Multiple-combination kinezio-phlebothromboemboloprophylaxis, mechano-phlebothromboemboloprophylaxis and pharmaco-phlebothromboemboloprophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in internal medicine

Česká verzia

Authors: P. Gavornik; Ľ. Gašpar; A. Dukát
Authors place of work: II. interná klinika Lekárskej fakulty UK a UN Bratislava, Slovenská republika, Prvé angiologické pracovisko (PAP), prednosta doc. MUDr. Ľudovít Gašpar, CSc.
Published in the journal: Vnitř Lék 2012; 58(11): 851-855
Category: Guidelines

Summary

Parenteral heparin and oral coumarin preparations represent the standard antithrombotics widely used in the prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Unfractionated heparin, low molecular weight heparins, and fondaparinux have been shown to be effective and safe in reducing VTE risk. Despite high efficacy these medicaments have limitations which become to be more apparent with current widening of the indications for either primary thromboprophylaxis (PTP) or indefinite and even lifelong secondary thromboprophylaxis (STP). There is a need for new effective and safe medicaments with specific antithrombotic action, oral administration and convenient dosing without monitoring. During the last decade new antithrombotics have been developed either blocking selectively one coagulation enzyme or inhibiting particular step in coagulation cascade. Document of the Angiologists’ Section of the Slovak Medical Chamber (AS SMC).

Key words:
veins – venous thromboembolism – (kinezio-mechano-pharmaco-) phlebothromboemboloprophylaxis – heparin – warfarin – new venous antithrombotics

Zdroje

1. Gavorník P. Všeobecná angiológia. Angiologická propedeutika. Cievne choroby. Bratislava: Univerzita Komenského – Vydavateľstvo UK 2001: 9–14.

2. Schunemann J, Cook D, Grimshaw J et al. The seventh American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) conference on antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy. From evidence to application. Chest 2004; 126: (3. Suppl): 1S–696S.

3. MacLean S, Mulla S, Akl E et al. Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Trombosis. 9th ed. American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest 2012; 141: (2. Suppl): e1S–e801S.

4. Nicolaides AN, Fareed J, Kakkar AK et al. Prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism. International Consensus Statement (guidelines according to scientific evidence). Int Angiol 2006; 25: 101–161.

5. Žuffa M. Paraneoplastický tromboembolický syndróm ako prvý príznak zhubného ochorenia. Vnitř Lék 2010; 56: 49–52.

6. Procházka M, Procházková J, Slavík L. Antitrombotická terapie v graviditě. Vnitř Lék 2010; 56: 130–137.

7. Ludka O, Špinar J, Musil V et al. Perorální hormonální antikoncepce a riziko vzniku žilního tromboembolizmu. Vnitř Lék 2010; 56: 370–375.

8. Turpie AG. Extended duration of thromboprophylaxis in acutely ill medical patients: optimizing therapy? J Thromb Haemost 2007; 5: 5–11.

9. Cohen AT, Alikhan R, Arcelus JI et al. Assessment of venous thromboembolism risk and the benefits of thromboprophylaxis in medical patients. Thromb Haemost 2005; 94: 750–759.

10. Le Gal G, Righini M, Roy PM et al. Prediction of pulmonary embolism in the emergency department: the revised Geneva score. Ann Intern Med 2006; 144: 165–171.

11. Gavorník P. Flebotromboprofylaxia v klinickej praxi. Kardiológia/Cardiology 2010; 19: 98–102.

12. Gavorník P. Artériotromboprofylaxia v klinickej praxi. Kardiológia/Cardiology 2010; 19: 293–299.

13. Welzel D, Hull R, Fareed J. Prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism: low molecular weight heparin compared to the selective anticoagulants rivaroxaban, dabigatran and fondaparinux. Int Angiol 2011; 30: 199–211.

14. Cohen AT, Davidson BL, Gallus AS et al. Efficacy and safety of fondaparinux for the prevention of venous thromboembolism in older acute medical patients: randomized placebo controlled trial. BMJ. 2006; 332: 325–329.

15. Cohen AT, Spiro TE, Büller HR et al. Extended-duration rivaroxaban thromboprophylaxis in acutely ill medical patients: MAGELLAN study protocol. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2011; 31: 407–416.

16. Remková A. Prevencia vénovej tromboembólie v internej medicíne, v chirurgických disciplínach (vo všeobecnej chirurgii a pri operačných výkonoch v ortopédii) a v gravidite. Kardiol prax 2011; 9: 164–172.

17. Ansell J. Factor Xa or thrombin: is factor Xa a better target? J Thromb Haemost 2007; 5: (Suppl. 1): 60–64.

18. Weitz JI. Factor Xa or thrombin: is thrombin a better target? J Thromb Haemost 2007; 5: (Suppl. 1): 65–67.

19. Grüne S, Orlik J, Von Korn H. Clinical signs in the diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis. Int Angiol 2011; 30: 64–70.

20. Kakkos SK, Caprini JA, Geroulakos G. Can combined (mechanical and pharmacological) modalities prevent fatal VTE? Int Angiol 2011; 30: 115–122.

21. Hull RD, Schellong SM, Tapson VF et al. EXCLAIM (Extended Prophylaxis for Venous ThromboEmbolism in Acutely Ill Medical Patients with Prolonged Immobilization) study. Extended-duration venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in acutely ill medical patients with recently reduced mobility: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2010; 153: 8–18.

22. Gavorník P. Cestovná trombóza a varixy. Interní Med 2008; 10: 219–223.

23. Gavorník P. Kompresívna terapia v prevencii a liečbe chorôb vénového a lymfového cievneho systému dolných končatín. Gen angiol 2002; 2: 83–87.

24. Torbicki A, Perrier A, Konstantinides S et al. Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism: The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Acute Pulmonary Embolism of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2008; 29: 2276–2315.

25. Vaughan-Shaw PG, Cannon C. Venous thromboembolism prevention in medical patients: a framework for improving practice. Phlebology 2011; 26: 62–68.

26. Knepper J, Ramacciotti E, Wakefield TW. Novel anticoagulants: a discussion of clinical use in the treatment and prevention of venous thromboembolism. Phlebology 2011; 26: 3–7.

27. Becattini C, Lignani A, Masotti L et al. D-Dimer for risk stratification in patients with acute pulmonary embolism. J Thromb Thromb 2012; 33: 48–57.

28. Dasari TW, Pappy R, Hennebry TA. Pharmacomechanical Thrombolysis of Acute and Chronic Symptomatic Deep Vein Thrombosis: A Systematic Review of Literature. Angiology 2012; 63: 138–145.

29. Kei A, Florentin M, Elisaf MS et al. Anticoagulant drugs: what is new? Int Angiol 2011; 30: 299–320.

30. Widimský J. Diagnostika a léčba akutní plicní embolie v roce 2010. Vnitř Lék 2011; 57: 5–21.

31. Belicová M. Chronická tromboembolická plúcna hypertenzia v spádovej nemocnici. Vnitř Lék 2011; 57: 140–146.

32. Malý J, Pecka M, Malý R. Nová antitrombotika v prevenci žilní tromboembolie a nové protidestičkové léky. Vnitř Lék 2011; 57: 733–739.

33. Malý J, Widimský J, Dulíček P. Profylaxe tromboembolické nemoci ve vnitřním lékařství. Vnitř Lék 2009; 55: 190–195.

34. Jezovnik MK, Poredos P. Factors influencing the recanalisation rate of deep venous thrombosis. Int Angiol 2012; 31: 169–175.

35. Harenberg J, Kalodiki E, Walenga JM. Ensuring safety of biosimilar low-molecular-weight heparins: a consensus statement of the International Union of Angiology. Int Angiol 2012; 31: 101–104.

36. Perk J, De Backer G, Gohlke H et al. Joint ESC Guidelines. European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (Version 2012). The Fifth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts). Developed with the special contribution of the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation (EACRP). Atherosclerosis 2012; 223: 1-68.

37. Gavorník P. Kombinovaná flebotromboemboloprofylaxia (prevencia vénovej tromboembólie) v lekárskej klinickej praxi. Medikom® 2012; 2: 18–21.