An Audit and Feedback Intervention for Reducing Antibiotic Prescribing in General Dental Practice: The RAPiD Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial

1. World Health Organisation. Antimicrobial resistance: global report on surveillance. 2014. http://www.who.int/drugresistance/documents/surveillancereport/en/.

2. Goossens H, Ferech M, Vander Stichele R, Elseviers M, for the ESAC Project Group. Outpatient antibiotic use in Europe and association with resistance: a cross-national database study. Lancet. 2005;365(9459):579–587. 15708101

3. Wilcox MH. The tide of antimicrobial resistance and selection. Int. J Antimicrob Agents. 2009;34 Suppl 3:S6–10. doi: 10.1016/S0924-8579(09)70550-3 19596111

4. Martin MV. Antimicrobials and dentistry: a rationale for their use. Fac Dent J. 2010;1:15–19.

5. Cope AL, Chestnutt IG. Inappropriate prescribing of antibiotics in primary dental care: reasons and resolutions. Prim Dent J. 2014;3:33–37. doi: 10.1308/205016814813877333 25668373

6. Scottish Antimicrobial Prescribing Group (SAPG). Primary Care Prescribing Indicators Annual Report 2013/14. 2014. http://www.isdscotland.org/Health-Topics/Prescribing-and-Medicines/Publications/index.asp?ID=1357.

7. Johnson T, Hawkes J. Awareness of antibiotic prescribing and resistance in primary dental care. Prim Dent J. 2014;3:44–47. doi: 10.1308/205016814813877324 25668375

8. Health and Social Care Improvement Centre. Prescribing by dentists: England, 2013. 2014. http://www.hscic.gov.uk/catalogue/PUB14016/pres-dent-eng-2013-rpt.pdf.

9. Scottish Dental Clinical Effectiveness Programme. Drug prescribing for dentistry. NHS Education for Scotland. 2011. http://www.sdcep.org.uk/?o=2334.

10. Faculty of General Dental Practice. Antimicrobial Prescribing For General Dental Practitioners. 2nd ed. FGDP; 2012.

11. Dar-Odeh NS, Abu-Hammad OA, Al-Omiri MK, Khraisat AS, Shehabi AA. Antibiotic prescribing practices by dentists: a review. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2010;6:301–306. 20668712

12. Dailey YM, Martin MV. Therapeutics: Are antibiotics being used appropriately for emergency dental treatment? Br Dent J. 2001;191:391–393.

13. Ivers N, Jamtvedt G, Flottorp S, Odgaard-Jensen J, French SD, O'Brien MA, et al. Audit and feedback: effects on professional practice and healthcare outcomes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;6,CD000259. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000259.pub3 22696318

14. Clarkson JE, Ramsay CR, Eccles MP, Eldridge S, Grimshaw JM, Johnston M, et al. The translation research in a dental setting (TRiaDS) programme protocol. Implement Sci. 2010;5,57. doi: 10.1186/1748-5908-5-57 20646275

15. Prior M, Elouafkaoui P, Elders A, Young L, Duncan EM, Newlands R, et al. Evaluating an audit and feedback intervention for reducing antibiotic prescribing behaviour in general dental practice (the RAPiD trial): a partial factorial cluster randomised trial protocol. Implement Sci. 2014;9,50. doi: 10.1186/1748-5908-9-50 24758164

16. Joint Formulary Committee. British National Formulary (BNF) 65. Pharmaceutical Press; 2013.

17. Michie S, Abraham C, Eccles MP, Francis JJ, Hardman W, Johnston M. Strengthening evaluation and implementation by specifying components of behaviour change interventions: a study protocol. Implement Sci. 2011;6,10. doi: 10.1186/1748-5908-6-10 21299860

18. Michie S, Richardson M, Johnston M, Abraham C, Francis J, Hardman W, et al. The behavior change technique taxonomy (v1) of 93 hierarchically clustered techniques: building an international consensus for the reporting of behavior change interventions. Ann Behav Med. 2013;46:81–95. doi: 10.1007/s12160-013-9486-6 23512568

19. WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology. WHOCC—Definition and general considerations. 2009. http://www.whocc.no/ddd/definition_and_general_considera/.

20. Borm GF, Fransen J, Lemmens WAJG. A simple sample size formula for analysis of covariance in randomized clinical trials. J Clin Epidemiol. 2007;60:1234–1238. 17998077

21. Rogers WH. Regression standard errors in clustered samples. Stata Technical Bulletin. 1993; 13: 19–23. http://www.stata.com/support/faqs/statistics/stb13_rogers.pdf.

22. Damschroder LJ, Aron DC, Keith RE, Kirsh SR, Alexander JA, Lowery JC. Fostering implementation of health services research findings into practice: a consolidated framework for advancing. Implement Sci. 2009;4,50. doi: 10.1186/1748-5908-4-50 19664226

23. Michie S, Johnston M, Abraham C, Lawton R, Parker D, Walker A. Making psychological theory useful for implementing evidence based practice: a consensus approach. Qual Saf Health Care. 2005;14:26–33. 15692000

24. Cane J, O’Connor D, Michie S. Validation of the theoretical domains framework for use in behaviour change and implementation research. Implement Sci. 2012;7,37. doi: 10.1186/1748-5908-7-37 22530986

25. Newlands R, Duncan EM, Prior M, Elouafkaoui P, Elders A, Young L, et al. Barriers and facilitators of evidence-based management of patients with bacterial infections among general dental practitioners: a theory-informed interview study. Implement Sci. 2016;11,11. doi: 10.1186/s13012-016-0372-z 26821790

26. McCambridge J, Kypri K, Elbourne D. In randomization we trust? There are overlooked problems in experimenting with people in behavioral intervention trials. J Clin Epidemiol. 2014;67:247–253. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2013.09.004 24314401

27. Ivers NM, Sales A, Colquhoun H, Michie S, Foy R, Francis JJ, et al. No more ‘business as usual’ with audit and feedback interventions: towards an agenda for a reinvigorated intervention. Implement Sci. 2014;9,14. doi: 10.1186/1748-5908-9-14 24438584

28. O’Cathain A, Goode J, Drabble SJ, Thomas KJ, Rudolph A, Hewison J. Getting added value from using qualitative research with randomized controlled trials: a qualitative interview study. Trials. 2014;15,215. doi: 10.1186/1745-6215-15-215 24913438

29. Butler CC, Simpson SA, Dunstan F, Rollnick S, Cohen D, Gillespie D, et al. Effectiveness of multifaceted educational programme to reduce antibiotic dispensing in primary care: practice based randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2012;344,d8173. doi: 10.1136/bmj.d8173 22302780

30. Welschen I, Kuyvenhoven MM, Hoes AW, Verheij TJM. Effectiveness of a multiple intervention to reduce antibiotic prescribing for respiratory tract symptoms in primary care: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2004;329,431. 15297305

31. Flottorp S, Oxman AD, Håvelsrud K, Treweek S, Herrin J. Cluster randomised controlled trial of tailored interventions to improve the management of urinary tract infections in women and sore throat. BMJ. 2002;325,367. 12183309

32. Gjelstad S, Høye S, Straand J, Brekke M, Dalen I, Lindbaek M. Improving antibiotic prescribing in acute respiratory tract infections: cluster randomised trial from Norwegian general practice (prescription peer academic detailing (Rx-PAD) study). BMJ. 2013;347:f4403. doi: 10.1136/bmj.f4403 23894178

33. Löffler C, Böhmer F, Hornung A, Lang H, Burmeister U, Podbielski A et al. Dental care resistance prevention and antibiotic prescribing modification—the cluster-randomised controlled DREAM trial. Implement Sci. 2014;9,27. doi: 10.1186/1748-5908-9-27 24559212

34. Palmer NA, Dailey YM, Martin MV. Can audit improve antibiotic prescribing in general dental practice? Br Dent J. 2001;191:253–255. 11575760

35. Ranji SR, Steinman MA, Shojania KG, Gonzales R. Interventions to reduce unnecessary antibiotic prescribing: a systematic review and quantitative analysis. Med Care. 2008;46:847–862. doi: 10.1097/MLR.0b013e318178eabd 18665065

36. Ostini R, Hegney D, Jackson C, Williamson M, Mackson JM, Gurman K, et al. Systematic review of interventions to improve prescribing. Ann Pharmacother. 2009;43:502–513. doi: 10.1345/aph.1L488 19261953

37. Arnold SR, Straus SE. Interventions to improve antibiotic prescribing practices in ambulatory care. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;CD003539. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003539.pub2 16235325

38. Butler CC, Dunstan F, Heginbothom M, Mason B, Roberts Z, Hillier S, et al. Containing antibiotic resistance: decreased antibiotic-resistant coliform urinary tract infections with reduction in antibiotic prescribing by general practices. Br J Gen Pract. 2007;57:785–792. 17925135

39. Squires JE, Sullivan K, Eccles MP, Worswick J, Grimshaw JM. Are multifaceted interventions more effective than single-component interventions in changing health-care professionals’ behaviours? An overview of systematic reviews. Implement Sci. 2014;9,152. doi: 10.1186/s13012-014-0152-6 25287951