Meta-analyses of Adverse Effects Data Derived from Randomised Controlled Trials as Compared to Observational Studies: Methodological Overview
Background:
There is considerable debate as to the relative merits of using randomised
controlled trial (RCT) data as opposed to observational data in systematic
reviews of adverse effects. This meta-analysis of meta-analyses aimed to
assess the level of agreement or disagreement in the estimates of harm
derived from meta-analysis of RCTs as compared to meta-analysis of
observational studies.
Methods and Findings:
Searches were carried out in ten databases in addition to reference checking,
contacting experts, citation searches, and hand-searching key journals,
conference proceedings, and Web sites. Studies were included where a pooled
relative measure of an adverse effect (odds ratio or risk ratio) from RCTs
could be directly compared, using the ratio of odds ratios, with the pooled
estimate for the same adverse effect arising from observational studies.
Nineteen studies, yielding 58 meta-analyses, were identified for inclusion.
The pooled ratio of odds ratios of RCTs compared to observational studies
was estimated to be 1.03 (95% confidence interval 0.93–1.15).
There was less discrepancy with larger studies. The symmetric funnel plot
suggests that there is no consistent difference between risk estimates from
meta-analysis of RCT data and those from meta-analysis of observational
studies. In almost all instances, the estimates of harm from meta-analyses
of the different study designs had 95% confidence intervals that
overlapped (54/58, 93%). In terms of statistical significance, in
nearly two-thirds (37/58, 64%), the results agreed (both studies
showing a significant increase or significant decrease or both showing no
significant difference). In only one meta-analysis about one adverse effect
was there opposing statistical significance.
Conclusions:
Empirical evidence from this overview indicates that there is no difference
on average in the risk estimate of adverse effects of an intervention
derived from meta-analyses of RCTs and meta-analyses of observational
studies. This suggests that systematic reviews of adverse effects should not
be restricted to specific study types.
:
Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary
Vyšlo v časopise:
Meta-analyses of Adverse Effects Data Derived from Randomised Controlled Trials as Compared to Observational Studies: Methodological Overview. PLoS Med 8(5): e32767. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001026
Kategorie:
Research Article
prolekare.web.journal.doi_sk:
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001026
Souhrn
Background:
There is considerable debate as to the relative merits of using randomised
controlled trial (RCT) data as opposed to observational data in systematic
reviews of adverse effects. This meta-analysis of meta-analyses aimed to
assess the level of agreement or disagreement in the estimates of harm
derived from meta-analysis of RCTs as compared to meta-analysis of
observational studies.
Methods and Findings:
Searches were carried out in ten databases in addition to reference checking,
contacting experts, citation searches, and hand-searching key journals,
conference proceedings, and Web sites. Studies were included where a pooled
relative measure of an adverse effect (odds ratio or risk ratio) from RCTs
could be directly compared, using the ratio of odds ratios, with the pooled
estimate for the same adverse effect arising from observational studies.
Nineteen studies, yielding 58 meta-analyses, were identified for inclusion.
The pooled ratio of odds ratios of RCTs compared to observational studies
was estimated to be 1.03 (95% confidence interval 0.93–1.15).
There was less discrepancy with larger studies. The symmetric funnel plot
suggests that there is no consistent difference between risk estimates from
meta-analysis of RCT data and those from meta-analysis of observational
studies. In almost all instances, the estimates of harm from meta-analyses
of the different study designs had 95% confidence intervals that
overlapped (54/58, 93%). In terms of statistical significance, in
nearly two-thirds (37/58, 64%), the results agreed (both studies
showing a significant increase or significant decrease or both showing no
significant difference). In only one meta-analysis about one adverse effect
was there opposing statistical significance.
Conclusions:
Empirical evidence from this overview indicates that there is no difference
on average in the risk estimate of adverse effects of an intervention
derived from meta-analyses of RCTs and meta-analyses of observational
studies. This suggests that systematic reviews of adverse effects should not
be restricted to specific study types.
:
Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary
Zdroje
1. ChouRHelfandM
2005
Challenges in systematic reviews that assess treatment
harms.
Ann Intern Med
142
1090
1099
2. MittmannNLiuBAKnowlesSRShearNH
1999
Meta-analysis and adverse drug reactions.
CMAJ
160
987
988
3. IoannidisJPMulrowCDGoodmanSN
2006
Adverse events: the more you search, the more you
find.
Ann Intern Med
144
298
300
4. LevineMWalterSLeeHHainesTHolbrookA
1994
User's guides to the medical literature, IV: how to use an
article about harm.
JAMA
271
1615
1619
5. MeadeMOCookDJKernermanPBernardG
1997
How to use articles about harm: the relationship between high
tidal volumes, ventilating pressures, and ventilator-induced lung
injury.
Crit Care Med
25
1915
1922
6. PapanikolaouPNChristidiGDIoannidisJPA
2006
Comparison of evidence on harms of medical interventions in
randomized and nonrandomized studies.
CMAJ
174
635
641
7. PriceDJeffersonTDemicheliV
2004
Methodological issues arising from systematic reviews of the
evidence of safety of vaccines.
Vaccine
22
2080
2084
8. AnelloC
1996
Does research synthesis have a place in drug regulatory policy?
synopsis of issues: assessment of safety and postmarketing
surveillance.
Clin Res Reg Aff
13
13
21
9. JacobRFLloydPM
2000
How to evaluate a dental article about harm.
J Prosthet Dent
84
8
16
10. KallenBAJ
2005
Methodological issues in the epidemiological study of the
teratogenicity of drugs.
Congenit Anom (Kyoto)
45
44
51
11. PedersenATOttesenB
2003
Issues to debate on the Women's Health Initiative (WHI)
study. Epidemiology or randomized clinical trials—time out for hormone
replacement therapy studies?
Hum Reprod
18
2241
2244
12. SackettDLHaynesRBGuyattGHTugwellP
1991
Clinical epidemiology.
London
Little, Brown and Company
13. SkeggDC
2001
Evaluating the safety of medicines, with particular reference to
contraception.
Stat Med
20
3557
3569
14. BrewerTColditzGA
1999
Postmarketing surveillance and adverse drug reactions: current
perspectives and future needs.
JAMA
281
824
829
15. EggerMSchneiderMDavey SmithG
1998
Spurious precision? Meta-analysis of observational
studies.
BMJ
316
140
144
16. StrausSERichardsonWSGlasziouPHaynesRB
2005
Evidence-based medicine: how to practice and teach
EBM.
London
Elsevier
17. RothwellPM
2005
External validity of randomised controlled trials: “to whom
do the results of this trial apply?”.
Lancet
365
82
93
18. EdwardsJEMcQuayHJMooreRACollinsSL
1999
Reporting of adverse effects in clinical trials should be
improved: lessons from acute postoperative pain.
J Pain Symptom Manage
18
427
437
19. PapanikolaouPNIoannidisJP
2004
Availability of large-scale evidence on specific harms from
systematic reviews of randomized trials.
Am J Med
117
582
589
20. IoannidisJPLauJ
2001
Completeness of safety reporting in randomized trials: an
evaluation of 7 medical areas.
JAMA
285
437
443
21. LokeYKDerryS
2001
Reporting of adverse drug reactions in randomised controlled
trials—a systematic survey.
BMC Clin Pharmacol
1
3
22. IoannidisJPEvansSJGotzschePCO'NeillRTAltmanDG
2004
Better reporting of harms in randomized trials: an extension of
the CONSORT statement.
Ann Intern Med
141
781
788
23. LevyJH
1999
Adverse drug reactions in hospitalized patients. The Adverse Reactions
Source. Available: http://adversereactions.com/reviewart.htm. Accessed 17 March
2011
24. PapanikolaouPNChurchillRWahlbeckKIoannidisJP
2004
Safety reporting in randomized trials of mental health
interventions.
Am J Psychiatry
161
1692
1697
25. IoannidisJPContopoulos-IoannidisDG
1998
Reporting of safety data from randomised trials.
Lancet
352
1752
1753
26. CuervoGLClarkeM
2003
Balancing benefits and harms in health care.
BMJ
327
65
66
27. NuovoJSatherC
2007
Reporting adverse events in randomized controlled
trials.
Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf
16
349
351
28. EthgenMBoutronIBaronGGiraudeauBSibiliaJ
2005
Reporting of harm in randomized, controlled trials of
nonpharmacologic treatment for rheumatic disease.
Ann Intern Med
143
20
25
29. LeePEFischerbHDRochonbPAGillbSSHerrmanngN
2008
Published randomized controlled trials of drug therapy for
dementia often lack complete data on harm J Clin Epidemiol
61
1152
1160
30. YaziciY
2008
Some concerns about adverse event reporting in randomized
clinical trials.
Bull NYU Hosp Jt Dis
66
143
145
31. GartlehnerGThiedaPHansenRAMorganLCShumateJA
2009
Inadequate reporting of trials compromises the applicability of
systematic reviews.
Int J Technol Assess Health Care
25
323
330
32. RiefWNestoriucYvon Lilienfeld-ToalADoganISchreiberF
2009
Differences in adverse effect reporting in placebo groups in SSRI
and tricyclic antidepressant trials: a systematic review and
meta-analysis.
Drug Saf
32
1041
1056
33. HenryDHillS
1999
Meta-analysis-its role in assessing drug safety.
Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf
8
167
168
34. BuekensP
2001
Invited commentary: rare side effects of obstetric interventions:
are observational studies good enough?
[comment] Am J Epidemiol
153
108
109
35. ClarkeADeeksJJShakirSA
2006
An assessment of the publicly disseminated evidence of safety
used in decisions to withdraw medicinal products from the UK and US
markets.
Drug Saf
29
175
181
36. DieppePBartlettCDaveyPDoyalLEbrahimS
2004
Balancing benefits and harms: the example of non-steroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs.
BMJ
329
31
34
37. EtminanMCarletonBRochonPA
2004
Quantifying adverse drug events: are systematic reviews the
answer?
Drug Saf
27
757
761
38. GuttermanEM
2004
Pharmacoepidemiology in safety evaluations of newly approved
medications.
Drug Inf J
38
61
67
39. HallWDLuckeJ
2006
How have the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
antidepressants affected suicide mortality?
Aust N Z J Psychiatry
40
941
950
40. HughesMDWilliamsPL
2007
Challenges in using observational studies to evaluate adverse
effects of treatment.
New Engl J Med
356
1705
1707
41. HyrichKL
2005
Assessing the safety of biologic therapies in rheumatoid
arthritis: the challenges of study design.
J
Rheumatol
Suppl 72
48
50
42. JeffersonTDemicheliV
1999
Relation between experimental and non-experimental study designs.
HB vaccines: a case study.
J Epidemiol Comm Health
53
51
54
43. JeffersonTTraversaG
2002
Hepatitis B vaccination: risk-benefit profile and the role of
systematic reviews in the assessment of causality of adverse events
following immunisation.
J Med Virol
67
451
453
44. KaufmanDWShapiroS
2000
Epidemiological assessment of drug-induced
disease.
Lancet
356
1339
1343
45. BeardKLeeA
2006
Introduction.
LeeA
Adverse drug reactions, 2nd ed
London
Pharmaceutical Press
46. LokeYKPriceDHerxheimerA
Cochrane Adverse Effects Methods Group
2007
Systematic reviews of adverse effects: framework for a structured
approach.
BMC Med Res Methodol
7
32
47. OlssonSMeyboomR
2006
Pharmacovigilance.
MulderGJDenckerL
Pharmaceutical toxicology: safety sciences of drugs
London
Pharmaceutical Press
229
241
48. RayWA
2003
Population-based studies of adverse drug effects.
N Engl J Med
349
1592
1594
49. VitielloBRiddleMAGreenhillLLMarchJSLevineJ
2003
How can we improve the assessment of safety in child and
adolescent psychopharmacology?
J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry
42
634
641
50. VandenbrouckeJP
2004
Benefits and harms of drug treatments.
BMJ
329
2
3
51. VandenbrouckeJP
2004
When are observational studies as credible as randomised
trials?
Lancet
363
1728
1731
52. VandenbrouckeJP
2006
What is the best evidence for determining harms of medical
treatment?
CMAJ
174
645
646
53. AagaardLHansenEH
2009
Information about ADRs explored by pharmacovigilance approaches:
a qualitative review of studies on antibiotics, SSRIs and
NSAIDs.
BMC Clin Pharmacol
9
1
31
54. AhmadSR
2003
Adverse drug event monitoring at the food and drug
administration: your report can make a difference.
J Gen Intern Med
18
57
60
55. RavaudPTubachF
2005
Methodology of therapeutic trials: lessons from the late evidence
of the cardiovascular toxicity of some coxibs.
Joint Bone Spine
72
451
455
56. Hordijk-TrionMLenzenMWijnsWde JaegerePSimoonsML
2006
Patients enrolled in coronary intervention trials are not
representative of patients in clinical practice: results from the Euro Heart
Survey on Coronary Revascularization.
Eur Heart J
27
671
678
57. TramerMRMooreRAReynoldsDJMcQuayHJ
2000
Quantitative estimation of rare adverse events which follow a
biological progression: a new model applied to chronic NSAID
use.
Pain
85
169
182
58. McDonaghMPetersonKCarsonS
2006
The impact of including non-randomized studies in a systematic
review: a case study [abstract].
Abstract P084. 14th Cochrane Colloquium; 2006 October 23-26; Dublin,
Ireland
59. PsatyBMKoepsellTDLinDWeissNSSiscovickDS
1999
Assessment and control for confounding by indication in
observational studies.
J Am Geriatr Soc
47
749
754
60. ReevesBC
2008
Principles of research: limitations of non-randomized
studies.
Surgery
26
120
124
61. StrickerBHPsatyBM
2004
Detection, verification, and quantification of adverse drug
reactions.
BMJ
329
44
47
62. VandenbrouckeJP
2008
Observational research, randomised trials, and two views of
medical science.
PLoS Med
5
e67
doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050067
63. BrittonAMcKeeMBlackNMcPhersonKSandersonC
1998
Choosing between randomised and non-randomised studies: a
systematic review.
Health Technol Assess
2
1
124
64. ConcatoJShahNHorwitzRI
2000
Randomised, controlled trials, observational studies, and the
hierarchy of research designs.
N Engl J Med
342
1887
1892
65. IoannidisJPHaidichABPappaMPantazisNKokoriSI
2001
Comparison of evidence of treatment effects in randomised and
non-randomised studies.
JAMA
286
821
830
66. MacLehoseRRReevesBCHarveyIMSheldonTARussellIT
2000
A systematic review of comparisons of effect sizes derived from
randomised and non-randomised studies.
Health Technol Assess
4
67. ShepherdJBagnallA-MColquittJDinnesJDuffyS
2006
Sometimes similar, sometimes different: a systematic review of
meta-analyses of random and non-randomized policy intervention
studies.
Abstract P085. 14th Cochrane Colloquium; 2006 October 23-26; Dublin,
Ireland
68. ShikataSNakayamaTNoguchiYTajiYYamagishiH
2006
Comparison of effects in randomized controlled trials with
observational studies in digestive surgery.
Ann Surg
244
668
676
69. OliverSBagnallAMThomasJShepherdJSowdenA
2010
Randomised controlled trials for policy interventions: a review
of reviews and meta-regression.
Health Technol Assess
14
1
192
70. BerlinJAColditzGA
1999
The role of meta-analysis in the regulatory process for foods,
drugs and devices.
JAMA
28
830
834
71. KramerBSWilentzJAlexanderDBurklowJFriedmanLM
2006
Getting it right: being smarter about clinical
trials.
PLoS Med
3
e144
doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030144
72. HenryDMoxeyAO'ConnellD
2001
Agreement between randomized and non-randomized studies: the
effects of bias and confounding [poster
presentation].
9th Chochrane Colloqium. 2001 October 9-13; Lyon, France
73. MartinG
2005
Conflicting clinical trial data: a lesson from
albumin.
Crit Care
9
649
650
74. KimJEvansSSmeethLPocockS
2006
Hormone replacement therapy and acute myocardial infarction: a
large observational study exploring the influence of age.
Int J Epidemiol
35
731
738
75. McPhersonKHemminkiE
2004
Synthesising licensing data to assess drug
safety.
BMJ
328
518
520
76. PetittiDB
1994
Coronary heart disease and estrogen replacement therapy. Can
compliance bias explain the results of observational
studies?
Ann Epidemiol
4
115
118
77. PosthumaWFWestendorpRGVandenbrouckeJP
1994
Cardioprotective effect of hormone replacement therapy in
postmenopausal women: is the evidence biased?
[comment].
BMJ
308
1268
1269
78. JickHRodriguezGPerez-GuthannS
1998
Principles of epidemiological research on adverse and beneficial
drug effects.
Lancet
352
1767
1770
79. PereraRHeneghanC
2008
Interpretating meta-analysis in systematic
reviews.
Evid Based Med
13
67
69
80. DaviesHTO
1998
Interpreting measures of treatment effect.
Hosp Med
59
499
501
81. DeeksJHigginsJAltmanDG
2008
Analysing data and undertaking meta-analyses.
HigginsJPGreenS
Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions
Chichester
John Wiley and Sons
82. BagerPWhohlfahrtJWestergaardT
2008
Caesarean delivery and risk of atopy and allergic disease:
meta-analysis.
Clin Exp Allergy
38
634
642
83. BergendalAOdlindVPerssonIKielerH
2009
Limited knowledge on progestogen-only contraception and risk of
venous thromboembolism.
Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand
88
261
266
84. BolliniPGarciaRLAPérezGSWalkerAM
1992
The impact of research quality and study design on epidemiologic
estimates of the effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on upper
gastrointestinal tract disease.
Arch Int Med
152
1289
1295
85. ChanWSRayJWaiEKGinsburgSHannahME
2004
Risk of stroke in women exposed to low-dose oral contraceptives:
a critical evaluation of the evidence.
Arch Intern Med
164
741
747
86. ChouRFuRCarsonSSahaSHelfandM
2006
Empirical evaluation of the association between methodological
shortcomings and estimates of adverse events.
Rockville (Maryland)
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
Technical Reviews, No. 13
87. ChouRFuRCarsonSSahaSHelfandM
2007
Methodological shortcomings predicted lower harm estimates in one
of two sets of studies of clinical interventions.
J Clin Epidemiol
60
18
28
88. CosmiBCastelvetriCMilandriMRubboliAConfortiA
2000
The evaluation of rare adverse drug events in Cochrane reviews:
the incidence of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura after ticlopidine plus
aspirin for coronary stenting [abstract].
Abstract PA13. 8th Cochrane Colloquium; 2000 October; Cape Town, South
Africa
89. DolovichLRAddisAVaillancourtJMPowerJDKorenG
1998
Benzodiazepine use in pregnancy and major malformations or oral
cleft: meta-analysis of cohort and case-control studies.
BMJ
317
839
843
90. GargPPKerlikowskeKSubakLGradyD
1998
Hormone replacement therapy and the risk of epithelial ovarian
carcinoma: a meta-analysis.
Obstet Gynecol
92
472
479
91. GillumLAMamidipudiSKJohnstonSC
2000
Ischemic stroke risk with oral contraceptives: a
meta-analysis.
JAMA
284
72
78
92. GradyDGebretsadikTKerlikowskeKErnsterVPetittiD
1995
Hormone replacement therapy and endometial cancer risk: a
meta-analysis.
Obstet Gynecol
85
304
313
93. HenryDMcGettiganP
2003
Epidemiology overview of gastrointestinal and renal toxicity of
NSAIDs.
Int J Clin
Pract
Suppl 135
43
49
94. JensenPMikkelsenTKehletH
2002
Postherniorrhaphy urinary retention—effect of local,
regional, and general anesthesia: a review.
Reg Anesth Pain Med
27
612
617
95. JohnstonSCColfordJMJrGressDR
1998
Oral contraceptives and the risk of subarachnoid
hemorrhage.
Neurology
51
411
418
96. JonesGRileyMCouperDDwyerT
1999
Water fluoridation, bone mass and fracture: a quantitative
overview of the literature.
Aust N Z J Public Health
23
34
40
97. LeipzigRMCummingRGTinettiME
1999
Drugs and falls in older people: a systematic review and
meta-analysis: I. Psychotropic drugs.
J Am Geriatr Soc
47
30
39
98. LeipzigRMCummingRGTinettiME
1999
Drugs and falls in older people: a systematic review and
meta-analysis: II. Cardiac and analgesic drugs.
J Am Geriatr Soc
47
40
50
99. LokeYKDerrySAronsonJK
2004
A comparison of three different sources of data in assessing the
frequencies of adverse reactions to amiodarone.
Br J Clin Pharmacol
57
616
621
100. McGettiganPHenryD
2006
Cardiovascular risk and inhibition of cyclooxygenase: a
systematic review of the observational studies of selective and nonselective
inhibitors of cyclooxygenase 2.
JAMA
296
1633
1644
101. NalysnykLFahrbachKReynoldsMWZhaoSZRossS
2003
Adverse events in coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) trials: a
systematic review and analysis.
Heart
89
767
772
102. OgerEScarabinPY
1999
Assessment of the risk for venous thromboembolism among users of
hormone replacement therapy.
Drugs Aging
14
55
61
103. RossSDDiGeorgeAConnellyJEWhittingGWMcDonnellN
1998
Safety of GM-CSF in patients with AIDS: A review of the
literature.
Pharmacotherapy
18
1290
1297
104. SalhabMAl SarakbiWMokbelK
2005
In vitro fertilization and breast cancer risk: a
review.
Int J Fertil Womens Med
50
259
266
105. SchwarzEBMorettiMENayakSKorenG
2008
Risk of hypospadias in offspring of women using loratadine during
pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Drug Saf
31
775
788
106. ScottPAKingsleyGHSmithCMChoyEHScottDL
2007
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and myocardial infarctions:
comparative systematic review of evidence from observational studies and
randomised controlled trials.
Ann Rheum Dis
66
1296
1304
107. SiegelCAMardenSMPersingSMLarsonRJSandsBE
2009
Risk of lymphoma associated with combination anti-tumor necrosis
factor and immunomodulator therapy for the treatment of Crohn's
disease: a meta-analysis.
Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol
7
874
881
108. SmithJSGreenJBerrington de GonzalezAApplebyPPetoJ
2003
Cervical cancer and use of hormonal contraceptives: a systematic
review.
Lancet
36
1159
1167
109. TakkoucheBMontes-MartínezAGillSSEtminanM
2007
Psychotropic medications and the risk of fracture: a
meta-analysis.
Drug Saf
30
171
184
110. TramerMRMooreRAMcQuayHJ
1997
Propofol and bradycardia: causation, frequency and
severity.
Br J Anaesth
78
642
651
111. VohraSJohnstonBCCramerKHumphreysK
2007
Adverse events associated with pediatric spinal manipulation: a
systematic review.
Pediatrics
119
e275
e283
112. WangTColletJPShapiroSWareMA
2008
Adverse effects of medical cannabinoids: a systematic
review.
CMAJ
178
1669
1678
113. WoolcottJCRichardsonKJWiensMOPatelBMarinJ
2009
Meta-analysis of the impact of 9 medication classes on falls in
elderly persons.
Arch Int Med
169
1952
1960
114. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
2002
Hormone replacement therapy and risk of venous
thromboembolism.
Rockville (Maryland)
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
115. AlghamdiAAMoussaFFremesSE
2007
Does the use of preoperative aspirin increase the risk of
bleeding in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting surgery?
Systematic review and meta-analysis.
J Card Surg
22
247
256
116. BrowningDRMartinRM
2007
Statins and risk of cancer: a systematic review and
metaanalysis.
Int J Cancer
120
833
843
117. CanonicoMPlu-BureauGLoweGDOScarabinPY
2008
Hormone replacement therapy and risk of venous thromboembolism in
postmenopausal women: systematic review and meta-analysis.
BMJ
336
1227
1231
118. CapursoGSchünemannHJTerrenatoIMorettiAKochM
2007
Meta-analysis: the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
and pancreatic cancer risk for different exposure
categories.
Aliment Pharmacol Ther
26
1089
1099
119. ColNFKimJAChlebowskiRT
2005
Menopausal hormone therapy after breast cancer: a meta-analysis
and critical appraisal of the evidence.
Breast Cancer Res
7
R535
R540
120. CutlerCGiriSJeyapalanSPaniaguaDViswanathanA
2001
Acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic
peripheral-blood stem-cell and bone marrow transplantation: a
meta-analysis.
J Clin Oncol
19
3685
3691
121. DouketisJDGinsbergJSHolbrookACrowtherMDukuEK
1997
A reevaluation of the risk for venous thromboembolism with the
use of oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy.
Arch Int Med
157
1522
1530
122. KosterTSmallRARosendaalFRHelmerhorstFM
1995
Oral contraceptives and venous thromboembolism: a quantitative
discussion of the uncertainties.
J Intern Med
238
31
37
123. LoeSMSanchez-RamosLKaunitzAM
2005
Assessing the neonatal safety of indomethacin tocolysis: a
systematic review with meta-analysis.
Obstet Gynecol
106
173
179
124. LokeYKSinghSFurbergCD
2008
Long-term use of thiazolidinediones and fractures in type 2
diabetes: A meta-analysis.
CMAJ
180
32
39
125. MacLennanSCMacLennanAHRyanP
1995
Colorectal cancer and oestrogen replacement therapy. A
meta-analysis of epidemiological studies.
Med J Aust
162
491
493
126. McAlisterFAClarkHDWellsPSLaupacisA
1998
Perioperative allogenic blood transfusion does not cause adverse
sequelae in patients with cancer: a meta-analysis of unconfounded
studies.
Br J Surg
85
171
178
127. McGettiganPHenryD
2008
Cardiovascular ischaemia with anti-inflammarory drugs [oral
presentation]
128. OfmanJJMacLeanCHStrausWLMortonSCBergerML
2002
A meta-analysis of severe upper gastrointestinal complications of
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
J Rheumatol
29
804
812
129. ScottPAKingsleyGHScottDL
2008
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and cardiac failure:
meta-analysis of observational studies and randomised controlled
trials.
Eur J Heart Fail
10
1102
1107
130. SinghSLokeYKFurbergCD
2007
Thiazolidinediones and heart failure: A
teleo-analysis.
Diabetes Care
30
2148
2153
131. TorloniMRVedmedovskaNMerialdiMBetranAPAllenT
2009
Safety of ultrasonography in pregnancy: WHO systematic review of
the literature and meta-analysis.
Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol
33
599
608
132. PrenticeRChlebowskiRStefanickMMansonJLangerR
2008
Conjugated equine estrogens and breast cancer risk in the
Women's Health Initiative clinical trial and observational
study.
Am J Epidemiol
167
1407
1415
133. VandenbrouckeJ
2009
The HRT controversy: observational studies and RCTs fall in
line.
Lancet
373
1233
1235
134. LevineMAHametPNovoselSJolainB
1997
A prospective comparison of four study designs used in assessing
safety and effectiveness of drug therapy in hypertension
management.
Am J Hypertens
10
1191
1200
135. RossSD
2001
Drug-related adverse events: a readers' guide to assessing
literature reviews and meta-analyses.
Arch Int Med
161
1041
1046
136. SuttonAJCooperNJLambertPCJonesDRAbramsKR
2002
Meta-analysis of rare and adverse event data.
Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res
2
367
379
137. LokeYKTrivediANSinghS
2008
Meta-analysis: gastrointestinal bleeding due to interaction
between selective serotonin uptake inhibitors and non-steroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs.
Aliment Pharmacol Ther
27
31
40
Štítky
Interné lekárstvoČlánok vyšiel v časopise
PLOS Medicine
2011 Číslo 5
- Statiny indukovaná myopatie: Jak na diferenciální diagnostiku?
- MUDr. Dana Vondráčková: Hepatopatie sú pri liečbe metamizolom väčším strašiakom ako agranulocytóza
- Vztah mezi statiny a rizikem vzniku nádorových onemocnění − metaanalýza
- Nech brouka žít… Ať žije astma!
- Parazitičtí červi v terapii Crohnovy choroby a dalších zánětlivých autoimunitních onemocnění
Najčítanejšie v tomto čísle
- Low-Dose Adrenaline, Promethazine, and Hydrocortisone in the Prevention of Acute Adverse Reactions to Antivenom following Snakebite: A Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
- Effectiveness of Early Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation to Improve Survival among HIV-Infected Adults with Tuberculosis: A Retrospective Cohort Study
- Medical Students' Exposure to and Attitudes about the Pharmaceutical Industry: A Systematic Review
- Estimates of Outcomes Up to Ten Years after Stroke: Analysis from the Prospective South London Stroke Register