny a epidemiologie 1. LF UK a VFN, Praha Přednosta: doc. MUDr. Milan Tuček, CSc. ³
Published in the journal: Prakt. Lék. 2015; 95(6): 244-248
Category: Reviews

Summary

The history of the use of polysaccharides in the role of immunomodulators is relatively long. As the first, the so-called Shear’s polysaccharide, for these reasons was applied at the beginning of 40 s of the last century. Then, the interests in immunomodulation partially faded but it appeared again about twenty years later in connection with evidence of a strong effect of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall crude extracts for the activation of the complement system. Research of betaglucan biomodulation properties focused initially on infectious immunity and later on the field of anticancer immunity. After successful demonstration of their positive impact on this branch of immunity, in Japan were in the mid-eighties of the last century firstly allowed two types of betaglucans, lentinan and schizophyllan, for supportive treatment of certain types of malignant neoplasms. Important milestones in discovering and defining the immunomodulatory properties of betaglucans, their sources and mechanism of action, are the subject of this communication..

Keywords:
betaglucans – sources of betaglucans – mechanism of betaglucans effects – immunomodulation – complement activation – humoral immunity – cellular immunity

Zdroje

1. Šíma P, Turek B, Bencko V. Nutriční imunologie: modulace imunity složkami nutrice. Prakt. Lék. 2013; 93(4): 158–162.

2. Turek B, Šíma P, Bencko V. Rizikové látky v potravinách a možnosti prevence chronických nesdělných chorob z nutričně toxikologického hlediska. Hygiena 2015: 60(1): 14–19.

3. Bencko V. Primární prevence nemocí: současná úskalí a šance. Tempus Medicorum 2013; 22(4): 26–27.

4. Strachan DP. Hay fever, hygiene and household size. BMJ 1989; 299: 1259–1260.

5. Farooqi IS, Hopkin JM. Early childhood infection and atopic disorder. Thorax 1998; 53: 927–932.

6. Smelcerovic A, Knezevic-Jugovic Z, Petronijevic Z. Microbial polysaccharides and their derivatives as current and prospective pharmaceuticals. Curr Pharm Des 2008; 14: 3168–3195.

7. Torrence PF (ed.). Biological response modifiers. Orlando, San Diego, New York, Toronto; Acad Press, Inc. 1985.

8. Bohn JA, BeMiller JN. (1-3)-β-D-glucans as biological response modifiers: a revise of structure functional activity relationships. Carbohydr Polym 1995; 28: 3–14.

9. Vetvicka V. β-glucans as immunomodulators. JANA 2001; 3: 31–34.

10. Vetvicka V. β-glucans as natural biological response modifiers. New York: Nova Science Publ., Inc. 2013.

11. Mosser DM. The many faces of macrophage activation. J Leukoc Biol 2003; 73: 209–212.

12. Park BS, Lee JO. Recognition of lipopolysaccharide pattern by TLR4 complexes. Exp Mol Med 2013; 45: e66. doi: 10.1038/emm.2013.97.

13. Barreto-Bergter E, Figueiredo RT. Fungal glycans and the innate immune recognition. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014; 4: 145. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00145.

14. Valíček P. Rostliny pro zdravý život. Ostrava: Start 2007.

15. Nanba H, Kuroda H. Antitumor mechanisms of orally administered shiitake fruit bodies. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1987; 35: 2459–2464.

16. Wasser SP. Medicinal mushrooms as a source of antitumor and immunomodulation polysaccharides. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2002; 60: 258–274.

17. Novák M. β-glukany, historie a současnost. Chem Listy 2007; 101: 872–880.

18. Novak M, Vetvicka V. β-glucans, history, and the present: immunomodulatory aspects and mechanisms of action. J Immunotoxicol 2008; 5: 47–57.

19. Di Luzio NR. Immunopharmacology of glucan: a broad spectrum enhancer of host defense mechanisms. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1983; 4: 344–347.

20. Ding J, Feng T, Ning Y, et al. β-glucan enhances cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses by activation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells via the PI3K/AKT pathway. Hum Immunol 2015; 76(2–3): 146–154.

21. Araújo RV, Melo-Júnior MR, Beltrão EI, et al. Evaluation of the antischistosomal activity of sulfated α-D-glucan from the lichen Ramalina celastri free and encapsulated into liposomes. Braz J Med Biol Res 2011; 44: 311–318.

22. Zhao G, Kan J, Li Z, Chen Z. Characterization and immunostimulatory activity of an (1→6)-α-D-glucan from the root of Ipomoea batatas. Int Immunopharmacol 2005; 5(9): 1436–1445.

23. Rahar S, Swami G, Nagpal N, et al. Preparation, characterization, and biological properties of ß-glucans. J Adv Pharm Technol Res 2011; 2: 94–103.

24. Iwanaga S, Lee BL. Recent advances in the innate immunity of invertebrate animals. J Biochem Mol Biol 2005; 38: 128–150.

25. Soltanian S, Stuyven E, Cox E, et al. Beta-glucans as immunostimulant in vertebrates and invertebrates. Crit Rev Microbiol 2009; 35: 109–138.

26. Kawabata S, Muta T, Iwanaga S. Discovery of the lipopolysaccharide- and beta-1,3-D-glucan-mediated proteolytic cascade and unique proteins in invertebrate immunity. J Biochem 2010; 147: 611–618.

27. Muto S, Vetvicka V, Ross GD. CR3 (CD11b/CD18) expressed by cytotoxic T cells and NK cell is upregulated in a manner similar to neutrophils following stimullation with various activating agents. J Clin Immunol 1993; 13: 175–184.

28. Huang H, Ostroff GR, Lee CK, et al. Relative contributions of Dectin-1 and complement to immune response to particulate β-glucans. J Immunol 2012; 189: 312–317.

29. Sima P, Vannucci L, Vetvicka V. Effects of glucan on bone marrow. Ann Transl Med 2014; 2: 18. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2014.01.06.

30. Vetvicka V, Vannucci L, Sima P. The effects of β-glucan on pig growth and immunity. Open Biochem J 2014; 8: 89–93.

31. Vetvicka V, Vannucci L, Sima P. The effects of β-glucan on fish immunity. N Am J Med Sci 2013; 5: 580–588.

32. Hassid WZ, Joslyn M, McCready RM. The molecular constitution of an insoluble polysaccharide from yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Am Chem Soc 1941; 63: 295–298.

33. Pillemer L, Ecker EE. Anticomplementary factor in fresh yeast. J Biol Chem 1941; 137: 139–142.

34. Shear MJ, Turner FC, Perrault A, Shovelton T. Chemical treatment of tumors. V. Isolation of the hemorrhage-producing fraction from Serratia marcescens (Bacillus prodigiosus) culture filtrate. J Nat Canc Inst 1943; 4: 81–97.

35. Black WAP, Cornhill WJ, Dewar ET. Woodward FN. Manufacture of algal chemicals. III. Laboratory-scale isolation from brown marine algae. J Appl Chem 1951; 1: 505–517.

36. Harada T, Yokobayashi K, Misaki A. Formation of isoamylase by Pseudomonas. Appl Microbiol 1968; 16: 1439–1444.

37. Chihara G, Maeda Y, Hamuro G, et al. Inhibition of mouse sarcoma 180 by polysaccharides from Lentinus eoades (Berk.). Sing. Nature 1969; 222: 687–688.

38. Di Luzio NR, Riggi SJ. The effects of laminarin, sulfated glucan and oligosaccharides of glucan on reticuloendothelial activity. J Reticuloendothel Soc 1970; 8: 465–473.

39. Kobayashi Y, Tanaka H, Ogasawara N. Multiple 1,3-β-glucanases in the lytic enzyme complex of Bacillus circulans WL-12. Agric Biol Cem 1974; 38: 973–978.

40. Patchen ML, Lotzová E. Modulation of murine hemopoiesis by glucan. Exp Hematol 1980; 8: 409–422.

41. Stajner A, Sýkora J, Palisa V, Krigar V. Isolation of C-reactive protein by means of erythrocyte membranes. Cesk Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol 1981; 30: 281–286.

42. Nakao I, Uchino H, Orita K, et al. Clinical evaluation of schizophyllan (SPG) in advanced gastric cancer – a randomized comparative study by an envelope method. Gan to Kagaku Ryoho 1983; 10: 1146–1159.

43. Vetvicka V, Dvorak B, Vetvickova J, et al. Orally administered marine (1→3)-D-glucan Phycarine stimulates both humoral and cellular immunity. Int J Biol Macromol 2007; 40: 291–298.

44. Richter J, Svozil V, Král V, et al. β-glucan affects mucosal immunity in children with chronic respiratory problems under physical stress: clinical trials. Ann Transl Med 2015; 3: 52. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2015.03.20.