HIV Treatment as Prevention: Natural Experiments Highlight Limits of Antiretroviral Treatment as HIV Prevention

English version České info

There is growing enthusiasm for increasing coverage of antiretroviral treatment among HIV-infected people for the purposes of preventing ongoing transmission. Treatment as prevention will face a number of barriers when implemented in real world populations, which will likely lead to the effectiveness of this strategy being lower than proposed by optimistic modelling scenarios or ideal clinical trial settings. Some settings, as part of their prevention and treatment strategies, have already attained rates of HIV testing and use of antiretroviral therapy—with high levels of viral suppression—that many countries would aspire to as targets for a treatment-as-prevention strategy. This review examines a number of these “natural experiments”, namely, British Columbia, San Francisco, France, and Australia, to provide commentary on whether treatment as prevention has worked in real world populations. This review suggests that the population-level impact of this strategy is likely to be considerably less than as inferred from ideal conditions.

Vyšlo v časopise: HIV Treatment as Prevention: Natural Experiments Highlight Limits of Antiretroviral Treatment as HIV Prevention. PLoS Med 9(7): e32767. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001231
Kategorie: Review
prolekare.web.journal.doi_sk: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001231

Souhrn

Zdroje

1. CohenMSChenYQMcCauleyMGambleTHosseinipourMC 2011 Prevention of HIV-1 infection with early antiretroviral therapy. N Engl J Med 365 493 505

2. MontanerJSHoggRWoodEKerrTTyndallM 2006 The case for expanding access to highly active antiretroviral therapy to curb the growth of the HIV epidemic. Lancet 368 531 536

3. MontanerJSLimaVDBarriosRYipBWoodE 2010 Association of highly active antiretroviral therapy coverage, population viral load, and yearly new HIV diagnoses in British Columbia, Canada: a population-based study. Lancet 376 532 539

4. DasMChuPLSantosGMScheerSVittinghoffE 2010 Decreases in community viral load are accompanied by reductions in new HIV infections in San Francisco. PLoS ONE 5 e11068 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011068

5. MiddelkoopKBekkerLGMyerLJohnsonLFKloosM 2011 Antiretroviral therapy and TB notification rates in a high HIV prevalence South African community. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 56 263 269

6. AnglemyerARutherfordGWBaggaleyRCEggerMSiegfriedN 2011 Antiretroviral therapy for prevention of HIV transmission in HIV-discordant couples. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011 CD009153

7. AttiaSEggerMMullerMZwahlenMLowN 2009 Sexual transmission of HIV according to viral load and antiretroviral therapy: systematic review and meta-analysis. AIDS 23 1397 1404

8. QuinnTCWawerMJSewankamboNSerwaddaDLiC 2000 Viral load and heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. N Engl J Med 342 921 929

9. GranichRMGilksCFDyeCDe CockKMWilliamsBG 2009 Universal voluntary HIV testing with immediate antiretroviral therapy as a strategy for elimination of HIV transmission: a mathematical model. Lancet 373 48 57

10. HoltgraveDR 2010 Is the elimination of HIV infection within reach in the United States? Lessons from an epidemiologic transmission model. Public Health Rep 125 372 376

11. EatonJWJohnsonLFSalomonJABärnighausenTBendavidE 2012 HIV treatment as prevention: systematic comparison of mathematical models of the potential impact of antiretroviral therapy on HIV incidence in South Africa. PLoS Med 9 e1001245 doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001245

12. GranichRGuptaSSutharABSmythCHoosD 2011 Antiretroviral therapy in prevention of HIV and TB: update on current research efforts. Curr HIV Res 9 446 469

13. British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS 2011 Therapeutic guidelines: antiretroviral treatment (ARV) of adult HIV infection—as of January 2011. Available: http://www.cfenet.ubc.ca/sites/default/files/uploads/BCCfE%20Adult%20Therapeutic%20Guidelines_Jan2011.pdf. Accessed 7 December 2011

14. SmithMKPowersKAMuessigKEMillerWCCohenMS 2012 HIV treatment as prevention: the utility and limitations of ecological observation. PLoS Med 9 e1001260 doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001260

15. KerrTSmallWBuchnerCZhangRLiK 2010 Syringe sharing and HIV incidence among injection drug users and increased access to sterile syringes. Am J Public Health 100 1449 1453

16. San Francisco Department of Public Health HIV/AIDS Statistics and Epidemiology Section 2009 HIV/AIDS epidemiology annual report 2008 San Francisco San Francisco Department of Public Health

17. ScheerSKelloggTKlausnerJDSchwarczSColfaxG 2008 HIV is hyperendemic among men who have sex with men in San Francisco. Sex Transm Infect 84 493 498

18. San Francisco Department of Public Health HIV/AIDS Statistics, Epidemiology, and Intervention Research Section 2005 HIV/AIDS epidemiology annual report: 2005. Available: http://sfhiv.org/files/data_reports/hiv_aids_annual_rpt/HIVAIDAnnlRpt2005.pdf. Accessed 10 May 2012

19. BourdillonFCadoreBDozonJ-PGaudinPKapusta-PalmerC 2009 April 9 Statement followed by recommendations on the appropriateness of treatment as an innovative tool for fighting the epidemic of HIV infections Paris Conseil National du SIDA

20. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS 2010 Epidemiological factsheet: France Geneva Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS

21. Haute Autorité de Santé 2009 HIV infection screening in France: screening strategies Saint-Denis La Plaine (France) Haute Autorité de Santé

22. WilsonDPHoareAReganDGWandHLawM 2008 Mathematical models to investigate recent trends in HIV notifications among men who have sex with men in Australia Sydney National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research

23. JinFPrestageGPMcDonaldARamacciottiTImrieJC 2008 Trend in HIV incidence in a cohort of homosexual men in Sydney: data from the Health in Men Study. Sex Health 5 109 112

24. GlynnMKRhodesP 2005 Estimated HIV prevalence in the United States at the end of 2003 [abstract]. National HIV Prevention Conference; Atlanta, Georgia; 12–15 June 2005

25. BransonB 2007 Current HIV epidemiology and revised recommendations for HIV testing in health-care settings. J Med Virol 79 Suppl 1 S6 S10

26. BransonBMHandsfieldHHLampeMAJanssenRSTaylorAW 2006 Revised recommendations for HIV testing of adults, adolescents, and pregnant women in health-care settings. MMWR Recomm Rep 55 1 17

27. SteklerJDGoldenMR 2009 Learning from the missed opportunities for HIV testing. Sex Transm Infect 85 2 3

28. DoddsJPJohnsonAMParryJVMerceyDE 2007 A tale of three cities: persisting high HIV prevalence, risk behaviour and undiagnosed infection in community samples of men who have sex with men. Sex Transm Infect 83 392 396

29. LatthaphasavangVBouldouyreMARachlineAPonscarmeDRozenbaumW 2012 Antiretroviral therapy initiation in france: adherence to national guidelines and outcome. J Int Assoc Physicians AIDS Care (Chic) 11 40 46

30. Le VuSLe StratYBarinFillonelJCazeinF PSurveillance de la syphilis en France, 2000–2006: recrudescence des diagnostics en 2006 2010 Population-based HIV-1 incidence in France, 2003–08: a modelling analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 10 682 687

31. VelterABouyssou-MichelAde BusscherPOJauff ret-RoustideMSemailleC 2007 Enquête presse gay 2004 Saint-Maurice Institut de Veille Sanitaire

32. Bouyssou MichelAGallayAJanierMDupinNHaliouaB 2008 Surveillance de la syphilis en France, 2000–2006: recrudescence des diagnostics en 2006. Bull Epidemiol Hebdo 5–6 39 42

33. The Kirby Institute 2011 HIV, viral hepatitis and sexually transmissible infections in Australia: annual surveillance report 2011 Sydney University of New South Wales

34. FogartyAMaoLZablotskaISalterMPrestageG 2006 The Health in Men and Positive Health cohorts: a comparison of trends in the health and sexual behaviour of HIV-negative and HIV-positive gay men, 2002–2005 Sydney University of New South Wales, National Centre in HIV Social Research

35. National Centre in HIV Research 2011 HIV/AIDS, hepatitis and sexually transmissible infections in Australia: annual report of trends in behaviour 2011 Sydney University of New South Wales

36. FalsterKGelgorLShaikAZablotskaIPrestageG 2008 Trends in antiretroviral treatment use and treatment response in three Australian states in the first decade of combination antiretroviral treatment. Sex Health 5 141 154

37. The Kirby Institute 2011 September Australian HIV Observational Database: annual report Sydney University of New South Wales

38. LawMGWoolleyITempletonDJRothNChuahJ 2011 Trends in detectable viral load by calendar year in the Australian HIV observational database. J Int AIDS Soc 14 10

39. MallittKAWilsonDPMcDonaldAWandH 2011 HIV incidence trends vary between jurisdictions in Australia: an extended back-projection analysis of men who have sex with men. Sex Health 9 138 143

40. GrulichAEKaldorJM 2008 Trends in HIV incidence in homosexual men in developed countries. Sex Health 5 113 118

41. SullivanPSHamoudaODelpechVGeduldJEPrejeanJ 2009 Reemergence of the HIV epidemic among men who have sex with men in North America, Western Europe, and Australia, 1996–2005. Ann Epidemiol 19 423 431

42. MorrisSRLittleSJ 2011 MSM: resurgent epidemics. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 6 326 332

43. BezemerDde WolfFBoerlijstMCvan SighemAHollingsworthTD 2008 A resurgent HIV-1 epidemic among men who have sex with men in the era of potent antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 22 1071 1077

44. JansenIAGeskusRBDavidovichUJurriaansSCoutinhoRA 2011 Ongoing HIV-1 transmission among men who have sex with men in Amsterdam: a 25-year prospective cohort study. AIDS 25 493 501

45. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe 2011 HIV/AIDS surveillance in Europe: 2010 Stockholm European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control Available: http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/Publications/101129_SUR_HIV_2009.pdf. Accessed 3 May 2012

46. ParaskevisDNikolopoulosGTsiaraCParaskevaDAntoniadouA 2011 HIV-1 outbreak among injecting drug users in Greece, 2011: a preliminary report. Euro Surveill 16. Available: http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=19962. Accessed 3 May 2012

47. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction 2011 Annual report 2011: the state of the drugs problem in Europe Lisbon European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction Available: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/attachements.cfm/att_143743_EN_EMCDDA_AR2011_EN.pdf. Accessed 3 May 2012

48. ZablotskaIBCrawfordJImrieJPrestageGJinF 2009 Increases in unprotected anal intercourse with serodiscordant casual partners among HIV-negative gay men in Sydney. AIDS Behav 13 638 644

49. FlemingDTWasserheitJN 1999 From epidemiological synergy to public health policy and practice: the contribution of other sexually transmitted diseases to sexual transmission of HIV infection. Sex Transm Infect 75 3 17

50. GalvinSRCohenMS 2004 The role of sexually transmitted diseases in HIV transmission. Nat Rev Microbiol 2 33 42

51. FisherMPaoDBrownAESudarshiDGillON 2010 Determinants of HIV-1 transmission in men who have sex with men: a combined clinical, epidemiological and phylogenetic approach. AIDS 24 1739 1747

52. PorcoTCMartinJNPage-ShaferKAChengACharleboisE 2004 Decline in HIV infectivity following the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 18 81 88

53. JinFJanssonJLawMPrestageGPZablotskaI 2010 Per-contact probability of HIV transmission in homosexual men in Sydney in the era of HAART. AIDS 24 907 913

54. KelleyCFHaalandREPatelPEvans-StrickfadenTFarshyC 2011 HIV-1 RNA rectal shedding is reduced in men with low plasma HIV-1 RNA viral loads and is not enhanced by sexually transmitted bacterial infections of the rectum. J Infect Dis 204 761 767

55. WilsonDP 2010 Evidence is still required for treatment as prevention for riskier routes of HIV transmission. AIDS 24 2891 2893

56. GardnerEMMcLeesMPSteinerJFDel RioCBurmanWJ 2011 The spectrum of engagement in HIV care and its relevance to test-and-treat strategies for prevention of HIV infection. Clin Infect Dis 52 793 800

57. WilsonDPLawMGGrulichAECooperDAKaldorJM 2008 Relation between HIV viral load and infectiousness: a model-based analysis. Lancet 372 314 320

58. HammerSMSaagMSSchechterMMontanerJSSchooleyRT 2006 Treatment for adult HIV infection: 2006 recommendations of the International AIDS Society-USA panel. JAMA 296 827 843

59. PalellaFJJrDelaneyKMMoormanACLovelessMOFuhrerJ 1998 Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. HIV Outpatient Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 338 853 860

60. HayesRJWhiteRG 2011 Role of acute infection in HIV transmission. Lancet 378 1913 1914 author reply 1914-1915

61. WilliamsBGGranichRDyeC 2011 Role of acute infection in HIV transmission. Lancet 378 1913 author reply 1914-1915

62. PowersKAGhaniACMillerWCHoffmanIFPettiforAE 2011 The role of acute and early HIV infection in the spread of HIV and implications for transmission prevention strategies in Lilongwe, Malawi: a modelling study. Lancet 378 256 268

63. MillerWCRosenbergNERutsteinSEPowersKA 2010 Role of acute and early HIV infection in the sexual transmission of HIV. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 5 277 282

64. JohnsonLFHallettTBRehleTMDorringtonRE 2012 The effect of changes in condom usage and antiretroviral treatment coverage on human immunodeficiency virus incidence in South Africa: a model-based analysis. J R Soc Interface E-pub ahead of print. doi:10.1098/rsif.2011.0826

65. ZhangFDouZMaYZhangYZhaoY 2011 Effect of earlier initiation of antiretroviral treatment and increased treatment coverage on HIV-related mortality in China: a national observational cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis 11 516 524

66. ZhangFDouZMaYZhaoYLiuZ 2009 Five-year outcomes of the China National Free Antiretroviral Treatment Program. Ann Intern Med 151 241 251 W-252

67. YangCHHuangYFHsiaoCFYehYLLiouHR 2008 Trends of mortality and causes of death among HIV-infected patients in Taiwan, 1984–2005. HIV Med 9 535 543

68. Kaiser Family Foundation 2011 International AIDS assistance from donor governments: commitments & disbursements, 2002–2010. Available: http://facts.kff.org/chart.aspx?ch=946. Accessed 3 May 2012

69. FreedbergKALosinaEWeinsteinMCPaltielADCohenCJ 2001 The cost effectiveness of combination antiretroviral therapy for HIV disease. N Engl J Med 344 824 831

70. BadriMMaartensGMandaliaSBekkerLGPenrodJR 2006 Cost-effectiveness of highly active antiretroviral therapy in South Africa. PLoS Med 3 e4 doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030004