The heart of a patient with type 1 diabetes

Česká verzia

Authors: S. Lacigová; J. Meinlová; J. Gruberová
Authors place of work: I. interní klinika Lékařské fakulty UK a FN Plzeň, přednosta prof. MU Dr. Martin Matějovič, Ph. D.
Published in the journal: Vnitř Lék 2010; 56(5): 418-426
Category: Reviews

Summary

The heart of a patient with type 1 diabetes might be affected by ischemic heart disease, cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy as well as diabetic cardiomyopathy. These diseases might occur in isolation, although, more frequently, their effects are combined. Also, these co- morbidities have common risk factors. The aim of this review paper is to summarise the options currently available for the diagnostics, prevention and treatment of the listed heart diseases and, since the most frequent cause of death in the type 1 diabetes patients are cardiovascular diseases, to emphasise the fact that these patients should have cardiology assessment. To ensure clarity of the paper, each disease is discussed in a separate chapter.

Key words:
type 1 diabetes mellitus – ischemic heart disease – cardiovascular autoimmune neuropathy – diabetic cardiomyopathy

Zdroje

1. Soedamah- Muthu SS, Fuller JH, Mulnier HE et al. All‑cause mortality rates in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus compared with a non‑diabetic population from the UK general practice research database, 1992– 1999. Diabetologia 2006; 49: 660– 666.

2. Libby P, Nathan DM, Abraham K et al. Report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Working Group on Cardiovascular Complications of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Circulation 2005; 111: 3489– 3493.

3. Beckman JA, Creager MA, Libby P. Diabetes and atherosclerosis; epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management. JAMA 2002; 287: 2570– 2581.

4. Strong JP, Malcom GT, McMahan CA et al. Prevalence and extent of atherosclerosis in adolescents and young adults: implication for prevention from the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth Study. JAMA 1999; 281: 727– 735.

5. Orchard TJ, Costacou T, Kretowski A et al. Type 1 diabetes and coronary artery disease. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 2528– 2538.

6. Pambianco G, Costacou T, Ellis D et al. The 30‑year natural history of type 1 diabetes complication: the Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study experience. Diabetes 2006; 55: 1463– 1469.

7. Dahl- Jørgensen K, Larsen JR, Hanssen KF. Atherosclerosis in childhood and adolescent type 1 diabetes: early disease, early treatment? Diabetologia 2005; 48: 1445– 1453.

8. Järvisalo MJ, Jartti J, Näntö- Salonen K et al. Increased aortic intima- media thickness: a marker of preclinical atherosclerosis in high‑risk children. Circulation 2001; 104: 2943– 2947.

9. Margeirsdottir HD, Larsen JR, Brunborg C et al. Norwegian Study Group for Childhood Diabetes. High prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a population‑based study. Diabetologia 2008; 51: 554– 561.

10. Schwab KO, Doerfer J, Hecker W et al. Spectrum and prevalence of atherogenic risk factors in 27,358 children, adolescents, and young adults with type 1 diabetes: cross- sectional data from the German diabetes documentation and quality management system (DPV). Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 218– 225.

11. Laing SP, Swerdlow AJ, Slater SD et al. Mortality from heart disease in cohort of 23 000 patients with insulin‑ treated diabetes. Diabetologia 2003; 46: 760– 765.

12. Larsen J, Brekke M, Sandvik L et al. Silent coronary atheromatosis in type 1 diabetic patients and its relation to long‑term glycemic control. Diabetes 2002; 51: 2637– 2641.

13. Pajunen P, Taskinen MR, Nieminen MS et al. Angiographic severity and extent of coronary disease in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Am J Cardiol 2000; 86: 1080– 1085.

14. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long‑term complications in insulin‑dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 977– 986.

15. Nathan DM, Lachin J, Cleary P et al. Intensive diabetes therapy and carotid intima- media thickness in type 1 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 2294– 2303.

16. Nahtan DM, Cleary PA, Backlund JY et al. DCCT/ EDIC study research group. Intensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular disease in patients with Type 1 Diabetes. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 2643– 2653.

17. Larsen JR, Brekke M, Bergengen L et al. Mean HbA1c over 18 years predicts carotid intima media thickness in women with type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2005; 48: 776– 779.

18. Jensen- Urstad KJ, Reichard PG, Rosfors JS et al. Early atherosclerosis is retarded by improved long‑term blood glucose control in patients with IDDM. Diabetes 1996; 45: 1253– 1258.

19. Stettler C, Allemann S, Jüni P et al. Glycemic control and macrovascular disease in type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus: meta‑analysis and of randomized trials. Am Heart J 2006; 152: 27– 38.

20. Orchard TJ, Olson JC, Erbey JR et al. Insulin resistance – related factors but not glycemia, predict coronary artery disease in type 1 diabetes: 10 year follow‑up data from the Pittsburg Epidemiology of Diabetes Complication Study. Diabetes Care 2003; 26: 1374– 1379.

21. Prince CT, Becker DJ, Costacou T et al. Changes in glycaemic control and risk of coronary artery disease in type 1 diabetes mellitus: findings from the Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study (EDC). Diabetologia 2007; 50: 2280– 2288.

22. Juutilainen A, Lehto S, Rönnemma T et al. Similarity of the impact of type 1 and type 2 diabetes on cardiovascular mortality in middle- aged subjects. Diabetes Care 2008; 31: 714– 719.

23. Orchard TJ, Stevens LK, Forrest KY et al. Cardiovascular disease in insulin dependent diabetes mellitus: similar rates but different risk factors in the US compared with Europe. Int J Epidemiol 1998; 27: 976– 983.

24. The fourth report on the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Pediatrics 2004; 114 (Suppl 2): 555– 576.

25. Erbey JR, Kuller LH, Becker DJ et al. The association between a family history of type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease in a type 1 diabetes population. Diabetes Care 1998; 21: 610– 614.

26. Mäkimattila S, Ylitalo K, Schlenzka A et al. Family histories of Type II. diabetes and hypertension predict intima- media thickness in patients with Type I diabetes. Diabetologia 2002; 45: 711– 718.

27. Thorn LM, Forsblom C, Fagerudd J et al. FinnDiane Study Group. Metabolic syndrome in type 1 diabetes: association with diabetic nephropathy and glycemic control (The FinnDiane study). Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 2019– 2024.

28. Kilpatrick ES, Rigby AS, Atkin SL. Insulin resistance, the metabolic syndrome and complication risk in type 1 diabetes. „Double diabetes“ in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Diabetes Care 2007; 30: 707– 712.

29. Lloyd CE, Kuller LH, Ellis D et al. Coronary artery disease in IDDM. Gender differences in risk factors but not risk. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1996; 16: 720– 726.

30. Taskinen MR. Quantitative and qualitative lipoprotein abnormalities in diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 1992; 41 (Suppl 2): 12– 17.

31. Jenkins AJ, Lyons TJ, Zheng D et al. Serum lipoproteins in the diabetes control and complications trial/ epidemiology of diabetes intervention and complications cohort: association with gender and glycemia. Diabetes Care 2003; 26: 810– 818.

32. Libby P, Ridker PM, Maseri A. Inflammation and atherosclerosis. Circulation 2002; 105: 1135– 1143.

33. Groop PH, Thomas MC, Rosengård- Bärlund M et al. HDL composition predicts new‑onset cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2007; 30: 2706– 2707.

34. Tuomilehto J, Borch- Johnsen K, Molarius A et al. Incidence of cardiovascular disease in Type 1 (insulin‑dependent) diabetic subjects with and without diabetic nephropathy in Finland. Diabetologia 1998; 41: 784– 790.

35. Torffvit O, Lövestam- Adrian M, Agardh E et al. Nephropathy, but not retinopathy is associated with the development of heart disease in type 1 diabetes: a 12‑year observation study of 462 patients. Diabet Med 2005; 22: 723– 729.

36. Nathan DM, Cleary PA, Backlund JY et al. Intensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 2643– 2653.

37. Klausen K, Borch- Johnsen K, Feldt- Rasmussen B et al. Very low levels of microalbuminuria are associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease and death independently of renal function, hypertension, and diabetes. Circulation 2004; 110: 32– 35.

38. Whincup PH, Gilg JA, Emberson JR et al. Passive smoking and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke: prospective study with nicotine measurement. BMJ 2004; 329: 200– 205.

39. Robinson RT, Harris ND, Ireland RH et al. Changes in cardiac repolarization during clinical episodes of nocturnal hypoglycaemia in adults with Type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2004; 47: 312– 315.

40. Duh E, Feinglos M. Hypoglycemia‑induced angina pectoris in a patient with diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med 1994; 121: 945– 946.

41. Järvisalo MJ, Raitakari M, Toikka JO et al. Endothelial dysfunction and increased arterial intima- media thickness in children with type 1 diabetes. Circulation 2004; 109: 1750– 1755.

42. Haller MJ, Samyn M, Nichols WW et al. Radial artery tonometry demonstrates arterial stiffness in children with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004; 27: 2911– 2917.

43. Dabelea D, Kinney G, Snell- Bergeon JK et al. Effect of type 1 diabetes on the gender difference in coronary artery calcification: a role for insulin resistance? The Coronary Artery Calcification in Type 1 Diabetes (CACTI) Study. Diabetes 2003; 52: 2833– 2839.

44. Janowitz WR, Agatston AS, Kaplan G et al. Differences in prevalence and extent of coronary artery calcium detected by ultrafast computed tomography in asymptomatic men and women. Am J Cardiol 1993; 72: 247– 254.

45. Costacou T, Edmundowicz D, Prince C et al. Progression of coronary artery calcium in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Am J Cardiol 2007; 100: 1543– 1547.

46. Bax JJ, Young LH, Frye RL et al. Screening for coronary Artery disease in patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care 2007; 30: 2729– 2736.

47. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes. Diabetes Care 2005; 28 (Suppl 1): S4– S36.

48. McGill HC Jr, McMahan CA. Starting earlier to prevent heart disease. JAMA 2003; 290: 2320– 2322.

49. Colwell JA. American Diabetes Association. Aspirin therapy in diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003; 26 (Suppl 1): S87– S88.

50. Barclav L. American Diabetes Association revises diabetes guidelines. Medscape CME. Diabetes Care December 2009: ahead of pub; prepared for publication in January 2010.

51. Moy CS, Songer TJ, LaPorte RE et al. Insulin‑dependent diabetes mellitus, physical activity, and death. Am J Epidemiol 1993; 137: 74– 81.

52. Khan AS, McLoughney CR, Ahmed AB. The effect of metformin on blood glucose control in overweight patients with Type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med 2006; 23: 1079– 1084.

53. Nathan DM, Clary PA, Backlund JYC et al. Intensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular disease in patients with 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 2643– 2653.

54. Charvát J. Ischemická choroba srdeční u diabetiků 1. typu. In: Perušičová J (ed). Diabetes mellitus 1. typu. Praha: Geum 2007: 483– 491.

55. Frye RL, August P, Brooks MM et al. BARI 2D Study Group. A randomized trial of therapies for type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 2009; 360: 2503– 2515.

56. Škrha J. Patofyziologie a patogeneze diabetické neuropatie. Vnitř Lék 2005; 51 (Suppl 1): S67– S72.

57. Lacigová S, Rušavý Z, Mindlová J et al. Žaludeční vyprazdňování u diabetiků. Vnitř Lék 2000; 46: 213– 217.

58. Ziegler D, Zentai CP, Perz S et al. Prediction of mortality using measures of cardiac autonomic dysfunction in the diabetic and nondiabetic population The MONICA/ KORA Augsburg Cohort Study. Diabetes Care 2008; 31: 556– 561.

59. Bell DS. Dead in bed syndrome – a hypothesis. Diabetes Obes Metab 2006; 8: 261– 263.

60. Witte DR, Tesfaye S, Chaturvedi N et al. EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study Group (2005). Risk factors for cardiac autonomic neuropathy in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 2005; 48: 164– 171.

61. Ziegler D, Dannehl K, Volksw D et al. Prevalence of cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction assessed by spectral analysis and standard tests of heart- rate variation in newly diagnosed IDDM patients. Diabetes Care 1992; 15: 908– 911.

62. Liao D, Carnethon M, Evans GW et al. Lower heart rate variability is associated with the development of coronary heart disease in individuals with diabetes: the atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study. Diabetes 2002; 51: 3524– 3531.

63. Lacigová S, Šafránek P, Čechurová D et al. Could we predict asymptomatic cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in type 1 diabetic patients attending out- patients clinics? Wien Klin Wochenschr 2007; 119: 303– 308.

64. Sallinger J, Vychodil R, Novotný J et al. Telemetric computer- aided system for non‑invasive examination of heart rate variability, type VariaPulse TF3. In IEEE Proc Comput Cardiol 1995: 437– 440.

65. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive diabetes therapy on measures of autonomic nervous system function in the DCCT. Diabetologia 1998; 41: 416– 423.

66. Peterson AD, Rutledge BN, Cleary PA et al. The effect of intensive diabetes treatment on resting heart rate in type 1 diabetes: the Diabetes Control and Complication Trial/ Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications study. Diabetes Care 2007; 30: 2107– 2112.

67. Lacigová S, Rušavý Z, Čechurová D et al. Autonomní neuropatie u diabetiků, léčebné možnosti. Vnitř Lék 2002; 48: 534– 541.

68. Fang ZY, Prins JB, Marwick TH. Diabetic cardiomyopathy: evidence, mechanism, and therapeutic implications. Endocr Rev 2004; 25: 543– 567.

69. Avogaro A, Vigili de Kreutzenberg S, Nedut C et al. Diabetic cardiomyopathy: a metabolic perspective. Am J Cardiol 2004; 93: 13A– 16A.

70. Rubler S, Dlugash J, Yuceoglu YZ et al. New type of cardiomyopathy associated with diabetic glomerulosclerosis. Am J Cardiol 1972; 30: 595– 602.

71. Spirito P, Bellone P, Harris KM et al. Magnitude of left ventricular hypertrophy and risk of sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 1778– 1785.

72. Kannel WB, McGee DL. Diabetes and cardiovascular disease: The Framingham study. JAMA 1979; 241: 2035– 2038.

73. Suys BE, Katier N, Roman RP et al. Female children and adolescents with Type 1 diabetes have more pronounced early echocardiographic signs of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Diabetes Care 2004; 27: 1947– 1953.

74. Young LH. Diastolic function and type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004; 27: 2081– 2083.

75. Watts GF, Marwick TH. Ventricular dysfunction in early diabetic heart disease: detection, mechanism and significance. Clin Sci 2003; 105: 537– 540.

76. Boudina S, Abel ED. Diabetic cardiomyopathy revisited. Circulation 2007; 115: 3213– 3222.

77. Dúbrava J. Diabetická kardiomyopatia. Vnitř Lék 2005; 51: 314– 319.

78. How to diagnose diastolic heart failure. Working group report. European Study Group on Diastolic Heart Failure. Eur Heart J 1998; 19: 990– 1003.

79. Palmieri V, Capaldo B, Russo C et al. Uncomplicated type 1 diabetes and preclinical left ventricular myocardial dysfunction: insights from echocardiography and exercise cardiac performance evaluation. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2008; 79: 262– 268.

80. Marwick TH. Identification of diabetic cardiomyopathy with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2006; 22: 91– 92.

81. Didangelos TP, Arsos GA, Karamitsos DT et al. Left ventricular systolic and diastolic function in normotensive type 1 diabetic patients with or without autonomic neuropathy. A radionuclide ventriculography study. Diabetes Care 2003; 26: 1955– 1960.

82. Lubien E, DeMaria A, Krishnaswamy P et al. Utility of B- natriuretic peptide in detecting diastolic dysfunction. Comparison with Doppler velocity recordings. Circulation 2002; 105: 595– 601.

83. Aepfelbacher FC, Yeon SB, Weinrauch LA et al. Improved glycemic control induces regression of left ventricular mass in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Int J Cardiol 2004; 94: 47– 54.

84. Hradec J. Diastolické srdeční selhání. REMEDIA 2004; 14: 121– 125.

85. Lacigová S, Bartunek L, Cechurova Det al. Influence of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy on atherogenesis and heart function in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2009; 83: 26– 31.