#PAGE_PARAMS# #ADS_HEAD_SCRIPTS# #MICRODATA#

OUTCOMES RESEARCH IN UROLOGY


Authors: M. S. Litwin
Authors place of work: Los Angeles ;  UCLA Department of Urology
Published in the journal: Urol List 2010; 8(1): 74-82

Summary

The discipline of health services research, often loosely referred to as outcomes research, is primarily focused on the study of access to care, costs of care, and quality of care. Access to care includes everything that facilitates or impedes the actual use of medical services. Costs of care include financial and non-financial payments by insurers and individuals for medical services, as well as the opportunity cost of lost wages, and the societal cost of decreased productivity. Quality of care encompasses elements of the structure, process, and outcome of medical care.

Key words:
cost of medical care, quality of care, cost-effectiveness analysis, HRQOL


Zdroje

1. Andersen RM, Davidson PL. Improving access to care in America. In: Anderson RM, Rice TH, Kominski GF (eds). Changing the U. S. Health Care System. 2nd ed. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass 2001.

2. Andersen RM. Revisiting the behavioral model and access to medical care: does it matter? J Health Soc Behav. Mar 1995; 36(1): 1–10.

3. Aday LA, Andersen RM. Equity of access to medical care: a conceptual and empirical overview. Med Care. Dec 1981; 19 (Suppl 12): 4–27.

4. Griffiths V, Ahmed-Jushuf I, Cassell JA. Understanding access to genitourinary medicine services. Int J STD AIDS 2004; 15(9): 587–589.

5. Fitzpatrick P, Corcoran N, Fitzpatrick JM. Prostate cancer: how aware is the public? Br J Urol 1998; 82(1): 43–48.

6. Kelley E, Moy E, Stryer D et al. The national healthcare quality and disparities reports: an overview. Med Care 2005; 43 (Suppl 3): I3–I8.

7. Kelley E, Moy E, Dayton E. Health care quality and disparities: lessons from the first national reports. Med Care. Mar 2005; 43 (Suppl 3): I1–I2.

8. Rajfer J, Aronson WJ, Bush PA et al. Nitric oxide as a mediator of relaxation of the corpus cavernosum in response to nonadrenergic, noncholinergic neurotransmission. N Engl J Med 1992; 326(2): 90–94.

9. Lee TH. My insurance company won't pay for my prescription for Viagra without a letter from my doctor saying that I have been evaluated. As far as I know, I am the only one who can tell whether I have impotence. What does the insurance company want? Harv Heart Lett 1999; 9(7): 7.

10. Walsh DC, Connor E, Tracey LV et al. Posthospital convalescence and return to work. Health Aff (Millwood) 1989; 8(3): 76–90.

11. Luz J, Green MS. Sickness absenteeism from work-a critical review of the literature. Public Health Rev 1997; 25(2): 89–122.

12. Stewart WF, Ricci JA, Chee E et al. Lost productive work time costs from health conditions in the United States: results from the American Productivity Audit. J Occup Environ Med 2003; 45(12): 1234–1246.

13. Muńoz E, Mallett E, Gerold T et al. Access and quality of care for urology patients under diagnostic related group reimbursement. J Urol 1988; 139(6): 1256–1259.

14. Kahn KL, Rubenstein LV, Draper D et al. The effects of the DRG-based prospective payment system on quality of care for hospitalized Medicare patients. An introduction to the series. JAMA 1990; 264(15): 1953–1955.

15. Muńoz E, Goldstein J, Lory MH et al. The DRG hospital payment system, surgical readmissions and cost containment. Am Surg 1990; 56(11): 683–687.

16. Muńoz E, Boiardo R, Mulloy K et al. Economies of scale, physician volume for urology patients, and DRG prospective hospital payment system. Urology 1990; 36(5): 471–476.

17. Muńoz E, Mulloy K, Goldstein J et al. Physician's patient load per DRG, the consumption of hospital resources, and the incentives of the DRG prospective payment system. Acad Med 1990; 65(8): 533–538.

18. Muńoz E, Barrau L, Goldstein J et al. DRG prospective, "all payor systems," financial risk, and hospital cost in pulmonary medicine non CC stratified DRGs. Chest 1988; 94(4): 855–861.

19. Shepard DS, Thompson MS. First principles of cost-effectiveness analysis in health. Public Health Rep 1979; 94(6): 535–543.

20. Chandhoke PS, DeAntoni E. Cost-effectiveness analysis: application to endourology. J Endourol 1998; 12(6): 485–491.

21. Henriksson P, Edhag O. Cost-effectiveness comparison of estrogen therapy and orchidectomy in patients with prostatic cancer. Int J Technol Assess Health Care 1987; 3(4): 523–529.

22. Manca A, Sculpher MJ, Ward K et al. A cost-utility analysis of tension-free vaginal tape versus colposuspension for primary urodynamic stress incontinence. BJOG 2003; 110(3): 255–262.

23. Smith TJ, Hillner BE, Desch CE. Efficacy and costeffectiveness of cancer treatment: rational allocation of resources based on decision analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993; 85(18): 1460–1474.

24. Saigal CS, Gornbein J, Nease R et al. Predictors of utilities for health states in early stage prostate cancer. J Urol 2001; 166(3): 942–946.

25. Saigal CS, Gornbein J, Reid K et al. Stability of time trade-off utilities for health states associated with the treatment of prostate cancer. Qual Life Res 2002; 11(5): 405–414.

26. Nease RF Jr, Owens DK. A method for estimating the cost-effectiveness of incorporating patient preferences into practice guidelines. Med Decis Making 1994; 14(4): 382–392.

27. Albertsen PC, Nease RF Jr, Potosky AL. Assessment of patient preferences among men with prostate cancer. J Urol 1998; 159(1): 158–163.

28. Bennett CL, Greenfield S, Aronow H et al. Patterns of care related to age of men with prostate cancer. Cancer 1991; 67(10): 2633–2641.

29. Joudi FN, Smith BJ, O'Donnell MA et al. Contemporary management of superficial bladder cancer in the United States: a pattern of care analysis. Urology 2003; 62(6): 1083–1088.

30. Bird VG, Fallon B, Winfield HN. Practice patterns in the treatment of large renal stones. J Endourol 2003; 17(6): 355–363.

31. O'Leary MP, Gee WF, Holtgrewe HL et al. 1999 American Urological Association Gallup Survey: changes in physician practice patterns, treatment of incontinence and bladder cancer, and impact of managed care. J Urol 2000; 164(4): 1311–1316.

32. Fallon E, Ercole B, Lee C et al. Contemporary management of ureteropelvic junction obstruction: practice patterns in Minnesota. J Endourol 2005; 19(1): 41–44.

33. Wennberg JE. Practice variations and health care reform: connecting the dots. Health Aff (Millwood) 2004; Suppl Web Exclusive: VAR140–VAR144.

34. Weinstein JN, Bronner KK, Morgan TS et al. Trends and geographic variations in major surgery for degenerative diseases of the hip, knee, and spine. Health Aff (Millwood) 2004; Suppl Web Exclusive: VAR81–VAR89.

35. Fisher ES, Wennberg DE, Stukel TA et al. The implications of regional variations in Medicare spending. Part 1: the content, quality, and accessibility of care. Ann Intern Med 2003; 138(4): 273–287.

36. Fisher ES, Wennberg DE, Stukel TA et al. The implications of regional variations in Medicare spending. Part 2: health outcomes and satisfaction with care. Ann Intern Med 2003; 138(4): 288–298.

37. Kramolowsky EV, Wood NL, Rollins KL et al. The role of the physician in effecting change in hospital charge for radical prostatectomy. J Am Coll Surg 1995; 180(5): 513–518.

38. Kramolowsky EV, Wood NL, Rollins KL et al. Impact of physician awareness on hospital charges for radical retropubic prostatectomy. J Urol 1995; 154(1): 139–142.

39. Sage WM, Kessler R, Sommers LS et al. Physiciangenerated cost containment in transurethral prostatectomy. J Urol 1988; 140(2): 311–315.

40. Cuckow PM. Cost of urology: financial audit in a clinical department. BMJ 1992; 305(6856): 743–746.

41. Cuckow PM. Costs can and must be a component of surgical audit. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1992; 74(6): 406–410. Discussion 410–401.

42. Forrest JB, Ritchie WP Jr, Hudson M et al. Cost containment through cost awareness: a strategy that failed. Surgery 1981; 90(2): 154–158.

43. Carter GM, Melnick GA. How services and costs vary by day of stay for Medicare hospital stays. Santa Monica, CA: The RAND Corporation 1990.

44. Benoit RM, Grönberg H, Naslund MJ. A quantitative analysis of the costs and benefits of prostate cancer screening. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2001; 4(3): 138–145.

45. Perlman ES, Rosenfield AT, Wexler JS et al. CT urography in the evaluation of urinary tract disease. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1996; 20(4): 620–626.

46. Grossfeld GD, Carroll PR. Evaluation of asymptomatic microscopic hematuria. Urol Clin North Am 1998; 25(4): 661–676.

47. Mor Y, Leibovitch I, Golomb J et al. Routine cystoscopy before radical prostatectomy: is it justified? Urology 2001; 57(5): 946–948.

48. Shaw GT. The golden hour: how to spend your time and money in trauma radiology. Radiology 2004; 232(2): 622–623. Author reply 623–624.

49. Haffer SC, Bowen SE. Measuring and improving health outcomes in Medicare: the Medicare HOS program. Health Care Financ Rev 2004; 25(4): 1–3.

50. Holtgrewe HL. Managed care and its impact on American urology. Urology 1998; 51 (Suppl 5A): 31–35.

51. Holtgrewe HL. The economics of urologic practice in the twenty-first century. Urol Clin North Am 1998; 25(1): 1–13.

52. Greenwald HP. HMO membership, copayment, and initiation of care for cancer: a study of working adults. Am J Public Health 1987; 77(4): 461–466.

53. Greenwald HP, Henke CJ. HMO membership, treatment, and mortality risk among prostatic cancer patients. Am J Public Health 1992; 82(8): 1099–1104.

54. Litwin MS, Saigal CS, Yano EM et al. Urologic diseases in America Project: analytical methods and principal findings. J Urol 2005; 173(3): 933–937.

55. Williams RD. Urologic Diseases in America project. J Urol 2005; 173(3): 679.

56. Iezzoni LI, Ash AS, Shwartz M et al. Judging hospitals by severity-adjusted mortality rates: the influence of the severity-adjustment method. Am J Public Health 1996; 86(10): 1379–1387.

57. Iezzoni LI. An introduction to risk adjustment. Am J Med Qual 1996; 11(1): S8–S11.58. Charlson ME, Pompei P, Ales KL et al. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. J Chronic Dis 1987; 40(5): 373–383.

59. Greenfield S, Apolone G, McNeil BJ et al. The importance of co-existent disease in the occurrence of postoperative complications and one-year recovery in patients undergoing total hip replacement. Comorbidity and outcomes after hip replacement. Med Care 1993; 31(2): 141–154.

60. Kaplan MH, Feinstein AR. The importance of classifying initial co-morbidity in evaluatin the outcome of diabetes mellitus. J Chronic Dis 1974; 27(7–8): 387–404.

61. Greenfield S, Sullivan L, Dukes KA et al. Development and testing of a new measure of case mix for use in office practice. Med Care 1995; 33 (Suppl 4): AS47–AS55.

62. Crabtree HL, Gray CS, Hildreth AJ et al. The Comorbidity Symptom Scale: a combined disease inventory and assessment of symptom severity. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000 Dec; 48(12): 1674–1678.

63. Di Gangi Herms AM, Pinggera GM, De Jonge P et al. Assessing health care needs and clinical outcome with urological case complexity: a study using INTERMED. Psychosomatics. May–Jun 2003; 44(3): 196–203.

64. Litwin MS, Greenfield S, Elkin EP et al. Assessment of prognosis with the total illness burden index for prostate cancer: aiding clinicians in treatment choice. Cancer. May 1 2007; 109(9): 1777–1783.

65. Albertsen PC, Fryback DG, Storer BE et al. The impact of co-morbidity on life expectancy among men with localized prostate cancer. J Urol Jul 1996; 156(1): 127–132.

66. Bodenheimer T. High and rising health care costs. Part 1: seeking an explanation. Ann Intern Med. May 17 2005; 142(10): 847–854.

67. Corrigan K, Ryan RH. New reimbursement models reward clinical excellence. Healthc Financ Manage. Nov 2004; 58(11): 88–92.

68. Spencer BA, Steinberg M, Malin J et al. Quality-ofcare indicators for early-stage prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2003; 21(10): 1928–1936.

69. Litwin MS, Steinberg M, Malin JL et al. Prostate cancer patient outcomes and choice of providers: development of an infrastructure for quality assessment. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation; 2000.

70. Lohr KN, ed. Medicare: A Strategy for Quality Assurance. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1990.

71. Lohr KN, Donaldson MS, Harris-Wehling J. Medicare: a strategy for quality assurance, V: Quality of care in a changing health care environment. QRB Qual Rev Bull 1992; 18(4): 120–126.

72. Donabedian A. Evaluating the quality of medical care. Milbank Mem Fund Q. Jul 1966; 44(3): Suppl: 166–206.

73. Brook RH, McGlynn EA, Shekelle PG. Defining and measuring quality of care: a perspective from US researchers. Int J Qual Health Care. 2000 Aug; 12(4): 281–295.

74. Brook RH, McGlynn EA, Cleary PD. Quality of health care. Part 2: measuring quality of care. N Engl J Med 1996; 335(13): 966–970.

75. Brook RH, Kamberg CJ, Lohr KN et al. Quality of ambulatory care. Epidemiology and comparison by insurance status and income. Med Care. May 1990; 28(5): 392–433.

76. Nuttall M, van der Meulen J, Phillips N et al. A Systematic Review and Critique of the Literature Relating Hospital or Surgeon Volume to Health Outcomes for 3 Urological Cancer Procedures. J Urol. Dec 2004; 172(6, Part 1 of 2): 2145–2152.

77. Vitale MA, Arons RR, Hyman JE et al. The contribution of hospital volume, payer status, and other factors on the surgical outcomes of scoliosis patients: a review of 3,606 cases in the State of California. J Pediatr Orthop. May–Jun 2005; 25(3): 393–399. 78. Dibra A, Kastrati A, Schuhlen H et al. The relationship between hospital or operator volume and outcomes of coronary patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions. Z Kardiol. Apr 2005; 94(4): 231–238.

79. Killeen SD, O'Sullivan MJ, Coffey JC et al. Provider volume and outcomes for oncological procedures. Br J Surg. Apr 2005; 92(4): 389–402.

80. Lyman S, Jones EC, Bach PB et al. The association between hospital volume and total shoulder arthroplasty outcomes. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2005 Mar (432): 132–137.

81. Lee KT, Chang WT, Huang MC et al. Influence of surgeon volume on clinical and economic outcomes of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Dig Surg 2004; 21(5–6): 406–412.

82. Katz JN, Barrett J, Mahomed NN et al. Association between hospital and surgeon procedure volume and the outcomes of total knee replacement. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2004; 86-A(9): 1909–1916.

83. Joshi AV, Miller LA. Hospital procedure volume and outcomes. Ann Intern Med. Jun 15 2004; 140(12): 1061–1062; author reply 1062.

84. Begg CB, Riedel ER, Bach PB et al. Variations in morbidity after radical prostatectomy. N Engl J Med 2002; 346(15): 1138–1144.

85. Hu JC, Gold KF, Pashos CL et al. Role of surgeon volume in radical prostatectomy outcomes. J Clin Oncol 2003; 21(3): 401–405.

86. Ellison LM, Heaney JA, Birkmeyer JD. The effect of hospital volume on mortality and resource use after radical prostatectomy. J Urol 2000; 163(3): 867–869.

87. Lu-Yao GL, Potosky AL, Albertsen PC et al. Followup prostate cancer treatments after radical prostatectomy: a population-based study. J Natl Cancer Inst 1996; 88(3–4): 166–173.

88. Patel A, Dorey F, Franklin J et al. Recurrence patterns after radical retropubic prostatectomy: clinical usefulness of prostate specific antigen doubling times and log slope prostate specific antigen. J Urol 1997; 158(4): 1441–1445.

89. D'Amico AV, Moul J, Carroll PR et al. Surrogate end point for prostate cancer specific mortality in patients with nonmetastatic hormone refractory prostate cancer. J Urol 2005; 173(5): 1572–1576.

90. Schatzkin A, Freedman LS, Dorgan J et al. Surrogate end points in cancer research: a critique. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1996; 5(12): 947–953.

91. Guyatt GH, Naylor CD, Juniper E et al. Users' guides to the medical literature. XII. How to use articles about health-related quality of life. Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. Jama 1997; 277(15): 1232–1237.

92. Guyatt GH, Bombardier C, Tugwell PX. Measuring disease-specific quality of life in clinical trials. CMAJ 1986; 134(8): 889–895.

93. Cella DF, Bonomi AE. Measuring quality of life: 1995 update. Oncology 1995; 9(11 Suppl): 47–60.

94. Strasser S, Aharony L, Greenberger D. The patient satisfaction process: moving toward a comprehensive model. Med Care Rev 1993; 50(2): 219–248.

95. Cleary PD, McNeil BJ. Patient satisfaction as an indicator of quality care. Inquiry 1988; 25(1): 25–36.

96. Hayward RA, McMahon LF jr., Bernard AM. Evaluating the care of general medicine inpatients: how good is implicit review? Ann Intern Med 1993; 118(7): 550–556.

97. Aharony L, Strasser S. Patient satisfaction: what we know about and what we still need to explore. Med Care Rev 1993; 50(1): 49–79.

98. Williams G, Pazdur R, Temple R. Assessing tumorrelated signs and symptoms to support cancer drug approval. J Biopharm Stat 2004; 14(1): 5–21.

99. Patrick DL, Erickson P. Assessing health-related quality of life for clinical decision-making. In: Walker SR, Rosser RM, eds. Quality of Life Assessment:Key issues in the 1990's: Dordrecht:Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1993: 11–64.

100. WHO. Constitution of the World Health Organization, basic documents. Geneva: WHO; 1948.

101. Fossa SD. Quality of life after palliative radiotherapy in patients with hormone- resistant prostate cancer: single institution experience. Br J Urol 1994; 74(3): 345–351.

102. Litwin MS. Measuring health related quality of life in men with prostate cancer. J Urol. 1994; 152(5 Pt 2): 1882–1887.

103. Tulsky DS. An introduction to test theory. Oncology 1990; 4(5): 43–48.

104. Testa MA, Simonson DC. Assesment of quality-oflife outcomes. N Engl J Med 1996; 334(13): 835–840.

105. McSweeny AJ, Creer TL. Health-related quality-oflife assessment in medical care. Dis Mon 1995; 41(1): 1–71.

106. Aaronson NK. Methodologic issues in assessing the quality of life of cancer patients. Cancer 1991; 67(3 Suppl): 844–850.

107. Deyo RA, Diehr P, Patrick DL. Reproducibility and responsiveness of health status measures. Statistics and strategies for evaluation. Control Clin Trials 1991; 12(4 Suppl): 142S–158S.

108. Adler NE, Epel ES, Castellazzo G et al. Relationship of subjective and objective social status with psychological and physiological functioning: preliminary data in healthy white women. Health Psychol 2000; 19(6): 586–592.

109. Nelson EC, Landgraf JM, Hays RD et al. The functional status of patients. How can it be measured in physicians' offices? Med Care 1990; 28(12): 1111–1126.

110. Finlay WM, Lyons E. Methodological issues in interviewing and using self-report questionnaires with people with mental retardation. Psychol Assess 2001; 13(3): 319–335.

111. Fossa SD, Aaronson NK, Newling D et al. Quality of life and treatment of hormone resistant metastatic prostatic cancer. The EORTC Genito-Urinary Group. Eur.J.Cancer. 1990; 26(11–12): 1133–1136.

112. Litwin MS, Lubeck DP, Henning JM et al. Differences in urologist and patient assessments of health related quality of life in men with prostate cancer: results of the CaPSURE database. J Urol 1998; 159(6): 1988–1992.

113. Slevin ML, Plant H, Lynch D et al. Who should measure quality of life, the doctor or the patient? Br J Cancer 1988; 57(1): 109–112.

114. Fossa SD, Moynihan C, Serbouti S. Patients' and doctors' perception of long-term morbidity in patients with testicular cancer clinical stage I. A descriptive pilot study [see comments]. SupportCare Cancer 1996; 4(2): 118–128.

115. Lampic C, von Essen L, Peterson VW et al. Anxiety and depression in hospitalized patients with cancer: agreement in patient-staff dyads. Cancer Nurs 1996; 19(6): 419–428.

116. Sneeuw KC, Aaronson NK, Sprangers MA et al. Value of caregiver ratings in evaluating the quality of life of patients with cancer. J Clin Oncol 1997; 15(3): 1206–1217.

117. Sprangers MA, Aaronson NK. The role of health care providers and significant others in evaluating the

quality of life of patients with chronic disease: a review. J Clin Epidemiol 1992; 45(7): 743–760.

118. Kornblith AB, Herr HW, Ofman US et al. Quality of life of patients with prostate cancer and their spouses: The value of a data base in clinical care. Cancer 1994; 73(11): 2791–2802.

119. Testa MA. Parallel perspectives on quality of life during antihypertensive therapy: impact of responder,survey environment, and questionnaire structure. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1993; 21(Suppl 2): S18–25.

120. Patrick DL, Deyo RA. Generic and disease-specific measures in assessing health status and quality of life. Med Care 1989; 27(3 Suppl): S217–232.

121. Fossa SD, Woehre H, Kurth KH et al. Influence of urological morbidity on quality of life in patients with prostate cancer. Eur Urol 1997; 31(Suppl 3): 3–8.

122. McDowell I, Ewell C. Measuring health: a guide to rating scales and questionnaires. New York: Oxford University Press; 1987.

123. Ware JE, Kosinski M, Keller SK. SF-36 physical and mental health summary scales: a user's manual. Boston: The Health Institute, New England Medical Center; 1994.

124. Ware JE jr., Sherbourne CD. The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36). I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Med Care 1992; 30(6): 473–483.

125. Gandek B, Ware JE jr., Aaronson NK et al. Tests of data quality, scaling assumptions, and reliability of the SF- 36 in eleven countries: results from the IQOLA Project. International Quality of Life Assessment. J Clin Epidemiol 1998; 51(11): 1149–1158.

126. Kaplan RM, Bush JW, Berry CC. Health status: types of validity and the index of well-being. Health Serv Res 1976; 11(4): 478–507.

127. Kaplan RM, Ganiats TG, Sieber WJ et al. The Quality of Well-Being Scale: critical similarities and differences with SF-36. Int J Qual Health Care 1998; 10(6): 509–520.

128. Kaplan RM, Sieber WJ, Ganiats TG. The quality of well-being scale: comparison of the intervieweradministered version with a self-administered questionnaire. Psychology and Health 1997; 12: 783–791.

129. Kaplan RM, Bush JW. Health-related quality of life measurement for evaluation research and policy analysis. Health Psychology 1982; 1:61–80.

130. Kaplan RM, Anderson JP. A general health policy model: update and applications. Health Serv Res 1988; 23(2): 203–235.

131. Anderson JP, Kaplan RM, Berry CC et al. Interday reliability of function assessment for a health status measure. The Quality of Well-Being scale. Med Care 1989; 27(11): 1076–1083.

132. Bergner M, Bobbitt RA, Carter WB et al. The Sickness Impact Profile: development and final revision of a health status measure. Med Care 1981; 19(8): 787–805.

133. Bergner M, Bobbitt RA, Pollard WE et al. The sickness impact profile: validation of a health status measure. Med Care 1976; 14(1): 57–67.

134. Hunt SM, McEwen J, McKenna SP. Measuring health status: a new tool for clinicians and epidemiologists. J R Coll Gen Pract 1985; 35(273): 185–188.

135. McDowell IW, Martini CJ, Waugh W. A method for self-assessment of disability before and after hip replacement operations. Br Med J 1978; 2(6141): 857–859.

136. Martini CJ, McDowell I. Health status: patient and physician judgments. Health Serv Res 1976; 11(4): 508–515.

137. Ware J jr., Kosinski M, Keller SD. A 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey: construction of scales and preliminary tests of reliability and validity. Med Care 1996; 34(3): 220–233.

138. Ware JE, Kosinski M, Keller SD. SF-12: How to score the SF-12 physical and mental health summary scales. 1 ed. Boston, MA: The Health Institute, New England Medical Center; 1995.

139. Gandek B, Ware JE, Aaronson NK et al. Crossvalidation of item selection and scoring for the SF-12 Health Survey in nine countries: results from the IQOLA Project. International Quality of Life Asses sment. J Clin Epidemiol 1998; 51(11): 1171–1178.

140. Tannock IF. Management of breast and prostate cancer: how does quality of life enter the equation? Oncology 1990; 4(5): 149–156.

Štítky
Paediatric urologist Urology
Prihlásenie
Zabudnuté heslo

Zadajte e-mailovú adresu, s ktorou ste vytvárali účet. Budú Vám na ňu zasielané informácie k nastaveniu nového hesla.

Prihlásenie

Nemáte účet?  Registrujte sa

#ADS_BOTTOM_SCRIPTS#