Global Health Governance and the Commercial Sector: A Documentary Analysis of Tobacco Company Strategies to Influence the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control

English version České info

Background:
In successfully negotiating the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), the World Health Organization (WHO) has led a significant innovation in global health governance, helping to transform international tobacco control. This article provides the first comprehensive review of the diverse campaign initiated by transnational tobacco corporations (TTCs) to try to undermine the proposed convention.

Methods and Findings:
The article is primarily based on an analysis of internal tobacco industry documents made public through litigation, triangulated with data from official documentation relating to the FCTC process and websites of relevant organisations. It is also informed by a comprehensive review of previous studies concerning tobacco industry efforts to influence the FCTC. The findings demonstrate that the industry's strategic response to the proposed WHO convention was two-fold. First, arguments and frames were developed to challenge the FCTC, including: claiming there would be damaging economic consequences; depicting tobacco control as an agenda promoted by high-income countries; alleging the treaty conflicted with trade agreements, “good governance,” and national sovereignty; questioning WHO's mandate; claiming the FCTC would set a precedent for issues beyond tobacco; and presenting corporate social responsibility (CSR) as an alternative. Second, multiple tactics were employed to promote and increase the impact of these arguments, including: directly targeting FCTC delegations and relevant political actors, enlisting diverse allies (e.g., mass media outlets and scientists), and using stakeholder consultation to delay decisions and secure industry participation.

Conclusions:
TTCs' efforts to undermine the FCTC were comprehensive, demonstrating the global application of tactics that TTCs have previously been found to have employed nationally and further included arguments against the FCTC as a key initiative in global health governance. Awareness of these strategies can help guard against industry efforts to disrupt the implementation of the FCTC and support the development of future, comparable initiatives in global health.

: Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary

Vyšlo v časopise: Global Health Governance and the Commercial Sector: A Documentary Analysis of Tobacco Company Strategies to Influence the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. PLoS Med 9(6): e32767. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001249
Kategorie: Research Article
prolekare.web.journal.doi_sk: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001249

Souhrn

Zdroje

1. BrownTMCuetoMFeeE 2006 The World Health Organization and the Transition from International to Global Public Health. Am J Public Health 96 62 72

2. DingwerthKPattbergP 2006 Global governance as a perspective on world politics. Global Governance 12 185 203

3. CollinJ 2012 Tobacco control, global health policy and development: Towards policy coherence in global governance. Tob Control 21: 274–280. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050418.

4. LeGresleyEM 1999 A “Vector Analysis” of the Tobacco Epidemic. Bulletin of the Medicus Mundi Switzerland 72

5. BaumbergB 2010 World trade law and a framework convention on alcohol control. J Epidemiol Community Health 64 473

6. YachDHawkesCEpping-JordanJEGalbraithS 2003 The World Health Organization's Framework Convention on Tobacco Control: Implications for Global Epidemics of Food-Related Deaths and Disease. J Public Health Policy 24 274 290

7. AbbottKW 2009 An International Framework Agreement on Scientific and Technological Innovation and Regulation http://www.springerlink.com/content/l437177x55447m48/. Accessed on 10 February 2012

8. World Bank 2011 Chronic Emergency: Why NCDs Matter Washington Health, Nutrition, and Population Family of the World Bank's Human Development Network

9. GrüningTStrunckCGilmoreA 2008 Puffing away? Explaining the Politics of Tobacco Control in Germany. German Politics 17 140 164

10. ForsterN 1994 The Analysis of Company Documentation. CassellCSymonG Qualitative Methods in Organizational Research - A practical guide London Sage Publications 147 166

11. GilmoreA 2005 Tobacco and transition: understanding the impact of transition on tobacco use and control in the Former Soviet Union London University of London

12. GrüningTWeishaarHCollinJGilmoreA 2011 Tobacco industry attempts to influence and use the German government to undermine the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Tob Control doi:10.1136/tc.2010.042093

13. AssuntaMChapmanS 2006 Health treaty dilution: a case study of Japan's influence on the language of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. J Epidemiol Community Health 60 751 756

14. MejiaRSchojbVBarnoyacJFloresdMLPerez-StableeEJ 2008 Tobacco industry strategies to obstruct the FCTC in Argentina. CVD Prevention and Control 3 173 179

15. MamuduHMHammondRGlantzSA 2008 Project Cerberus: Tobacco Industry Strategy to create an alternative to the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Am J Public Health 9 1 13

16. CarterSM 2002 Mongoven, Biscoe & Duchin: destroying tobacco control activism from the inside. Tob Control 11 112 118

17. MamuduHMHammondRGlantzSA 2008 Tobacco Industry attempts to counter the World Bank Report “Curbing the Epidemic” and obstruct the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Social Science and Medicine 67 1690 1699

18. MamuduHMStudlarDT 2009 Multilevel Governance and Shared Sovereignty: European Union, Member States, and the FCTC. Governance 22 73 97

19. Anonymous 1999 British American Tobacco Proposed WHO Tobacco Free Initiative Strategy. British American Tobacco. http://bat.library.ucsf.edu//tid/imk60a99

20. Anonymous 2000 WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) and Its Implications. Jan. Philip Morris. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/mna82c00

21. GreenbergDIKeaneDF 1998 Request for Assistance on WHO Action. 24 April. Philip Morris. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/krt83c00

22. MorrisPhilip 1998 New Developments at WHO of Significance to Tobacco a Report on the 101st Session of the Executive Board Geneva 980119–980128. 28 Jan. Philip Morris. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/lnx93c00

23. MillsonS 2000 WHO Tobacco Free Initiative. 14 Jul. British American Tobacco. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/wpl55a99

24. DawnayI 1999 The WHO Convention on Tobacco Control a Briefing Document. 17 Dec. British American Tobacco. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/tbm55a99

25. ProctorC 2000 A ‘Tobacco Free World’ - or Real Progress for the Real World: Statement from Christopher Procter to the World Health Organisation Public Hearing. Oct. British American Tobacco. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/plw70a99

26. Anonymous 1999 Planning Meeting - Notes and Action Steps 990825–990826. 26 August. Philip Morris. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/jmm86c00

27. Anonymous 2000 Briefing on developments at the World Health Assembly. March. Philip Morris. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/phl85c00

28. British American Tobacco 2009 British American Tobacco. About us. http://www.bat.com/group/sites/uk__3mnfen.nsf/vwPagesWebLive/DO52AD6H?opendocument&SKN=1 [Accessed on 15 July 2009]

29. FisherB 2001 The Power of Regionalism. Tobacco Reporter. June

30. BenfordRDSnowDA 2000 Framing processes and social movements: an overview and assessment. Annu Rev Sociol 26 611 639

31. ScheufeleDATewksburyD 2007 Framing, Agenda Setting, and Priming: The Evolution of Three Media Effects Models. J Commun 57 9 20

32. WeissJA 1989 The powers of problem definition: the case of government paper-work. Policy Sci 22 97 121

33. RikerWH 1986 The Art of Political Manipulation New Haven, CT Yale University Press

34. SchattenschneiderEE 1960 The Semisovereign People: A Realist's View of Democracy in America Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice Hall

35. World Bank 1999 Curbing the Epidemic. Governments and the Economics of Tobacco Control Washington World Bank

36. OtañezMGMamuduHMGlantzSA 2009 Tobacco Companies' Use of Developing Countries' Economic Reliance on Tobacco to Lobby Against Global Tobacco Control: The Case of Malawi. Am J Public Health 99 175 1771

37. AbrunhosaA 1999 Convention Anti-Tobacco. 18 Jun. British American Tobacco. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/oyy23a99

38. Anonymous 2000 [Draft letter to finance minister]. Jan. British American Tobacco. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/zql55a99

39. AbrunhosaA 2000 Framework Convention on Tobacco Control after the Working Group Meeting of March, 27–29. 3 April. British American Tobacco. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/iyy23a99

40. MustE 2001 International Tobacco Growers' Association (ITGA). ITGA uncovered: Unravelling the spin – the truth behind the claims. http://www.healthbridge.ca/assets/images/pdf/Tobacco/Publications/itgabr.pdf [Accessed on 11 August 2010]

41. YachDBettcherD 2000 Globalisation of tobacco industry influence and new global responses. Tob Control 9 206 216

42. OtanezMGMamuduHMGlantzS 2007 Global leaf companies control the tobacco market in Malawi. Tob Control 16 261 269

43. World Health Organization 2008 Tobacco Industry Interference with Tobacco Control. http://www.who.int/tobacco/resources/publications/tob_ind_int_cover_150/en/index.html. Accessed 5 May 2009

44. International Tobacco Growers Association 2012 Supporter Members. http://www.tobaccoleaf.org/conteudos/default.asp?ID=13&IDP=3&P=3. Accessed 3 April 2012

45. Anonymous 1999 Tobacco Growers Leaders Meet WHO in Geneva. 2 Mar. British American Tobacco. http://bat.library.ucsf.edu//tid/fxl44a99

46. Anonymous 1999 WHO's Tobacco Free Initiative: 33 Million of Growers Claim for an Evaluation. 12 April. Philip Morris. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/cxh06c00

47. BrownK 2000 WHO Update 13 Apr. RJ Reynolds. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/xcj25a00

48. Anonymous 2000 Comments of British-American Tobacco Plc on the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Oct. British American Tobacco. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/gro14a99

49. Anonymous Proposed WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. undated. British American Tobacco. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/btx92a99

50. World Health Organization 2008 WHO Report on the global tobacco epidemic. The MPOWER package Geneva World Health Organization

51. BateR 1996 It Was a Pleasure to Meet You in Geneva Recently. 7 Aug. RJ Reynolds. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/sih30d00

52. BateR 1998 [Letter from Roger Bate to Matthew Winokur]. 28 Sep. Philip Morris. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/vvp83c00

53. BateR 1998 [Letter from Roger Bate to David Greenberg]. 4 Sep. Philip Morris. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/zvp83c00

54. Anonymous ESEF Work for Coming Months Undated British American Tobacco. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/kkj82a99

55. SearsSB 1996 Low Dose Epidemiology ESEF Proposal. 7 Aug. RJ Reynolds. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/vov90d00

56. BateR 1998 International Public Health Strategy. Sept. Philip Morris. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/xvp83c00

57. RobertsJ 1998 Bate. 21 Oct. Philip Morris. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/svp83c00

58. MooneyLBateR 1999 Environmental Health: Third World Problems - First World Preoccupations Atlanta Elsevier

59. EdisonJS 2000 Letter to the Editor of the Financial Times Re: WHO. 00/10/25. Philip Morris. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/vek47c00

60. BroughtonM 1999 Martin Broughton's Remarks to World Economic Forum. 1 Feb. British American Tobacco. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/hdm55a99

61. Anonymous 1999 Presseerklärung des Verbandes der Cigarettenindustrie. 25 May. British American Tobacco. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/irl44a99

62. CollinJLeeK 2008 Globalization and the Politics of Health Governance: The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. CooperAKirtonJ Innovation in Global Health Governance Critical Cases Avebury Press

63. BettcherDShapiroIS 2001 Tobacco control in an era of trade liberalisation. Tob Control 10 65 67

64. CallardCChitanondhHWeissmanR 2001 Why trade and investment liberalisation may threaten effective tobacco control efforts. Tob Control 10 68 70

65. EckhardtJ 2001 Balancing interest in free trade and health: how the WHO's Framework Convention on Tobacco Control can withstand WTO scrutiny. Duke Journal of Comparative & International Law 12 197 229

66. World Health Organization, World Trade Organization 2002 WTO Agreements & Public Health. A joint study by the WHO and the WTO Secretariat Geneva World Health Organization, World Trade Organization

67. CooperDS 2000 Letter from Doral S Cooper to Andreas Vecchiet regarding C&M International. 11 Jan. British American Tobacco. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ljk23a99

68. RuppJP 1999 Transaction document regarding the proposal considered by World Health Organisation. 6 Jul. British American Tobacco. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/puv61a99

69. WinokurMN 1999 Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. 4 Aug. Philip Morris. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/wut52c00

70. ShearsN 1999 Meeting on Monday. 22 Jun. British American Tobacco. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/bvy23a99

71. FerrisR 1999 Draft Proposal from Philip Morris Outside Counsel to Philip Morris in-House Counsel, Philip Morris Employee and Philip Morris Executive Discussing Potential International Trade Law Issues Arising from Who Tobacco Convention. 13 Aug. Philip Morris. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/xyh42a00

72. British American Tobacco 2000 News release: British American Tobacco proposes “quantum leap” for sensible tobacco regulation. 29 Aug. http://www.bat.com/group/sites/uk__3mnfen.nsf/vwPagesWebLive/DO726KYJ/FILE/medMD726LA4.pdf?openelement

73. Anonymous 2000 World Health Organisation ‘Flawed’. Move Poses Risks to Governments' Rights. Mar. British American Tobacco. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/frl55a99

74. Anonymous 2001 Beschränkungen des Handels mit Tabakwaren. Feb. British American Tobacco. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/zkw70a99

75. Anonymous 2000 Legal Analysis of the Proposed Framework Convention. 7 Aug. British American Tobacco. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/uvc65a99

76. BourgoisH 1999 SEITA Legal Analysis on WHO Initiative. 16 Jun. British American Tobacco. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/avv61a99

77. LagoniR 2000 Das Projekt Einer Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (part I). 6 Jan. British American Tobacco. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/rti61a99

78. Anonymous 1999 Policy Implication of the Framework Convention on Tobacco being Developed by the World Health Organization. 22 Nov. British American Tobacco. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/tlm93a99

79. MillsonS 2000 WHO Tobacco Free Initiative. 14 Jul. British American Tobacco. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/tov70a99

80. SmithKEFooksGCollinJWeishaarHGilmoreAB 2010 Is the increasing policy use of Impact Assessment in Europe likely to undermine efforts to achieve healthy public policy? J Epidemiol Community Health 64 478 487

81. SmithKEFooksGCollinJWeishaarHMandalS 2010 “Working the System”—British American Tobacco's Influence on the European Union Treaty and Its Implications for Policy: An Analysis of Internal Tobacco Industry Documents. PLoS Medicine 7 e1000202 doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000202

82. BroughtonMF 1999 Letter from Martin F Broughton to Gro Harlem Brundtland regarding session entitled ‘preserving freedom of choice while protecting public health’. 9 Feb. British American Tobacco. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/tnz34a99

83. HarrisDS 2000 [Letter by Harris to Loftus]. 29 Feb. Philip Morris. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/mgp37c00

84. Anonymous 1999 British American Tobacco First Quarter Results 1999. British American Tobacco. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/xyz43a99

85. RoperS 1999 Note from Simon Roper to John Rupp regarding WHO international framework convention. 14 May. British American Tobacco. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/icj63a99

86. Anonymous 1999 Questionnaire on WHO convention proposal. 10 June. British American Tobacco. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/iio53a99

87. Anonymous 2000 World Health Organization - Tobacco Free Initiative - Internal Communications Presentation. March. British American Tobacco. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/pqh45a99

88. YangJSMaloneRE 2008 “Working to shape what society's expectations of us should be”: Philip Morris's societal alignment strategy. Tob Control 17 391 398

89. FooksGGilmoreASmithKCollinJHoldenC 2011 Corporate Social Responsibility and Access to Policy Élites: An Analysis of Tobacco Industry Documents. PLoS Med 8 8 e1001076 doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001076

90. FooksGGilmoreACollinJHoldenCLeeK 2012 The Limits of Corporate Social Responsibility: Techniques of Neutralization, Stakeholder Management and Political CSR. Journal of Business Ethics doi:10.1007/s10551-012-1250-5

91. OpukahS 1999 ITGA. 1 Jun. British American Tobacco. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/pas03a99

92. HendrysP 2000 The Framework Convention on Tobacco. 29 Jun. Philip Morris. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/yzn10c00

93. Anonymous 2000 London Wrap-up Project: Cerberus Friday Workplan and Takeaway Materials. 14 Jan. Philip Morris. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/hgx32c00

94. OpukahS 1999 All - Africa Conference Eliminating Child Labour: Best Practice in Action in Tobacco Farming. 17 Mar. British American Tobacco. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/cur03a99

95. OpukahS 2000 Partnership on Eliminating Child Labour in Tobacco Growing: Progress Report and Next Steps for Action. 9 Nov. British American Tobacco. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/bca14a99

96. OtañezMGMuggliMEHurtRDGlantzSA 2006 Eliminating child labour in Malawi: a British American Tobacco corporate responsibility project to sidestep tobacco labour exploitation. Tob Control 15 224 230

97. BerlindM 1997 WHO, the Proposed Resolution, and GB. 3 Sept. Philip Morris. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/rqt83c00

98. Anonymous 2000 Philip Morris' Written Submission WHO. 30 Aug. Philip Morris. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/vzl10c00

99. Anonymous 2000 Philip Morris International and Philip Morris USA Discuss WHO's Proposed Frame Work Convention: An Opportunity to Make Progress in Several Important Areas of Tobacco. 13 Oct. British American Tobacco. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/gbx14a99

100. BroughtonM 2001 Note from Martin Broughton to Maria Livanos Cattaui regarding activities and role of ICC. 9 Apr. British American Tobacco. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/tgc53a99

101. ShearsN 2001 Meeting with Maria Cattaui ICC International: 2 April 2001. 30 Mar. British American Tobacco. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/fgc53a99

102. Anonymous 1999 British-American Tobacco First Quarter Results 1999 Index. British American Tobacco. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/tam93a99

103. RuttleyP 2000 Proposed International Health Policy Conference. 22 Feb. British American Tobacco. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/aiu63a99

104. RuttleyP 2000 Consumers, Health Policy and Globalisation Conference 22 February. British American Tobacco. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/gii23a99

105. EvansRLeighDMaguireK 27 Oct 2004 Tobacco Firm gained secret access to Blair. The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2004/oct/27/freedomofinformation.politics. Accessed 28 May 2012

106. PorterGBrownJWChasekPS 2000 Actors in the Environmental Arena. PorterGBrownJWChasekPS Global Environmental Politics Oxford Westview Press 35 78

107. Mongoven Biscoe & Duchin 1997 An Analysis of the International Framework Convention Process. Aug. Philip Morris. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/soq37c00

108. MillsonS 1999 WHO Tobacco Free Initiative. 11 Oct. British American Tobacco. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/zkm93a99

109. MillsonS 1999 WHO Tobacco Free Initiative - Strategy Meeting. 21 Jun. British American Tobacco. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/hvv61a99

110. VecchietA 1999 Note from Andreas to Adrain regarding report of 10th December inter-industry meeting. 12 Dec. British American Tobacco. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/dwg61a99

111. Anonymous undated Trade Partnership. British American Tobacco. http://bat.library.ucsf.edu//tid/qph45a99

112. MorrisPhilip 1998 Country Positions on the Proposed Framework Convention. 24 April. Philip Morris. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/zlx93c00

113. Anonymous 2001 Answers to the Questionnaire - Germany. British American Tobacco. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/wou63a99

114. MillsonS 2000 ITGA Lobbying. 8 Feb. British American Tobacco. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/lyy23a99

115. Anonymous 2000 Report on the Results of the WHO FCTC Meeting of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Body. Oct. British American Tobacco. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/yxj45a99

116. Anonymous 2000 WHO Cross - Functional Task Force Meeting. 21 Jun. Philip Morris. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/vig36c00

117. PhilippovS 2000 Russian Position on FCTC. 23 Mar. British American Tobacco. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/cxj34a99

118. LioutyiA 2000 CORA Strategy. 27 Nov. British American Tobacco. http://bat.library.ucsf.edu//tid/aew70a99

119. Anonymous 1999 Appendix 2 - Key Countries. 24 August. Brown & Williamson. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/zan11c00

120. Anonymous British-American Tobacco: Proposed WHO Tobacco Free Initiative Strategy. undated. British American Tobacco. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/bxr53a99

121. VecchietA 2000 WHO FCTC: Update of Latest Developments and Action Required. 20 Dec. British American Tobacco. http://bat.library.ucsf.edu//tid/xmt44a99

122. CollinJ 2004 Tobacco Politics. Development 47 91 96

123. Framework Convention Alliance 2002 Alliance Bulletin. INB5, 17 October 2002. http://www.fctc.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=28&tmpl=component&format=raw&Itemid=21. Accessed 20 July 2009

124. Anonymous 1999 Note regarding CECCM meeting. 26 Oct. British American Tobacco. http://bat.library.ucsf.edu//tid/ffl44a99

125. ParmentierR 2003 Tobacco control: don't trade away public health. http://www.ictsd.org/pubs/external/tobacco.pdf. Accessed 20 May 2008

126. LioutyiA 2000 WHO-Tobacco Free Initiative: Cora Conference. 29 Jun. British American Tobacco. http://bat.library.ucsf.edu//tid/lsj55a99

127. Framework Convention Alliance 2003 Alliance Bulletin. INB6, 20 February 2003. http://www.fctc.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=38&tmpl=component&format=raw&Itemid=21. Accessed 20 July 2009

128. Anonymous 2000 [Draft letter to Justice Minister]. March. British American Tobacco. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/arl55a99

129. Anonymous 2000 [Draft letter to minister of trade]. March. British American Tobacco. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/yql55a99

130. GilmoreACollinJMcKeeM 2006 British American Tobacco's erosion of health legislation in Uzbekistan. BMJ 332 355 358

131. StillmanFAHoanMLintonRRitthiphakdeeBTrochimWMK 2008 Mapping tobacco industry strategies in South East Asia for action planning and surveillance. Tob Control 17 e1

132. SimpsonD 2004 FCTC: how will they keep pushing? Tob Control 13 216 217

133. SametJWipfliHPerez-PadillaRYachD 2006 Mexico and the tobacco industry: doing the wrong thing for the right reason? BMJ 332

134. British American Tobacco Key Efforts by British-American Tobacco CORA Departments on Tackling the WHO Tobacco Free Initiative. undated. British American Tobacco. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/bnz34a99

135. World Health Organization Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents 2000 Tobacco Company Strategies to undermine tobacco control activities at the World Health Organization San Francisco University of California

136. GrüningTGilmoreAMcKeeM 2006 Tobacco Industry Influence on Science and Scientists in Germany. Health Policy Ethics 96 20 32

137. Anonymous 1999 Presentation on the WHO International Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. 12 Jan. Philip Morris. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/llp83c00

138. Hallmark Public Relations Limited 1999 Additional Proposals for ITGA Public Relations Programme 1999. British American Tobacco. http://bat.library.ucsf.edu//tid/hur03a99

139. Anonymous 1999 International Tobacco Growers' Association Meeting: May 19, 1999. 19 May. British American Tobacco. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/aur03a99

140. Tobacco Documentation Centre 1998 Infotopics; Us National Tobacco Settlement Debates Continue; Germany Rejects Public Smoking Bill. 2 Feb. Brown & Williamson. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/bgi02d00

141. Source Watch undated Roger Scruton. http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Roger_Scruton. Accessed 3 August 2009

142. WoolfMListerD 2002 Scruton likely to lose newspaper columnist job after exposure of financial link to tobacco firm. The Independent. London

143. SzymanczykMEHendrysPW 2000 Letter to Gro Harlem Brundtland regarding WHO's proposed framework convention on tobacco control. 30 Aug. British American Tobacco. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/blu63a99

144. Anonymous 2001 Answers to the Questionnaires Speaking Notes -Czech. British American Tobacco. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/rou63a99

145. Anonymous 2001 Answers to the Questionnaires Speaking Notes - Greece. British American Tobacco. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/sou63a99

146. Anonymous 2001 Questionnaire Speaking Notes Italy. British American Tobacco. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/vou63a99

147. Anonymous 2000 Future Business Environment 2000. 8 May. British American Tobacco. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ylk93a99

148. HarrisDTurkT 2001 FCTC Update. 3 Aug. Philip Morris. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/tmc03c00

149. Anonymous 2000 Submission to WHO Concerning Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. 30 Aug. British American Tobacco. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/gcc53a99

150. Deutscher Duty Free Verband 2000 Submission to WHO concerning Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. http://www.who.int/tobacco/framework/public_hearings/F4050398.pdf. Accessed 8 July 2009

151. International Advertising Association 2000 IAA submission to the public hearing on the WHO's proposed Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). http://www.who.int/tobacco/framework/public_hearings/F4730466.pdf. Accessed 6 August 2009

152. Anonymous 2000 WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Aug. British American Tobacco. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/fkm55a99

153. Anonymous 2000 A Bit of History. British American Tobacco. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/dxk45a99

154. Advertising Council of Russia 2000 WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Position of Russian Advertising Council. http://www.who.int/tobacco/framework/public_hearings/russian_advertising_council_rac.pdf. Accessed 6 October 2011

155. Anonymous 2000 Smoking and Health Seminar - May 21–23, Beijing. 21 May. British American Tobacco. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/fti45a99

156. FisherA 1999 Note from Andrea Fisher to Franz-Josef Möllenberg. 14 Sept. British American Tobacco. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/qdl44a99

157. OpukahS 1999 WHO Tobacco Free Initiative. 25 Mar. British American Tobacco. http://bat.library.ucsf.edu//tid/ocj63a99

158. OpukahS 1999 ITGA Meeting. 20 May. British American Tobacco. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/vas03a99

159. MillsonS 1999 WHO Tobacco Initiative. 25 Mar. British American Tobacco. http://bat.library.ucsf.edu//tid/ncj63a99

160. Anonymous 1999 Tobacco Growers Call for W.H.O. Tobacco Free Initiative to Be Independently Evaluated. 13 April. Philip Morris. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/bxh06c00

161. WatsonT 2000 FCTC Meeting in Washington. 1 Mar. RJ Reynolds. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/otb96a00

162. MillsonS 2000 WHO Tobacco Free Initiative. 14 Jun. British American Tobacco. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/edo93a99

163. MillsonS 1999 Action Points from the WHO International Convention Meeting on Thursday 14 January. 14 Jan. British American Tobacco. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ucj63a99

164. British American Tobacco 2000 The WHO Framework Convention On Tobacco Control: Update July 2000. http://www.bat.com/group/sites/uk__3mnfen.nsf/vwPagesWebLive/DO726KYJ/FILE/medMD53MHGA.pdf?openelement. Accessed 8 July 2009

165. BohnsackU 2001 Bericht über Die 47. Sitzung Des Arbeitsausschusses “Tabak- Und Tabakrauchanalyse” Am 20010124 in Berlin. 31 Jan. Philip Morris. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ugf90c00

166. MillsonS 1999 WHO and ISO. 99/10/11. British American Tobacco. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/azr44a99

167. BialousSAYachD 2001 Whose standard is it, anyway? How the tobacco industry determines the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards for tobacco and tobacco products. Tob Control 10 96 104

168. PaulingR 1999 WHO. 16 Sep. British American Tobacco. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ehl44a99

169. Anonymous 2000 WHO: Outcomes of First FCTC Intergovernmental Negotiating Body. 10 Nov. British American Tobacco. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/wyb53a99

170. BrownK 1999 Industry WHO meeting 1210. PMI, BAT, the German NMA, JTI met in New York Dec 10. 12 Dec. RJ Reynolds. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/pzm85a00

171. BielefeldtR 2000 WHO and CECCM's Role. 19 Jan. British American Tobacco. http://bat.library.ucsf.edu//tid/tyv70a99

172. Anonymous 2000 2000: Challenges for British American Tobacco. British American Tobacco. http://bat.library.ucsf.edu//tid/anj55a99

173. Anonymous 2000 Report regarding US report on “Smoking and Health” 13 Oct. British American Tobacco. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/bwc65a99

174. BrucknerE 2000 Opinion on the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) of the World Health Organisation. 30 Aug. British American Tobacco. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/tmw70a99

175. MillsonS 1999 WHO Tobacco Free Initiative. 30 Nov. British American Tobacco. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/jdo93a99

176. Anonymous 2000 The Tobacco Free Initiative: A Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Jan. British American Tobacco. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/oii45a99

177. ChapmanSCarterSM 2003 “Avoid health warnings on all tobacco products for just as long as we can”: a history of Australian tobacco industry efforts to avoid, delay and dilute health warnings on cigarettes. Tob Control 12 13 22

178. TrotterLChapmanS 2003 “Conclusions about exposure to ETS and health that will be unhelpful to us”: How the tobacco industry attempted to delay and discredit the 1997 Australian National Health and Medical Research Council report on passive smoking. Tob Control 12 iii102 iii106

179. MuggliMEHurtRDBeckerLB 2004 Turning free speech into corporate speech: Philip Morris' efforts to influence U.S. and European journalists regarding the U.S. EPA report on secondhand smoke. Prev Med 39 568 580

180. MuggliMELeeKGanQEbbertJOHurtRD 2008 “Efforts to Reprioritise the Agenda” in China: British American Tobacco's Efforts to Influence Public Policy on Secondhand Smoke in China. PLoS Med 5 e251 doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050251

181. MorrisPhilip 1997 A New Approach for a New Millennium. Philip Morris. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/fnl95c00

182. Anonymous 1999 The Modern Treaty - Making Process. 1 June. Philip Morris. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/pku63c00

183. BroughtonM 2000 The WHO's Anti-Smoking Summit. 11 Oct. British American Tobacco. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ihu63a99

184. Source Watch 2009 European Science and Environment Forum. http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=European_Science_and_Environment_Forum. Accessed 15 July 2009]

185. Source Watch undated Lorraine Mooney. http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Lorraine_Mooney. Accessed 7 August 2009

186. MooneyL 1997 The WHO's Misplaced Priorities. 25 Aug. Philip Morris. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/yvp83c00

187. BateR 2004 Personal view: The WHO must drop old-style politics and get back to saving children's lives. The Telegraph

188. Legacy Tobacco Documents Library 2012 About the Library. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/about/about_the_library.jspjsessionid=634660FE3DF6FA6C5AE6039B77A23545.tobacco03. Accessed 16 February 2012

189. NeumanMBittonAGlantzSA 2002 Tobacco industry strategies for influencing European Community tobacco advertising legislation. Lancet 359

190. MandalS 2006 Tobacco Industry Efforts to influence the 2001 European Union Tobacco Products Directive London London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine

191. SaloojeeYDagliE 2000 Tobacco industry tactics for resisting public policy on health. Bull World Health Org 78 902 910

192. TrochimWMKStillmanFAClarkPISchmittCL 2003 Development of a model of the tobacco industry's interference with tobacco control programmes. Tob Control 12 140 147

193. KyrissTPötschke-LangerMGrüningT 2008 Der Verband der Cigarettenindustrie - Verhinderung wirksamer Tabakkontrollpolitik in Deutschland. Gesundheitswesen 70 1 10

194. GivelMSGlantzSA 2001 Tobacco lobby political influence on US state legislatures in the 1990s. Tob Control 10 124 134

195. BalbachEDTraynorMPGlantzS 2000 The implementation of California's tobacco tax initiative: the critical role of outsider strategies in protecting Proposition 99. J Health Polit Policy Law 25 689 715

196. BegayMETraynorMPGlantzS 1993 The tobacco industry, state politics, and tobacco education in California. Am J Public Health 83 1214 1221

197. GivelMS 2006 Punctuated equilibrium in Limbo: the tobacco lobby and U.S. State Policymaking from 1990 to 2003. Policy Studies J 34 405 418

198. BaumgartnerFRJonesBD 1991 Agenda dynamics and political subsystems. J Polit 53 1044 1074

199. World Health Organization 2008 2008–2013 action plan for the global strategy for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases Geneva World Health Organization

200. JahielRIBaborTF 2007 Industrial epidemics, public health advocacy and the alcohol industry: lessons from other fields. Addiction 102 1335 1339

201. WiistWH 2006 Public health and the anticorporate movement: rationale and recommendations. Am J Public Health 96 1370 1375

202. WiistWH 2010 The Bottom Line or Public Health Oxford Oxford University Press

203. CannonG 2004 Why the Bush administration and the global sugar industry are determined to demolish the 2004 WHO global strategy on diet, physical activity and health. Public Health Nutrition 7 369 380

204. WaxmanA 2004 The WHO Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health: The controversy on sugar. Development 47 75 80

205. World Health Organization 2004 WHO Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health Geneva World Health Organization

206. CohenD 2011 Will industry influence derail UN summit? BMJ 343 d5328

207. StucklerDBasuSMcKeeM 2011 Commentary: UN high level meeting on non-communicable diseases: an opportunity for whom? BMJ 343 d5336

208. BlouinC 2007 Trade policy and health: from conflicting interests to policy coherence. Bull World Health Org 85 169 173

209. HortonR 2002 WHO's mandate: a damaging reinterpretation is taking place. Lancet 360 960 961

210. Peoples' Health Movement, Medact, Global Equity Gauge 2008 Global health watch 2: an alternative world health report London Zed Books

211. WipfliHHuangG 2011 Power of the process: Evaluating the impact of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control negotiations. Health Policy 100 107 115

212. ChanM 2011 The future of financing for WHO: reforms for a healthy future. Report by the Director General. A64/4. http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA64/A64_4-en.pdf. Accessed 6 October 2011

213. BondLDaubeMChikritzhsT 2010 Selling addictions: Similarities in approaches between Big Tobacco and Big Booze. Australasian Med J 3 325 332

214. GilmoreASavellECollinJ 2011 Public health, corporations and the New Responsibility Deal: promoting partnerships with vectors of disease? J Public Health 33 2 4

215. BrownellKWarnerKE 2009 The Perils of Ignoring History: Big Tobacco Played Dirty and Millions Died. How Similar Is Big Food? Milbank Quarterly 87 259 294

216. McGarityT 2010 Bending Science: How Special Interests Corrupt Public Health Research Cambridge, MA Harvard University Press

217. OreskesNConwayEM 2010 Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming New York Bloomsbury Press

218. MichaelsD 2008 Doubt is their Product: How Industry's Assault on Science Threatens Your Health Oxford Oxford University Press

219. PLoS Medicine Editors 2011 Let's Be Straight Up about the Alcohol Industry. PLoS Med 8 e1001041 doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001041

220. CoombesR 2011 World leaders sign up to tackle causes of non-communicable diseases. BMJ 343 d6034

221. The Lancet Editors 2011 Two days in New York: reflections on the UN NCD summit. Lancet Oncol 12 981

222. UN General Assembly 2011 Political declaration of the High-level Meeting of the General Assembly on the Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases. A/66/L.1. 16 September 2011. http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/66/L.1. Accessed 6 October 2011

223. ShearsN 1999 ICC UK. 99/11/24. British American Tobacco. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/xoc24a99

224. BateR 1999 Note from Richard Bate to Nicola Shears regarding tobacco companies. 99/11/19. British American Tobacco. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/agc53a99

225. ShearsN 1999 International Chamber of Commerce: UK Governing Body. 99/11/04. British American Tobacco. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/dgc53a99

226. ShearsN 2001 ICC. 01/03/26. British American Tobacco. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/tfc53a99

227. Anonymous ICC. unknown. British American Tobacco. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ufc53a99

228. ShearsN 2001 International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) UK Governing Body Meeting: 9th April 2001. 01/04/04. British American Tobacco. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/qfc53a99

229. BialousSA 2004 Brazil: growers' lobby stalls FCTC. Tob Control 13 323 324

230. MamuduHMGlantzSA 2009 Civil society and the negotiation of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Global Public Health 4 150 168

231. LeeKChagasLCNovotnyTE 2010 Brazil and the framework convention on tobacco control: global health diplomacy as soft power. PLoS Med 7 e1000232 doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000232

232. BurchTWanderNCollinJ 2010 Uneasy money: the Instituto Carlos Slim de la Salud, tobacco philanthropy and conflict of interest in global health. Tob Control 19 e1 e9

233. MamuduHMHammondDGlantzS 2011 International trade versus public health during the FCTC negotiations, 1999–2003. Tob Control 20 3

234. MeierBM 2005 Breathing life into the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control: smoking cessation and the right to health. Yale Journal of Health Policy, Law, and Ethics 5 137 192

235. MontiniTGeorgeAMartin-MollardMBeroLA 2009 The role of public participation in public health initiatives: An analysis of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Global Public Health 5 48 61

236. GonzalezMGreenLWGlantzSA 2011 Through tobacco industry eyes: civil society and the FCTC process from Philip Morris and British American Tobacco's perspectives. Tobacco Control E-pub ahead of print 8 Jun 2011

237. WilkenfeldJP 2005 Saving the World from Big Tobacco: The real coalition of the willing. University of Pittsburgh: Ridgway Centre

238. AlbujaSDaynardRA 2008 The FCTC and the Adoption of Domestic Tobacco Control Policies: the Ecuadorian Experience. Tob Control 18 18 21

239. BlouinCDubéL 2010 Global health diplomacy for obesity prevention: Lessons from tobacco control. J Public Health Policy 31 244 255

240. Open Society Institute 2007 Taking On Goliath - Civil Society's Leadership Role in Tobacco Control. San Francisco: University of California. Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education

241. RoemerRTaylorALariviereJ 2005 Origins of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Am J Public Health 95 936 938

242. WhiteA 2004 Controlling Big Tobacco The Winning Campaign for a Global Tobacco Control Treaty. Multinational Monitor 25

243. CollinJLeeKBissellK 2002 The framework convention on tobacco control: the politics of global health governance. Third World Quarterly 23 265 282

244. SebrieEMBarnoyaJPerez-StableEJGlantzSA 2005 Tobacco industry successfully prevented tobacco control legislation in Argentina. Tob Control 14 e2

245. MamuduHMGonzalezMGlantzS 2011 The Nature, Scope, and Development of the Global Tobacco Control Epistemic Community. Am J Public Health 101 2044 2054

246. FarquharsonK 2003 Influencing Policy Transnationally: Pro- and Anti-Tobacco Global Advocacy Networks. Australian Journal of Public Administration 62 80 92

247. MacKayJ 2003 The making of a convention on tobacco control. Bul World Health Org 81 551

248. FreemanBChapmanS 2010 British American Tobacco on Facebook: undermining Article 13 of the global World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Tob Control 19 e1 9

249. MulcahyMEvansDSLahiffeBGogginDSmythC 2009 Environmental health organisations against tobacco. Int J Environ Res Public Health 6 1456 1471

250. SebrieEMBlancoAGlantzS 2010 Cigarette labeling policies in Latin America and the Caribbean: progress and obstacles. Salud Publica Mexico 52 S233 243

251. SebrieEMBarnoyaJPerez-StableEGlantzSA 2005 Tobacco Industry Dominating National Tobacco Policy Making in Argentina, 1966–2005. San Francisco: University of California. Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education

252. NakkashRLeeK 2009 The tobacco industry's thwarting of marketing restrictions and health warnings in Lebanon. Tob Control 18 310 316