Beneficial use of transcranial Doppler ultrasound in invasive treatment of carotid artery disease

Česká verzia

Authors: M. Špaček; J. Veselka
Authors place of work: Kardiologická klinika 2. LF UK a FN v Motole, Praha
Published in the journal: Kardiol Rev Int Med 2014, 16(1): 10-14
Category: Cardiology Review

Summary

Surgical carotid endarterectomy was for a long time considered the standard approach to the treatment of atherosclerotic carotid artery disease. Despite its initial limitations and slow acceptance, carotid artery stenting has evolved into an elaborate method currently considered to be equivalent and in some patients even preferable to carotid endarterectomy. Given the fact that the long‑term outcomes of carotid artery stenting and carotid endarterectomy are comparable, the major risk of both procedures is derived from the periprocedural complications, which are highly operator dependent. Transcranial Doppler ultrasound is a well‑established diagnostic and monitoring tool allowing optimising the care of patients with carotid artery disease. The article summarises the knowledge regarding the invasive treatment of carotid artery disease with a focus on the beneficial use of transcranial Doppler ultrasound.

Keywords:
transcranial Doppler ultrasound – carotid artery stenting – carotid endarterectomy – emboli protection devices

Zdroje

1. Donnan GA, Fisher M, Macleod M et al. Stroke. Lancet 2008; 371: 1612– 1623. doi: 10.1016/ S0140– 6736(08)60694– 7.

2. North American Symptomatic Carotid Artery Trial Collaborators. Beneficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with high‑grade carotid stenosis. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 445– 453.

3. European Carotid Surgery Trialists’ Collaborative Group. MRC European Carotid Surgery Trial: interim results for symptomatic patients with severe (70– 99%) or mild (0– 29%) carotid stenosis. Lancet 1991; 337: 1235– 1243.

4. Executive Committee for the Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study. Endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. JAMA 1995; 273: 1421– 1428.

5. Halliday AW, Thomas D, Mansfield A. The Asymptomatic Carotid Surgery Trial (ACST). Rationale and design. Steering Committee. Eur J Vasc Surg 1994; 8: 703– 710.

6. Ringleb PA, Allenberg J, Brückmann H et al. 30 day results from the SPACE trial of stent‑ protected angioplasty versus carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients: a randomised non‑inferiority trial. Lancet 2006; 368: 1239– 1247.

7. Mas JL, Chatellier G, Beyssen B et al. Endarterectomy versus stenting in patients with symptomatic severe carotid stenosis. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 1660– 1671.

8. Brott TG, Hobson RW 2nd, Howard G et al. Stenting versus endarterectomy for treatment of carotid‑ artery stenosis. N Engl J Med 2010; 363: 11– 23. doi: 10.1056/ NEJMoa0912321.

9. Jordan WD Jr, Voellinger DC, Doblar DD et al.Microemboli detected by transcranial Doppler monitoring in patients during carotid angioplasty versus carotid endarterectomy. Cardiovasc Surg 1999; 7: 33– 38.

10. Theron JG, Payelle GG, Coskun O et al. Carotid artery stenosis: treatment with protected balloon angioplasty and stent placement. Radiology 1996; 201: 627– 637.

11. Ackerstaff RG, Suttorp MJ, van den Berg JC et al. Prediction of early cerebral outcome by transcranial Doppler monitoring in carotid bifurcation angioplasty and stenting. J Vasc Surg 2005; 41: 618– 624.

12. Montorsi P, Caputi L, Galli S et al. Microembolization during carotid artery stenting in patients with high‑risk, lipid‑ rich plaque. A randomized trial of proximal versus distal cerebral protection. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 58: 1656– 1663.

13. Clair DG, Hopkins LN, Mehta M et al. EMPiRE Clinical Study Investigators. Neuroprotection during carotid artery stenting using the GORE flow reversal system: 30- day outcomes in the EMPiRE Clinical Study. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2011; 77: 420– 429.

14. Bijuklic K, Wandler A, Hazizi F et al. The PROFI Study (Prevention of Cerebral Embolization by Proximal Balloon Occlusion Compared to Filter Protection During Carotid Artery Stenting): a prospective randomized trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012; 59: 1383– 1389.

15. Rothwell PM, Goldstein LB. Carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid stenosis: asymptomatic carotid surgery trial. Stroke 2004; 35: 2425– 2427.

16. Markus HS, King A, Shipley M et al. Asymptomatic embolisation for prediction of stroke in the Asymptomatic Carotid Emboli Study (ACES): a prospective observational study. Lancet Neurol 2010; 9: 663– 671. doi: 10.1016/ S1474– 4422(10)70120– 4.

17. Yonas H, Smith HA, Duram SR et al. Increased stroke risk predicted by compromised cerebral blood flow reactivity. J Neurosurg 1993; 79: 483– 489.

18. Caplan LR, Hennerici M. Impaired clearance of emboli (washout) is an important link between hypoperfusion, embolism, and ischemic stroke. Arch Neurol 1998; 55: 1475– 1482.

19. Silvestrini M, Vernieri F, Pasqualetti P et al. Impaired cerebral vasoreactivity and risk of stroke in patients with asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. JAMA 2000; 283: 2122– 2127.

20. Gupta A, Chazen JL, Hartman M et al. Cerebrovascular reserve and stroke risk in patients with carotid stenosis or occlusion: a systematic review and meta‑analysis. Stroke 2012; 43: 2884– 2891.

21. Sfyroeras G, Karkos CD, Liasidis C et al. The impact of carotid stenting on the hemodynamic parameters and cerebrovascular reactivity of the ipsilateral middle cerebral artery. J Vasc Surg 2006; 44: 1016– 1022.

22. Spacek M, Veselka J. Microembolization following balloon deflation during proximally protected carotid artery stenting – a potential focus of procedure improvement? Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2013 Apr 24. doi: 10.1002/ ccd.24969.

23. Cremonesi A, Rigattieri S, Liso A et al. Proximal protection in carotid artery stenting: rationale and recent findings. EuroIntervention 2007; 3: 269– 274.

24. Visser GH, Wieneke GH, van Huffelen AC et al. The use of preoperative transcranial Doppler variables to predict which patients do not need a shunt during carotid endarterectomy. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2000; 19: 226– 232.

25. Garami Z, Lumsden AB. Intra‑ Operative TCD Monitoring, in Cerebrovascular Ultrasound in Stroke Prevention and Treatment, Second Edition (ed A. V. Alexandrov), Wiley‑ Blackwell, Oxford, UK. doi: 10.1002/ 9781444327373.ch13.

26. Meyers PM, Higashida RT, Phatouros CC et al. Cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome after percutaneous transluminal stenting of the craniocervical arteries. Neurosurgery 2000; 47: 335– 343.

27. Ouriel K, Shortell CK, Illig KA et al. Intracerebral hemorrhage after carotid endarterectomy: incidence, contribution to neurologic morbidity, and predictive factors. J Vasc Surg 1999; 29: 82– 87.

28. Jansen C, Sprengers AM, Moll FL et al. Prediction of intracerebral haemorrhage after carotid endarterectomy by clinical criteria and intraoperative transcranial Doppler monitoring: results of 233 operations. Eur J Vasc Surg 1994; 8: 220– 225.