Future cost-effectiveness and equity of the NHS Health Check cardiovascular disease prevention programme: Microsimulation modelling using data from Liverpool, UK
In a modeling study, Chris Kypridemos and colleagues assess the NHS Health Checks program for cardiovascular risk screening in Liverpool, UK.
Vyšlo v časopise:
Future cost-effectiveness and equity of the NHS Health Check cardiovascular disease prevention programme: Microsimulation modelling using data from Liverpool, UK. PLoS Med 15(5): e32767. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002573
Kategorie:
Research Article
prolekare.web.journal.doi_sk:
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002573
Souhrn
In a modeling study, Chris Kypridemos and colleagues assess the NHS Health Checks program for cardiovascular risk screening in Liverpool, UK.
Zdroje
1. Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, et al. Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet. 2016;388: 1459–1544. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1 27733281
2. British Heart Foundation. Cardiovascular Disease Statistics 2017 [Internet]. 2017. [Cited 26 Feb 2018]. Available from: https://www.bhf.org.uk/research/heart-statistics/heart-statistics-publications/cardiovascular-disease-statistics-2017.
3. Parliament. Health and Social Care Act 2012 [Internet]. 2012. [Cited 26 Feb 2018]. Available from: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2012/7/contents/enacted.
4. NHS Choices. NHS Health Check [Internet]. 2018. [Cited 26 Feb 2018]. Available from: http://www.healthcheck.nhs.uk/.
5. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Judging whether public health interventions offer value for money | Guidance and guidelines | NICE [Internet]. 2013. [Cited 26 Feb 2018]. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/advice/lgb10/chapter/judging-the-cost-effectiveness-of-public-health-activities.
6. Department of Health. Economic modelling for vascular checks [Internet]. London: Department of Health; 2008. [Cited 18 March 2017]. Available from: http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130107105354/http://www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/@dh/@en/documents/digitalasset/dh_085917.pdf.
7. Hinde S, Bojke L, Richardson G, Retat L, Webber L. The cost-effectiveness of population Health Checks: have the NHS Health Checks been unfairly maligned? J Public Health. 2017;25: 425–431. doi: 10.1007/s10389-017-0801-8 28781936
8. Krogsboll LT, Jørgensen KJ, Gronhoj Larsen C, Gotzsche PC. General health checks in adults for reducing morbidity and mortality from disease: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2012;345: e7191–e7191. doi: 10.1136/bmj.e7191 23169868
9. Lee JT, Lawson KD, Wan Y, Majeed A, Morris S, Soljak M, et al. Are cardiovascular disease risk assessment and management programmes cost effective? A systematic review of the evidence. Prev Med. 2017;99: 49–57. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.01.005 28087465
10. Crossan C, Lord J, Ryan R, Nherera L, Marshall T. Cost effectiveness of case-finding strategies for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a modelling study. Br J Gen Pract J R Coll Gen Pract. 2017;67: e67–e77. doi.org/10/f9jfrz
11. Robson J, Dostal I, Sheikh A, Eldridge S, Madurasinghe V, Griffiths C, et al. The NHS Health Check in England: an evaluation of the first 4 years. BMJ Open. 2016;6: e008840. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008840 26762161
12. Usher-Smith J, Mant J, Martin A, Harte E, MacLure C, Meads C, et al. NHS Health Check programme rapid evidence synthesis [Internet]. Cambridge: The Primary Care Unit, University of Cambridge and RAND Europe; 2017 Jan. [Cited 18 March 2017]. Available from: http://www.healthcheck.nhs.uk/document.php?o=1251.
13. Public Health England. Health inequalities briefing for London NHS Health Checks and target diseases: Inequalities by protected characteristics and socioeconomic factors [Internet]. 2015. [Cited 26 February 2018]. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/431384/20150520_NHS_Health_Checks_a_health_inequalities_briefing_for_London.pdf.
14. Association of Directors of Public Health. Guidance on the ringfenced public health grant conditions and mandated functions in England [Internet]. London: PHE; 2016. [Cited 18 March 2018]. Available from: http://www.adph.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Interpreting-the-ringfenced-grant-conditions-and-mandateGATEWAY.pdf.
15. Mytton OT, Jackson C, Steinacher A, Goodman A, Langenberg C, Griffin S, et al. The current and potential health benefits of the National Health Service Health Check cardiovascular disease prevention programme in England: A microsimulation study. PLoS Med. 2018;15(3): e1002517. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002517 29509767
16. Capewell S, Graham H. Will cardiovascular disease prevention widen health inequalities? PLoS Med. 2010;7(8): e1000320. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000320 20811492
17. Wallach-Kildemoes H, Diderichsen F, Krasnik A, Lange T, Andersen M. Is the high-risk strategy to prevent cardiovascular disease equitable? A pharmacoepidemiological cohort study. BMC Public Health. 2012;12: 610. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-610 22863326
18. McGill R, Anwar E, Orton L, Bromley H, Lloyd-Williams F, O’Flaherty M, et al. Are interventions to promote healthy eating equally effective for all? Systematic review of socioeconomic inequalities in impact. BMC Public Health. 2015;15: 457. doi: 10.1186/s12889-015-1781-7 25934496
19. Lorenc T, Petticrew M, Welch V, Tugwell P. What types of interventions generate inequalities? Evidence from systematic reviews. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2013;67: 190–193. doi: 10.1136/jech-2012-201257 22875078
20. Kypridemos C, Guzman-Castillo M, Hyseni L, Hickey GL, Bandosz P, Buchan I, et al. Estimated reductions in cardiovascular and gastric cancer disease burden through salt policies in England: an IMPACTNCD microsimulation study. BMJ Open. 2017;7: e013791. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013791 28119387
21. Allen K, Kypridemos C, Hyseni L, Gilmore AB, Diggle P, Whitehead M, et al. The effects of maximising the UK’s tobacco control score on inequalities in smoking prevalence and premature coronary heart disease mortality: a modelling study. BMC Public Health. 2016;16: 292. doi: 10.1186/s12889-016-2962-8 27036296
22. Barton P, Andronis L, Briggs A, McPherson K, Capewell S. Effectiveness and cost effectiveness of cardiovascular disease prevention in whole populations: modelling study. BMJ. 2011;343: d4044. doi: 10.1136/bmj.d4044 21798967
23. Adams J, Mytton O, White M, Monsivais P. Why are some population interventions for diet and obesity more equitable and effective than others? The role of individual agency. PLoS Med. 2016;13(4): e1001990. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001990 27046234
24. Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government, Office for National Statistics. English indices of deprivation 2015—GOV.UK [Internet]. 2015. [Cited 26 Feb 2018]. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/english-indices-of-deprivation-2015.
25. Jones R, Gomes C, Lloyd K. Review of the NHS Health Check programme in Liverpool—update. Liverpool: Liverpool city council; 2016 Aug.
26. NHS. Public—Interactive map—NHS Health Check [Internet]. 2018. [Cited 2 Mar 2018]. Available from: https://www.healthcheck.nhs.uk/commissioners_and_providers/data/.
27. Kypridemos C, Allen K, Hickey GL, Guzman-Castillo M, Bandosz P, Buchan I, et al. Cardiovascular screening to reduce the burden from cardiovascular disease: microsimulation study to quantify policy options. BMJ. 2016;353: i2793. doi: 10.1136/bmj.i2793 27279346
28. Kypridemos C. Modelling the effectiveness and equity of primary prevention policies in England: a stochastic dynamic microsimulation for the joint prevention of non communicable diseases [Internet]. PhD Thesis, University of Liverpool. 2016. [Cited 11 May 2018]. Available from: https://elements.liverpool.ac.uk/repository.html?pub=0&com=get-file&rfurl=http%3A%2F%2Flivrepository.liverpool.ac.uk%2Frt4eprints%2Ffile%2F87606%2F201001644_Oct2016.pdf.
29. Department for Communities and Local Government. English indices of deprivation 2010—Publications—GOV.UK [Internet]. Mar 2011. [Cited 26 Aug 2014]. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/english-indices-of-deprivation-2010.
30. Office for National Statistics. Published ad hoc data: health, requests during December 2014. In: Published Ad hoc Data: Health, Requests During December 2014 [Internet]. 1 Dec 2014. [Cited 14 Oct 2015]. Available from: http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/about-ons/business-transparency/freedom-of-information/what-can-i-request/published-ad-hoc-data/health/december-2014/number-of-registered-deaths-by-sex—cause—year—the-adjusted-index.xls.
31. Office for National Statistics. Subnational Population Projections for Local Authorities in England: Table 2 [Internet]. 2016. [Cited 5 Mar 2018]. Available from: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationprojections/datasets/localauthoritiesinenglandtable2.
32. National Centre for Social Research, University College London. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health. Health Survey for England, 2002 [computer file]. 2nd Edition. Colchester, Essex: UK Data Archive [distributor]. 2010. [Cited 1 May 2014]. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-4912-1.
33. National Centre for Social Research, University College London. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health. Health Survey for England, 2003 [computer file]. 2nd Edition. Colchester, Essex: UK Data Archive [distributor]. 2010. [Cited 1 May 2014]. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-5098-1.
34. National Centre for Social Research, University College London. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health. Health Survey for England, 2004 [computer file]. 2nd Edition. Colchester, Essex: UK Data Archive [distributor]. 2010. [Cited 1 May 2014]. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-5439-1.
35. National Centre for Social Research, University College London. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health. Health Survey for England, 2005 [computer file]. 3rd Edition. Colchester, Essex: UK Data Archive [distributor]. 2011. [Cited 1 May 2014]. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-5675-1.
36. National Centre for Social Research, University College London. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health. Health Survey for England, 2006 [computer file]. 4th Edition. Colchester, Essex: UK Data Archive [distributor]. 2011. [Cited 1 May 2014]. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-5809-1.
37. National Centre for Social Research, University College London. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health. Health Survey for England, 2007 [computer file]. 2nd Edition. Colchester, Essex: UK Data Archive [distributor]. 2010. [Cited 1 May 2014]. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-6112-1.
38. National Centre for Social Research, University College London. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health. Health Survey for England, 2008 [computer file]. 4th Edition. Colchester, Essex: UK Data Archive [distributor]. 2013. [Cited 1 May 2014]. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-6397-2.
39. National Centre for Social Research, University College London. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health. Health Survey for England, 2009 [computer file]. 2nd Edition. Colchester, Essex: UK Data Archive [distributor]. 2011. [Cited 1 May 2014]. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-6732-1.
40. NatCen Social Research, Royal Free University College London. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health. Health Survey for England, 2010 [computer file]. 2nd Edition. Colchester, Essex: UK Data Archive [distributor]. 2012. [Cited 1 May 2014]. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-6986-2.
41. NatCen Social Research, University College London. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health. Health Survey for England, 2011 [computer file]. Colchester, Essex: UK Data Archive [distributor]. 2013. [Cited 1 May 2014]. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-7260-1.
42. NatCen Social Research, University College London. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health. Health Survey for England, 2012 [computer file]. Colchester, Essex: UK Data Archive [distributor]. 2014. [Cited 1 May 2014]. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-7480-1.
43. NatCen Social Research, University College London. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health. Health Survey for England, 2013 [computer file]. Colchester, Essex: UK Data Archive [distributor]. 2015. [Cited 1 May 2016]. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-7649-1.
44. NatCen Social Research, University College London. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health. Health Survey for England, 2014 [computer file]. Colchester, Essex: UK Data Archive [distributor]. 2016. [Cited 1 May 2016]. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-7919-1.
45. Ezzati M, Henley SJ, Thun MJ, Lopez AD. Role of smoking in global and regional cardiovascular mortality. Circulation. 2005;112: 489–497. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.521708 16027251
46. Doll R, Peto R, Boreham J, Sutherland I. Mortality in relation to smoking: 50 years’ observations on male British doctors. BMJ. 2004;328: 1519. doi: 10.1136/bmj.38142.554479.AE 15213107
47. Huxley RR, Woodward M. Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for coronary heart disease in women compared with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Lancet. 2011;378: 1297–1305. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60781-2 21839503
48. Wolf PA, D’Agostino RB, Kannel WB, Bonita R, Belanger AJ. Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for stroke: The Framingham study. JAMA. 1988;259: 1025–1029. 3339799
49. He J, Vupputuri S, Allen K, Prerost MR, Hughes J, Whelton PK. Passive smoking and the risk of coronary heart disease—a meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies. N Engl J Med. 1999;340: 920–926. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199903253401204 10089185
50. Oono IP, Mackay DF, Pell JP. Meta-analysis of the association between secondhand smoke exposure and stroke. J Public Health. 2011;33: 496–502. doi.org/10/b3vd52
51. Prospective Studies Collaboration. Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet. 2002;360: 1903–1913. 12493255
52. Prospective Studies Collaboration. Blood cholesterol and vascular mortality by age, sex, and blood pressure: a meta-analysis of individual data from 61 prospective studies with 55 000 vascular deaths. Lancet. 2007;370: 1829–1839. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61778-4 18061058
53. The Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration. Separate and combined associations of body-mass index and abdominal adiposity with cardiovascular disease: collaborative analysis of 58 prospective studies. Lancet. 2011;377: 1085–1095. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60105-0 21397319
54. The Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration. Diabetes mellitus, fasting blood glucose concentration, and risk of vascular disease: a collaborative meta-analysis of 102 prospective studies. Lancet. 2010;375: 2215–2222. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60484-9 20609967
55. The DECODE Study Group. Is the current definition for diabetes relevant to mortality risk from all causes and cardiovascular and noncardiovascular diseases? Diabetes Care. 2003;26: 688–696. doi.org/10/b4vmqv 12610023
56. Bull FC, Armstrong TP, Dixon T, Ham S, Neiman A, Pratt M. Comparative quantification of health risks. Chapter 10: physical inactivity [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organisation; 2004. [Cited 18 March 2018]. Available from: http://www.who.int/publications/cra/en/.
57. Dauchet L, Amouyel P, Hercberg S, Dallongeville J. Fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. J Nutr. 2006;136: 2588–2593. doi: 10.1093/jn/136.10.2588 16988131
58. Dauchet L, Amouyel P, Dallongeville J. Fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of stroke A meta-analysis of cohort studies. Neurology. 2005;65: 1193–1197. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000180600.09719.53 16247045
59. Wallach-Kildemoes H, Andersen M, Diderichsen F, Lange T. Adherence to preventive statin therapy according to socioeconomic position. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2013;69: 1553–1563. doi: 10.1007/s00228-013-1488-6 23588558
60. National Institute for Health & Care Excellence. CG127; Hypertension in adults: diagnosis and management. Cost-effectiveness analysis [Internet]. London; 2011. [Cited 26 July 2018]. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg127/documents/hypertension-update-appendix-j-costeffectiveness-analysis-diagnosis2.
61. National Institute for Health & Care Excellence. NG 28; Type 2 diabetes in adults: management. Economic modelling report [Internet]. London: NICE; 2015. [Cited 17 March 2017]. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng28/evidence/appendix-f-full-health-economics-report-2185320355.
62. Hex N, Bartlett C, Wright D, Taylor M, Varley D. Estimating the current and future costs of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes in the UK, including direct health costs and indirect societal and productivity costs. Diabet Med J Br Diabet Assoc. 2012;29: 855–862. doi.org/10/gc5p47
63. National Institute for Health & Care Excellence. PH25; Cardiovascular disease prevention. Costing report [Internet]. London; 2010 Jun. [Cited 26 February 2016]. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ph25/resources/costing-report-67331053.
64. Charlton J, Rudisill C, Bhattarai N, Gulliford M. Impact of deprivation on occurrence, outcomes and health care costs of people with multiple morbidity. J Health Serv Res Policy. 2013;18: 215–223. doi: 10.1177/1355819613493772 23945679
65. HM Treasury, Office for National Statistics. GDP deflators at market prices, and money GDP: November 2016 (the Autumn Statement)—GOV.UK [Internet]. 2016. [Cited 26 Feb 2018]. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/gdp-deflators-at-market-prices-and-money-gdp-november-2016-the-autumn-statement.
66. Longworth L, Yang Y, Young T, Mulhern B, Hernández Alava M, Mukuria C, et al. Use of generic and condition-specific measures of health-related quality of life in NICE decision-making: a systematic review, statistical modelling and survey. Health Technol Assess. 2014;18. doi: 10.3310/hta18090
67. Kind P, Hardman G, Macran S. UK population norms for EQ-5D [Internet]. Centre for Health Economics, University of York; 1999. [Cited 18 March 2017]. Report No.: 172chedp. Available from: https://ideas.repec.org/p/chy/respap/172chedp.html.
68. Mistry H, Morris S, Dyer M, Kotseva K, Wood D, Buxton M, et al. Cost-effectiveness of a European preventive cardiology programme in primary care: a Markov modelling approach. BMJ Open. 2012;2. doi.org/10/gb3tpb
69. Tengs TO, Lin TH. A meta-analysis of quality-of-life estimates for stroke. PharmacoEconomics. 2003;21: 191–200. 12558469
70. Clarke P, Gray A, Holman R. Estimating utility values for health states of type 2 diabetic patients using the EQ-5D (UKPDS 62). Med Decis Making. 2002;22: 340–349. doi: 10.1177/0272989X0202200412 12150599
71. Liu JL, Maniadakis N, Gray A, Rayner M. The economic burden of coronary heart disease in the UK. Heart. 2002;88: 597–603. doi.org/10/b72f9w 12433888
72. Saka O, McGuire A, Wolfe C. Cost of stroke in the United Kingdom. Age Ageing. 2009;38: 27–32. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afn281 19141506
73. Lowe J. Intergenerational wealth transfers and social discounting: Supplementary Green Book guidance [Internet]. HM Treasury; 2008. [Cited 18 Mar 2017]. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/193938/Green_Book_supplementary_guidance_intergenerational_wealth_transfers_and_social_discounting.pdf.
74. Public Health England. NHS Health Check implementation review and action plan [Internet]. London: PHE; 2013 Jul. [Cited 18 March 2017]. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/nhs-health-check-implementation-review-and-action-plan.
75. Briggs ADM, Mytton OT, Kehlbacher A, Tiffin R, Rayner M, Scarborough P. Overall and income specific effect on prevalence of overweight and obesity of 20% sugar sweetened drink tax in UK: econometric and comparative risk assessment modelling study. BMJ. 2013;347: f6189. doi: 10.1136/bmj.f6189 24179043
76. Bartlett S, Klerman J, Olsha L, Logan C, Blocklin M, Beauregard M, et al. Evaluation of the Healthy Incentives Pilot (HIP) Final Report [Internet]. 2014. [Cited 18 March 2017]. Available from: http://www.fns.usda.gov/sites/default/files/HIP-Final.pdf.
77. Nnoaham KE, Sacks G, Rayner M, Mytton O, Gray A. Modelling income group differences in the health and economic impacts of targeted food taxes and subsidies. Int J Epidemiol. 2009;38: 1324–1333. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyp214 19483200
78. Manuel DG, Lim J, Tanuseputro P, Anderson GM, Alter DA, Laupacis A, et al. Revisiting Rose: strategies for reducing coronary heart disease. BMJ. 2006;332: 659–662. doi: 10.1136/bmj.332.7542.659 16543339
79. Public Health England. Public Health Outcomes Framework [Internet]. 21 Apr 2017. [Cited 21 Apr 2017]. Available from: http://www.phoutcomes.info/public-health-outcomes-framework#page/4/gid/1000044/pat/6/par/E12000002/ati/102/are/E08000012/iid/40401/age/163/sex/4.
80. Rose G. Sick individuals and sick populations. Int J Epidemiol. 2001;30: 427–432. doi.org/10/dkwc5q 11416056
81. Masters R, Anwar E, Collins B, Cookson R, Capewell S. Return on investment of public health interventions: a systematic review. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2017;71: 827–834. doi: 10.1136/jech-2016-208141 28356325
82. Owen L, Morgan A, Fischer A, Ellis S, Hoy A, Kelly MP. The cost-effectiveness of public health interventions. J Public Health. 2012;34: 37–45. doi.org/10/fdvwnm
83. Butler P. Councils “at breaking point” due to budget cuts and rising social care bills. the Guardian. London, UK; 10 Feb 2017. [Cited 26 February 2018]. Available from: http://www.theguardian.com/society/2017/feb/10/councils-budget-cuts-social-care-bills.
84. HM Treasury, HM Revenue & Customs, Department of Health and Social Care. Soft Drinks Industry Levy: 12 things you should know [Internet]. 2016. [Cited 26 Feb 2018]. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/soft-drinks-industry-levy-12-things-you-should-know.
85. World Health Organization. SmokeFree Liverpool leads way to smoke-free United Kingdom [Internet]. 2018. [Cited 28 Feb 2018]. Available from: http://www.who.int/kobe_centre/interventions/smoke_free/liverpool/en/.
86. Chandler R. Boston Moves (a Little) for Health. Boston Magazine. 17 Aug 2012. [Cited 26 February 2018]. Available from: https://www.bostonmagazine.com/health/2012/08/17/boston-moves-a-little-for-health/.
87. Healthwise Champions. Oklahoma City Million—This City is Going on a Diet [Internet]. 2014. [Cited 26 Feb 2018]. Available from: http://www.thiscityisgoingonadiet.com/.
88. Sacks R, Yi SS, Nonas C. Increasing Access to Fruits and Vegetables: Perspectives From the New York City Experience. Am J Public Health. 2015;105: e29–e37. doi.org/10/gc5p3t
89. Denvir MA, Lee AJ, Rysdale J, Walker A, Eteiba H, Starkey IR, et al. Influence of socioeconomic status on clinical outcomes and quality of life after percutaneous coronary intervention. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2006;60: 1085–1088. doi: 10.1136/jech.2005.044255 17108307
90. Baird B, Charles A, Honeyman M, Maguire D, Das P. Understanding pressures in general practice. King’s Fund London; 2016.
Štítky
Interné lekárstvoČlánok vyšiel v časopise
PLOS Medicine
2018 Číslo 5
- Statinová intolerance
- Očkování proti virové hemoragické horečce Ebola experimentální vakcínou rVSVDG-ZEBOV-GP
- Parazitičtí červi v terapii Crohnovy choroby a dalších zánětlivých autoimunitních onemocnění
- Metamizol v liečbe pooperačnej bolesti u detí do 6 rokov veku
- Co dělat při intoleranci statinů?
Najčítanejšie v tomto čísle
- Clinical, socioeconomic, and behavioural factors at age 50 years and risk of cardiometabolic multimorbidity and mortality: A cohort study
- Public versus internal conceptions of addiction: An analysis of internal Philip Morris documents
- All science should inform policy and regulation
- The next forum for unraveling FDA off-label marketing rules: State and federal legislatures