#PAGE_PARAMS# #ADS_HEAD_SCRIPTS# #MICRODATA#

Sex Differences in Tuberculosis Burden and Notifications in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis


In this systematic review and meta-analysis, Katherine Horton and colleagues examine the differences in tuberculosis burden and notifications between men and women living in low- and middle-income countries.


Vyšlo v časopise: Sex Differences in Tuberculosis Burden and Notifications in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. PLoS Med 13(9): e32767. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002119
Kategorie: Research Article
prolekare.web.journal.doi_sk: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002119

Souhrn

In this systematic review and meta-analysis, Katherine Horton and colleagues examine the differences in tuberculosis burden and notifications between men and women living in low- and middle-income countries.


Zdroje

1. World Health Organization. Global tuberculosis control: WHO report 2011. WHO/HTM/TB/2011.16. 2011 [cited 2 Aug 2016]. Available: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/44728/1/9789241564380_eng.pdf.

2. World Health Organization. Global tuberculosis report 2015. WHO/HTM/TB/2015.22. 2015 [cited 2 Aug 2016]. Available: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/191102/1/9789241565059_eng.pdf.

3. Long NH, Johansson E, Lonnroth K, Eriksson B, Winkvist A, Diwan V. Longer delays in tuberculosis diagnosis among women in Vietnam. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 1999;3:388–393. 10331727

4. Weiss MG, Auer C, Somma D, Abouihia A, Jawahar M, Karim F, et al. Gender and tuberculosis: cross-site analysis and implications of a multi-country study in Bandladesh, India, Malawi, and Colombia. 2006 [cited 2 Aug 2016]. Available: http://www.who.int/entity/tdr/publications/documents/sebrep3.pdf?ua=1.

5. Borgdorff M, Nagelkerke N, Dye C, Nunn P. Gender and tuberculosis: a comparison of prevalence surveys with notification data to explore sex differences in case detection. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2000;4:123–132. 10694090

6. United Nations General Assembly. United Nations millennium declaration. A/RES/55/2. 2000 Sep 8 [cited 2 Aug 2016]. Available: http://www.un.org/millennium/declaration/ares552e.htm.

7. United Nations General Assembly. Transforming our world: the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. A/RES/70/1. 2015 Sep 25 [cited 2 Aug 2016]. Available: http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/70/1&Lang=E.

8. Hawkes S, Buse K. Gender and global health: evidence, policy, and inconvenient truths. Lancet. 2013;381:1783–1787. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60253-6 23683645

9. World Health Organization. Global strategy and targets for tuberculosis prevention, care and control after 2015. EB134/12. 2013 Nov 29 [cited 2 Aug 2016]. Available: http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/EB134/B134_12-en.pdf.

10. World Health Organization. Systematic screening for active tuberculosis: principles and recommendations. 2013 [cited 2 Aug 2016]. Available: http://www.who.int/tb/publications/Final_TB_Screening_guidelines.pdf.

11. Lönnroth K, Corbett E, Golub J, Godfrey-Faussett P, Uplekar M, Weil D, et al. Systematic screening for active tuberculosis: rationale, definitions and key considerations. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2013;17:289–298. doi: 10.5588/ijtld.12.0797 23407219

12. Dodd PJ, Looker C, Plumb I, Bond V, Schaap A, Shanaube K, et al. Age- and sex-specific social contact patterns and incidence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Am J Epidemiol. 2016;183:156–166. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwv160 26646292

13. Horton K, MacPherson P, White R, Houben R, Corbett L. Gender differences in tuberculosis prevalence in low- and middle-income countries. CRD42015022163. PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews. 2015 [cited 2 Aug 2016]. Available: http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.asp?ID=CRD42015022163.

14. Cochrane. LMIC filters. 2012 [cited 2 Aug 2016]. Available: http://epoc.cochrane.org/lmic-filters.

15. The World Bank. World Bank country and lending groups. 2015 [cited 26 May 2015]. Available: http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-and-lending-groups.

16. World Health Organization. Tuberculosis prevalence surveys: a handbook. WHO/HTM/TB/2010.17. 2011 [cited 2 Aug 2016]. Available: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/44481/1/9789241548168_eng.pdf?ua=1&ua=1.

17. Hoy D, Brooks P, Woolf A, Blyth F, March L, Bain C, et al. Assessing risk of bias in prevalence studies: modification of an existing tool and evidence of interrater agreement. J Clin Epidemiol. 2012;65:934–939. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2011.11.014 22742910

18. World Health Organization. Definitions and reporting framework for tuberculosis—2013 revision (updated December 2014). 2013 [cited 2 Aug 2016]. Available: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/79199/1/9789241505345_eng.pdf.

19. Onozaki I, Law I, Sismanidis C, Zignol M, Glaziou P, Floyd K. National TB prevalence surveys in Asia, 1990–2012: an overview of results and lessons learned. Trop Med Int Health. 2015;20:1128–1145. doi: 10.1111/tmi.12534 25943163

20. World Health Organization. Tuberculosis (TB): case notifications. 2015 [cited 26 May 2015]. Available: http://www.who.int/tb/country/data/download/en/.

21. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. World population prospects: the 2012 revision. New York: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs; 2013.

22. World Health Organization. Tuberculosis (TB): WHO TB burden estimates. 2015 [cited 26 May 2015]. Available: http://www.who.int/tb/country/data/download/en/.

23. World Health Organization. Global Health Observatory data repository: prevalence of HIV among adults aged 15 to 49—estimates by WHO region. 2015 [cited 26 May 2015]. Available: http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.622?lang=en.

24. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. UNAIDS terminology guidelines. 2011 Oct [cited 2 Aug 2016]. Available: http://files.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/unaidspublication/2011/JC2118_terminology-guidelines_en.pdf.

25. World Health Organization. Global tuberculosis report 2014. WHO/HTM/TB/2014.08. 2014 [cited 2 Aug 2016]. Available: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/137094/1/9789241564809_eng.pdf.

26. Clopper C, Pearson E. The use of confidence or fiducial limits illustrated in the case of the binomial. Biometrika. 1934:404–413. doi: 10.1093/biomet/26.4.404

27. Higgins J, Thompson S, Deeks J, Altman D. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ. 2003;327:557. doi: 10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557 12958120

28. R Core Team. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Version 3.2.2. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2015.

29. Aggarwal AN, Gupta D, Agarwal R, Sethi S, Thakur JS, Anjinappa SM, et al. Prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis among adults in a north Indian district. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0117363. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117363 25695761

30. Akhtar S, White F, Hasan R, Rozi S, Younus M, Ahmed F, et al. Hyperendemic pulmonary tuberculosis in peri-urban areas of Karachi, Pakistan. BMC Public Health. 2007;7:70. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-7-70 17477870

31. Alvi AR, Hussain SF, Shah MA, Khalida M, Shamsudin M. Prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis on the roof of the world. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 1998;2:909–913. 9848612

32. Ayles H, Schaap A, Nota A, Sismanidis C, Tembwe R, De Haas P, et al. Prevalence of tuberculosis, HIV and respiratory symptoms in two Zambian communities: implications for tuberculosis control in the era of HIV. PLoS ONE. 2009;4:e5602. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005602 19440346

33. Ayles H, Muyoyeta M, Du Toit E, Schaap A, Floyd S, Simwinga M, et al. Effect of household and community interventions on the burden of tuberculosis in southern Africa: the ZAMSTAR community-randomised trial. Lancet. 2013;382:1183–1194. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(13)61131-9 23915882

34. Banda R, Munthali A, Mpunga J. Findings from the first Malawi TB prevalence survey. 46th Union World Conference on Lung Health; 2015 Dec 2–6; Cape Town, South Africa.

35. Banu S, Rahman MT, Uddin MK, Khatun R, Ahmed T, Rahman MM, et al. Epidemiology of tuberculosis in an urban slum of Dhaka City, Bangladesh. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e77721. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077721 24204933

36. Basta PC, Coimbra CE Jr, Escobar AL, Santos RV, Alves LC, Fonseca L de S. Survey for tuberculosis in an indigenous population of Amazonia: the Surui of Rondonia, Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2006;100:579–585. doi: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2005.07.014 16274716

37. Basta PC, Coimbra CE Jr, Welch JR, Correa Alves LC, Santos RV, Bastos Camacho LA. Tuberculosis among the Xavante Indians of the Brazilian Amazon: an epidemiological and ethnographic assessment. Ann Hum Biol. 2010;37:643–657. doi: 10.3109/03014460903524451 20113213

38. Berhe G, Enqueselassie F, Hailu E, Mekonnen W, Teklu T, Gebretsadik A, et al. Population-based prevalence survey of tuberculosis in the Tigray region of Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13:448. doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-13-448 24073793

39. Bhat J, Rao VG, Gopi PG, Yadav R, Selvakumar N, Tiwari B, et al. Prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis amongst the tribal population of Madhya Pradesh, Central India. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2009;38:1026–1032. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyp222

40. Bjerregaard-Andersen M, da Silva ZJ, Ravn P, Ruhwald M, Andersen PL, Sodemann M, et al. Tuberculosis burden in an urban population: a cross sectional tuberculosis survey from Guinea Bissau. BMC Infect Dis. 2009;10:96. doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-10-96

41. Chadha VK, Kumar P, Anjinappa SM, Singh S, Narasimhaiah S, Joshi MV, et al. Prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis among adults in a rural sub-district of South India. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e42625. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042625 22956993

42. Claassens M, van Schalkwyk C, den Haan L, Floyd S, Dunbar R, van Helden P, et al. High prevalence of tuberculosis and insufficient case detection in two communities in the Western Cape, South Africa. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e58689. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058689 23560039

43. Corbett EL, Bandason T, Cheung YB, Makamure B, Dauya E, Munyati SS, et al. Prevalent infectious tuberculosis in Harare, Zimbabwe: burden, risk factors and implications for control. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2009;13:1231–1237. 19793427

44. Corbett EL, Bandason T, Duong T, Dauya E, Makamure B, Churchyard GJ, et al. Comparison of two active case-finding strategies for community-based diagnosis of symptomatic smear-positive tuberculosis and control of infectious tuberculosis in Harare, Zimbabwe (DETECTB): a cluster-randomised trial. Lancet. 2010;376:1244–1253. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(10)61425-0 20923715

45. Demissie M, Zenebere B, Berhane Y, Lindtjorn B. A rapid survey to determine the prevalence of smear-positive tuberculosis in Addis Ababa. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2002;6:580–584. 12102296

46. den Boon S, White NW, van Lill SW, Borgdorff MW, Verver S, Lombard CJ, et al. An evaluation of symptom and chest radiographic screening in tuberculosis prevalence surveys. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2006;10:876–882. 16898372

47. Deribew A, Abebe G, Apers L, Abdissa A, Deribe F, Woldemichael K, et al. Prevalence of pulmonary TB and spoligotype pattern of Mycobacterium tuberculosis among TB suspects in a rural community in Southwest Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis. 2012;12:54. doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-12-54 22414165

48. Dhanaraj B, Papanna MK, Adinarayanan S, Vedachalam C, Sundaram V, Shanmugam S, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for adult pulmonary tuberculosis in a metropolitan city of south India. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0124260. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124260 25905900

49. Gasana M, Uwizeye C, Migambi P, Klinkenberg E, Ndahindwa V. Report of the first national pulmonary tuberculosis prevalence survey in Rwanda. Kigali (Rwanda): Ministry of Health; 2014.

50. Gopi PG, Subramani R, Radhakrishna S, Kolappan C, Sadacharam K, Devi TS, et al. A baseline survey of the prevalence of tuberculosis in a community in south India at the commencement of a DOTS programme. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2003;7:1154–1162. 14677890

51. Gupta RK, Suri SP, Jamwal DS, Verma AK. Prevalence of tuberculosis in a rural population aged 15 years and above in R.S. Pura block of district Jammu. JK Pract. 2013;18:41–44.

52. Guwatudde D, Zalwango S, Kamya MR, Debanne SM, Diaz MI, Okwera A, et al. Burden of tuberculosis in Kampala, Uganda. Bull World Health Organ. 2003;81:799–805. 14758406

53. Hamid Salim MA, Declercq E, Van Deun A, Saki KA. Gender differences in tuberculosis: a prevalence survey done in Bangladesh. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2004;8:952–957. 15305476

54. Hamusse S, Demissie M, Lindtjorn B. Prevalence and incidence of smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis in the Hetosa District of Arsi Zone, Oromia Regional State, Central Ethiopia. 46th Union World Conference on Lung Health; 2015 Dec 2–6; Cape Town, South Africa.

55. Hoa NB, Sy DN, Nhung NV, Tiemersma EW, Borgdorff MW, Cobelens FG. National survey of tuberculosis prevalence in Viet Nam. Bull World Health Organ. 2010;88:273–280. doi: 10.2471/blt.09.067801 20431791

56. Horie T, Lien LT, Tuan LA, Tuan PL, Sakurada S, Yanai H, et al. A survey of tuberculosis prevalence in Hanoi, Vietnam. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2007;11:562–566. 17439682

57. John S, Gidado M, Tahir D, Nyako N, Ray T. Active tuberculosis case finding among nomadic pastoralists of northern Nigeria. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2013;17(12 Suppl 2):S446–S447.

58. Joshi YP, Mishra PN, Joshi DD. Prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis in far Western Nepal. JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc. 2005;44:47–50. 16554871

59. Kolappan C, Subramani R, Radhakrishna S, Santha T, Wares F, Baskaran D, et al. Trends in the prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis over a period of seven and half years in a rural community in south India with DOTS. Indian J Tuberc. 2013;60:168–176. 24000495

60. Law I, Sylavanh P, Bounmala S, Nzabintwali F, Paboriboune P, Iem V, et al. The first national TB prevalence survey of Lao PDR (2010–2011). Trop Med Int Health. 2015;20:1146–1154. doi: 10.1111/tmi.12536 25939366

61. Legesse M, Mamo G, Ameni G, Medhin G, Bjune G, Abebe F. Community-based prevalence of undiagnosed mycobacterial diseases in the Afar Region, north-east Ethiopia. Int J Mycobacteriol. 2013;2:94–102. doi: 10.1016/j.ijmyco.2013.04.001 26785896

62. Ley SD. Tuberculosis active case detection in sentinel sites across Papua New Guinea. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2011;1:74.

63. Lolong D, Pangaribuan I, Musadad A, Dwihardiani M, Mustikawati D. Results from the national TB prevalence survey of Indonesia. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2014;18(11 Suppl 1):S43.

64. Lorent N, Choun K, Thai S, Kim T, Huy S, Pe R, et al. Community-based active tuberculosis case finding in poor urban settlements of Phnom Penh, Cambodia: a feasible and effective strategy. PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e92754. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092754 24675985

65. Mao TE, Okada K, Yamada N, Peou S, Ota M, Saint S, et al. Cross-sectional studies of tuberculosis prevalence in Cambodia between 2002 and 2011. Bull World Health Organ. 2014;92:573–581. doi: 10.2471/BLT.13.131581 25177072

66. Middelkoop K, Bekker LG, Myer L, Whitelaw A, Grant A, Kaplan G, et al. Antiretroviral program associated with reduction in untreated prevalent tuberculosis in a South African township. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010;182:1080–1085. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201004-0598OC 20558626

67. Cambodia Ministry of Health. Report of the national TB prevalence survey, 2002. Phnom Penh: Cambodia Ministry of Health; 2005.

68. Ethiopia Ministry of Health. First Ethiopian national population based tuberculosis prevalence survey. Addis Ababa: Ethiopia Ministry of Health; 2011.

69. Myanmar Ministry of Health. Sputum positive point prevalence survey (1994). Yangon: Myanmar Ministry of Health; 1994.

70. Myanmar Ministry of Health. Report on national TB prevalence survey 2009–2010, Myanmar. Yangon: Myanmar Ministry of Health; 2011.

71. Nigeria Ministry of Health. First national TB prevalence survey 2012, Nigeria. Abuja: Nigeria Ministry of Health; 2012.

72. Zambia Ministry of Health. National tuberculosis prevalence survey 2013–2014 technical report. Lusaka: Zambia Ministry of Health; 2015.

73. Tanzania Ministry of Health and Social Welfare. The first national tuberculosis prevalence survey. Primary analysis. Final report. Dar es Salaam: Tanzania Ministry of Health and Social Welfare; 2013.

74. Gambia Ministry of Health and Social Welfare. The Gambian survey of tuberculosis prevalence (GAMSTEP). Banjul: Gambia Ministry of Health and Social Welfare; 2014.

75. Muhammed S, Joltin C, Banuru Muralidhara P, Nair A. Active case finding in urban slums: experience from a pilot under Axshya project in India. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2014;18(11 Suppl 1):S334.

76. Mukhopadhyay S, Cornelius S, Biswal S, Edward V, Jose M, Shukla V, et al. Improving tuberculosis case detection in difficult-to-reach villages of Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh, India, through a door-to-door tuberculosis campaign. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2014;17(12 Suppl 2):S344.

77. Murhekar MV, Kolappan C, Gopi PG, Chakraborty AK, Sehgal SC. Tuberculosis situation among tribal population of Car Nicobar, India, 15 years after intensive tuberculosis control project and implementation of a national tuberculosis programme. Bull World Health Organ. 2004;82:836–843. 15640919

78. Nduba V, Van’t Hoog AH, Mitchell E, Onyango P, Laserson K, Borgdorff M. Prevalence of tuberculosis in adolescents, western Kenya: implications for control programs. Int J Infect Dis. 2015;35:11–17. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2015.03.008 25770911

79. Nguyen T, Nguyen P, Nhung N, Nguyen B, Tran K, Ho J, et al. Prevalent tuberculosis detected by active case finding among adults in the community in Ca Mau, Viet Nam. 46th Union World Conference on Lung Health; 2015 Dec 2–6; Cape Town, South Africa.

80. Onazi O, Gidado M, Onoh M, Yisa J, Obasanya J, Eneogu R, et al. Innovative approaches for increased case finding: the role of house-to-house in TB case finding. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2014;18(11 Suppl 1):S461.

81. Pronyk PM, Joshi B, Hargreaves JR, Madonsela T, Collinson MA, Mokoena O, et al. Active case finding: understanding the burden of tuberculosis in rural South Africa. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2001;5:611–618. 11467367

82. Qadeer E, Fatima R, Tahseen S, Samad Z, Kalisvaart N, Tiemersma E, et al. Prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis among the adult population in Pakistan 2010–2011. Islamabad (Pakistan): National TB Control Program; 2013.

83. Rao VG, Bhat J, Yadav R, Gopi PG, Selvakumar N, Wares DF. Prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis among the Bharia, a primitive tribe of Madhya Pradesh, central India. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2010;14:368–370. 20132630

84. Rao VG, Gopi PG, Bhat J, Selvakumar N, Yadav R, Tiwari B, et al. Pulmonary tuberculosis: a public health problem amongst the Saharia, a primitive tribe of Madhya Pradesh, Central India. Int J Infect Dis. 2010;14:e713–6. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2010.02.2243 20605504

85. Rao VG, Bhat J, Yadav R, Gopalan GP, Nagamiah S, Bhondeley MK, et al. Prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis—a baseline survey in central India. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e43225. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043225 22952651

86. Rekha Devi K, Narain K, Mahanta J, Deori R, Lego K, Goswami D, et al. Active detection of tuberculosis and paragonimiasis in the remote areas in North-Eastern India using cough as a simple indicator. Pathog Glob Health. 2013;107:153–156. doi: 10.1179/2047773213y.0000000086 23683370

87. Romero-Sandoval NC, Flores-Carrera OF, Sanchez-Perez HJ, Sanchez-Perez I, Mateo MM. Pulmonary tuberculosis in an indigenous community in the mountains of Ecuador. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2007;11:550–555. 17439680

88. Rumman KA, Sabra NA, Bakri F, Seita A, Bassili A. Prevalence of tuberculosis suspects and their healthcare-seeking behavior in urban and rural Jordan. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2008;79:545–551. 18840742

89. Sebhatu M, Kiflom B, Seyoum M, Kassim N, Negash T, Tesfazion A, et al. Determining the burden of tuberculosis in Eritrea: a new approach. Bull World Health Organ. 2007;85:593–599. 17768517

90. Sekandi JN, Neuhauser D, Smyth K, Whalen CC. Active case finding of undetected tuberculosis among chronic coughers in a slum setting in Kampala, Uganda. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2009;13:508–513. 19335958

91. Sekandi JN, List J, Luzze H, Yin XP, Dobbin K, Corso PS, et al. Yield of undetected tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus coinfection from active case finding in urban Uganda. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2014;18:13–19. doi: 10.5588/ijtld.13.0129 24365547

92. Shargie EB, Yassin MA, Lindtjorn B. Prevalence of smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis in a rural district of Ethiopia. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2006;10:87–92. 16466043

93. Sharma SK, Goel A, Gupta SK, Mohan K, Sreenivas V, Rai SK, et al. Prevalence of tuberculosis in Faridabad district, Haryana State, India. Indian J Med Res. 2015;141:228–235. 25900959

94. Soemantri S, Senewe FP, Tjandrarini DH, Day R, Basri C, Manissero D, et al. Three-fold reduction in the prevalence of tuberculosis over 25 years in Indonesia. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2007;11:398–404. 17394685

95. Soni T, Sagili K, Thapa B, Chadha S, Wilson N. Active case finding of tuberculosis among marginalised and vulnerable populations from two districts in India: a retrospective cohort study. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2014;18(11 Suppl 1):S330.

96. Tadesse T, Demissie M, Berhane Y, Kebede Y, Abebe M. Two-thirds of smear-positive tuberculosis cases in the community were undiagnosed in Northwest Ethiopia: population based cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE. 2011;6:e28258. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028258 22164256

97. Thorson A, Hoa NP, Long NH, Allebeck P, Diwan VK. Do women with tuberculosis have a lower likelihood of getting diagnosed? Prevalence and case detection of sputum smear positive pulmonary TB, a population-based study from Vietnam. J Clin Epidemiol. 2004;57:398–402. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2002.11.001 15135842

98. Tupasi TE, Radhakrishna S, Rivera AB, Pascual ML, Quelapio MI, Co VM, et al. The 1997 nationwide tuberculosis prevalence survey in the Philippines. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 1999;3:471–477. 10383058

99. Tupasi TE, Radhakrishna S, Quelapio MI, Villa ML, Pascual ML, Rivera AB, et al. Tuberculosis in the urban poor settlements in the Philippines. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2000;4:4–11. 10654637

100. Tupasi T, Radhakrishna S. Significant decline in the tuberculosis burden in the Philippines ten years after initiating DOTS. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2009;13:1224–1230. 19793426

101. van’t Hoog AH, Laserson KF, Githui WA, Meme HK, Agaya JA, Odeny LO, et al. High prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis and inadequate case finding in rural western Kenya. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183:1245–1253. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201008-1269OC 21239690

102. Vree M, Hoa NB, Sy DN, Co NV, Cobelens FG, Borgdorff MW. Low tuberculosis notification in mountainous Vietnam is not due to low case detection: a cross-sectional survey. BMC Infect Dis. 2007;7:109. doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-7-109 17880701

103. Wang L, Zhang H, Ruan Y, Chin DP, Xia Y, Cheng S, et al. Tuberculosis prevalence in China, 1990–2010; a longitudinal analysis of national survey data. Lancet. 2014;383:2057–2064. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(13)62639-2 24650955

104. Wang Y. Analysis of tuberculosis screening results in six remove villages in Yunnan Province. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2013;17(12 Suppl 2):S464–S465.

105. Wei X, Zhang X, Yin J, Walley J, Beanland R, Zou G, et al. Changes in pulmonary tuberculosis prevalence: Evidence from the 2010 population survey in a populous province of China. BMC Infect Dis. 2014;14:21. doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-21 24410932

106. Woldesemayat EM, Datiko DG, Lindtjorn B. Follow-up of chronic coughers improves tuberculosis case finding: results from a community-based cohort study in Southern Ethiopia. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0116324. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116324 25719541

107. Wood R, Middelkoop K, Myer L, Grant AD, Whitelaw A, Lawn SD, et al. Undiagnosed tuberculosis in a community with high HIV prevalence: implications for tuberculosis control. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;175:87–93. doi: 10.1164/rccm.200606-759OC 16973982

108. Yadav R, Rao V, Bhat J, Gopi P, Selvakumar N, Wares D. Prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis amongst the Baigas—a primitive tribe of Madhya Pradesh, Central India. Indian J Tuberc. 2010;57:114–116. 21114182

109. Yimer S, Holm-Hansen C, Yimaldu T, Bjune G. Evaluating an active case-finding strategy to identify smear-positive tuberculosis in rural Ethiopia. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2009;13:1399–1404. 19861013

110. Zaman K, Yunus M, Arifeen SE, Baqui AH, Sack DA, Hossain S, et al. Prevalence of sputum smear-positive tuberculosis in a rural area in Bangladesh. Epidemiol Infect. 2006;134:1052–1059. doi: 10.1017/s0950268806006108 16569271

111. Zaman K, Hossain S, Banu S, Quaiyum MA, Barua PC, Salim MA, et al. Prevalence of smear-positive tuberculosis in persons aged ≥ 15 years in Bangladesh: results from a national survey, 2007–2009. Epidemiol Infect. 2012;140:1018–1027. doi: 10.1017/s0950268811001609 21880168

112. Kebede AH, Alebachew Wagaw Z, Tsegaye F, Lemma E, Abebe A, Agonafir M, et al. The first population-based national tuberculosis prevalence survey in Ethiopia, 2010–2011. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2014;18:635–639. doi: 10.5588/ijtld.13.0417 24903931

113. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. The gap report. UNAIDS/JC2656. Geneva: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS; 2014 [cited 2 Aug 2016]. Available: http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/UNAIDS_Gap_report_en.pdf.

114. Auld A, Shiraishi R, Mbofana F, Couto A, Fetogang E, El-Halabi S, et al. Lower levels of antiretroviral therapy enrollment among men with HIV compared with women—12 countries, 2002–2013. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014;64:1281–1286. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6446a2

115. Druyts E, Dybul M, Kanters S, Nachega J, Birungi J, Ford N, et al. Male sex and the risk of mortality among individuals enrolled in antiretroviral therapy programs in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. AIDS. 2013;27:417–425. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e328359b89b 22948271

116. Geng EH, Nash D, Kambugu A, Zhang Y, Braitstein P, Christopoulos KA, et al. Retention in care among HIV-infected patients in resource-limited settings: emerging insights and new directions. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2010;7:234–244. doi: 10.1007/s11904-010-0061-5 20820972

117. Bor J, Rosen S, Chimbindi N, Haber N, Herbst K, Mutevedzi T, et al. Mass HIV treatment and sex disparities in life expectancy: demographic surveillance in rural South Africa. PLoS Med. 2015;12:e1001905. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001905 26599699

118. Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, Danaei G, Shibuya K, Adair-Rohani H, et al. A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2013;380:2224–2260. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61766-8

119. Wang H, Dwyer-Lindgren L, Lofgren KT, Rajaratnam JK, Marcus JR, Levin-Rector A, et al. Age-specific and sex-specific mortality in 187 countries, 1970–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2013;380:2071–2094. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61719-X

120. Uplekar M, Rangan S, Weiss M, Ogden J, Borgdorff M, Hudelson P. Attention to gender issues in tuberculosis control. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2001;5:220–224. 11326820

121. MacPherson P, Houben R, Glynn JR, Corbett E, Kranzer K. Pre-treatment loss to follow-up in tuberculosis patients in low- and lower-middle-income countries and high-burden countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Bull World Health Organ. 2014;92:77–152. doi: 10.2471/BLT.13.124800

122. Waitt CJ, Squire SB. A systematic review of risk factors for death in adults during and after tuberculosis treatment. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2011;15:871–885. doi: 10.5588/ijtld.10.0352 21496360

123. van den Hof S, Najlis CA, Bloss E, Straetemans M. A systematic review on the role of gender in tuberculosis control. KNCV Tuberculosis Foundation. 2010 [cited 2 Aug 2016]. Available: https://www.kncvtbc.org/uploaded/2015/09/Role_of_Gender_in_TB_Control.pdf.

124. Dowdy DW, Basu S, Andrews JR. Is passive diagnosis enough? The impact of subclinical disease on diagnostic strategies for tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;187:543–51. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201207-1217OC. 23262515

125. World Health Organization. Gender and tuberculosis Geneva, Switzerland: WHO, Department of Gender and Women’s Health; 2002 [cited 2 Aug 2016]. Available: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/68891/1/a85584.pdf.

126. Chikovore J, Hart G, Kumwenda M, Chipungu GA, Corbett L. ‘For a mere cough, men must just chew Conjex, gain strength, and continue working’: the provider construction and tuberculosis care-seeking implications in Blantyre, Malawi. Glob Health Action. 2015;8:26292. doi: 10.3402/gha.v8.26292 25833138

127. Chikovore J, Hart G, Kumwenda M, Chipungu GA, Desmond N, Corbett L. Control, struggle, and emergent masculinities: a qualitative study of men’s care-seeking determinants for chronic cough and tuberculosis symptoms in Blantyre, Malawi. BMC Public Health. 2014;14:1053. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-1053 25301572

128. Mavhu W, Dauya E, Bandason T, Munyati S, Cowan F, Hart G, et al. Chronic cough and its association with TB–HIV co-infection: factors affecting help-seeking behaviour in Harare, Zimbabwe. Trop Med Int Health. 2010;15:574–579. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2010.02493.x 20214762

129. Cornell M, McIntyre J, Myer L. Men and antiretroviral therapy in Africa: our blind spot. Trop Med Int Health. 2011;16:828–829. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2011.02767.x 21418449

130. United Nations Development Programme. Checklist for integrating gender into the processes and mechanisms of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. 2015 [cited 2 Aug 2016]. Available: http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/HIV-AIDS/HIV%20MDGs%20and%20Development%20Planning/UNDP-Checklist%20for%20Integrating%20Gender-May21-2014.pdf.

Štítky
Interné lekárstvo

Článok vyšiel v časopise

PLOS Medicine


2016 Číslo 9
Najčítanejšie tento týždeň
Najčítanejšie v tomto čísle
Kurzy

Zvýšte si kvalifikáciu online z pohodlia domova

Aktuální možnosti diagnostiky a léčby litiáz
nový kurz
Autori: MUDr. Tomáš Ürge, PhD.

Všetky kurzy
Prihlásenie
Zabudnuté heslo

Zadajte e-mailovú adresu, s ktorou ste vytvárali účet. Budú Vám na ňu zasielané informácie k nastaveniu nového hesla.

Prihlásenie

Nemáte účet?  Registrujte sa

#ADS_BOTTOM_SCRIPTS#