Asthma and the Diversity of Fungal Spores in Air

1. Fröhlich-NowoiskyJ, PickersgillDA, DesprésVR, PöschlU (2009) High diversity of fungi in air particulate matter. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106: 12814–12819.

2. AmendAS, SeifertKA, SamsonR, BrunsTD (2010) Indoor fungal composition is geographically patterned and more diverse in temperate zones than in the tropics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107: 13748–13753.

3. HolgateST (2008) Pathogenesis of asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 38: 872–897.

4. Van EerdeweghP, LittleRD, DupuisJ, Del MastroRG, FallsK, et al. (2002) Association of the ADAM33 gene with asthma and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Nature 418: 426–430.

5. BallTM, Castro-RodriguezJA, GriffithKA, HolbergCJ, MartinezFD, et al. (2000) Siblings, day-care attendance, and the risk of asthma and wheezing during childhood. N Engl J Med 343: 538–543.

6. EderW, EgeMJ, von MutiusE (2006) The asthma epidemic. N Engl J Med 355: 2226–2235.

7. MasoliM, FabianD, HoltS, BeasleyR (2004) The global burden of asthma: executive summary of the GINA Dissemination Committee Report. Allergy 59: 469–478.

8. JamesTY, KauffF, SchochCL, MathenyPB, HofstetterV, et al. (2006) Reconstructing the early evolution of fungi using a six-gene phylogeny. Nature 443: 818–822.

9. Buller AHR (1922) Researches on fungi volume II: further investigations upon the production and liberation of spores in Hymenomycetes. London: Longmans, Green & Co.

10. WolfJ, O'NeillNR, RogersCA, MuilenbergML, ZiskaLH (2010) Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations amplify Alternaria alternata sporulation and total antigen production. Environ Health Perspect 118: 1223–1228.

11. ElbertW, TaylorPE, AndreaeMO, PöschlU (2007) Contribution of fungi to primary biogenic aerosols in the atmosphere: wet and dry discharged spores, carbohydrates, and inorganic ions. Atmos Chem Phys 7: 4569–4588.

12. SahakianNM, ParkJH, Cox-GanserJM (2008) Dampness and mold in the indoor environment: implications for asthma. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 28: 485–505.

13. GangeAC, GangeEG, SparksTH, BoddyL (2007) Rapid and recent changes in fungal fruiting patterns. Science 316: 71.

14. ReponenT, HyvärinenA, RuuskanenJ, RaunemaaT, NevalainenA (1994) Comparison of concentrations and size distributions of fungal spores in buildings with and without mould problems. J Aerosol Sci 25: 1595–1603.

15. DenningDW, O'DriscollBR, HogaboamCM, BowyerP, NivenRM (2006) The link between fungi and severe asthma: a summary of the evidence. Eur Respir J 27: 615–626.

16. PackeGE, AyresJG (1985) Asthma outbreak during a thunderstorm. Lancet 326: 199–204.

17. BurchM, LevetinE (2002) Effects of meteorological conditions on spore plumes. Int J Biometeorol 46: 107–117.

18. BernsteinJA, AlexisN, BarnesC, BernsteinIL, BernsteinJA, et al. (2004) Health effects of air pollution. J Allergy Clin Immunol 114: 1116–1123.

19. KelloggCA, GriffinDW (2006) Aerobiology and the global transport of desert dust. Trends Ecol Evol 21: 638–644.

20. GyanK, HenryW, LacailleS, LalooA, Lamsee-EbanksC, et al. (2005) African dust clouds are associated with increased paediatric asthma accident and emergency admissions on the Caribbean island of Trinidad. Int J Biometeorol 49: 371–376.

21. BladesE, NaiduRP, MathisonGE (1998) The microbiological analysis of Saharan dust and its association with asthma in Barbados. West Indian Med J 47: 34.

22. SaloPM, ArbesSJ, SeverM, JaramilloR, CohnRD, et al. (2006) Exposure to Alternaria alternata in US homes is associated with asthma symptoms. J Allergy Clin Immunol 118: 892–898.

23. ReponenT, SeoS-C, GrimsleyF, LeeT, CrawfordC, et al. (2007) Fungal fragments in moldy houses: a field study in homes in New Orleans and Southern Ohio. Atmos Environ 41: 8140–8149.

24. LowSY, DannemillerK, YaoM, YamamotoN, PecciaJ (2011) The allergenicity of Aspergillus fumigatus conidia is influenced by growth temperature. Fungal Biol 115: 625–632.

25. HarriesMG, LaceyJ, TeeRD, CayleyGR, Newman TaylorAJ (1985) Didymella exitialis and late summer asthma. Lancet 325: 1063–1066.

26. Rivera-MarianiFE, Bolaños-RoseroB (2012) Allergenicity of airborne basidiospores and ascospores: need for further studies. Aerobiologia 28: 83–97.

27. PeayKG, KennedyPG, BrunsTD (2008) Fungal community ecology: a hybrid beast with a molecular master. Bio Science 58: 799–810.

28. WolfeBE, TullossRE, PringleA (2012) The irreversible loss of a decomposition pathway marks the single origin of an ectomycorrhizal symbiosis. PLoS ONE 7: e39597 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0039597

29. KlironomosJN, RilligMC, AllenMF, ZakDR, PregitzerKS, et al. (1997) Increased levels of airborne fungal spores in response to Populus tremuloides grown under elevated atmospheric CO2. Can J Bot 75: 1670–1673.

30. Ingold CT (1971) Fungal spores: their liberation and dispersal. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 302 p.