Metabolic Disorders at Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

Summary

The primary function of the gastrointestinal system is to assist the intake and further processing of food and liquids.Besides that, it forms an anatomical barrier between the external environment and internal milieu. It is also highlyimportant for its paracrine and endocrine function. Inflammatory bowel diseases, which frequently cause a gastro-intestinal failure, form a specific group. Most frequently it is the ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. Impairedintegrity of the gastrointestinal mucosa and failure of protective mechanisms lead to the increased permeability ofthe intestinal wall for antigens derived from food, saprophytic bacteria and pathogenic microorganisms. When thegastrointestinal failure is threatening, factors determining its residual function become more important. As decisivereveals the severity and location of the primary disease. Previous surgeries and adaptation of the residual part of thegastrointestinal system are important, as well as the possibility of peroral or enteral nutrient intake. Depending onthe presence of risk factors and the degree of residual gut function, some complications can be expected: dehydration,mineral disorders, symptoms of protein and energy depletion, infection, and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome.It is highly important to decide whether the gastrointestinal system will be included into or excluded from the processof realimentation. Critically ill patients with inflammatory bowel diseases should be treated at an intensive care unit.

Key words:
inflammatory bowel diseases, gastrointestinal failure, metabolic disorders.