Kidneys and heart failure

Česká verzia

Authors: A. Kilianová; J. Vítovec
Authors place of work: I. interní kardioangiologická klinika LF MU a FN u sv. Anny v Brně
Published in the journal: Kardiol Rev Int Med 2014, 16(5): 355-358
Category: Cardiology Review

Summary

Cardiorenal syndrome is defined as a disorder of the heart and kidneys whereby acute or chronic dysfunction in one organ may induce acute or chronic dysfunction of the other. Heart failure with decreased cardiac output and activation of the sympathetic nervous system and vasocontrictory substances leads to hypoperfusion of the kidneys, decrease of glomerular filtration rate and eventually development of renal failure. Other factors include increased venous pressure leading to renal venous congestion, increased levels of circulating cytokines and decreased renal response to natriuretic peptides. In this review, we assess the pathophysiological mechanisms, patient characteristics, role of certain drugs, and the relationship of the anemia and proteinuria in cardiorenal syndrome.

Keywords:
heart failure – renal failure – prognosis – treatment

Zdroje

1. Smith GL, Lichtman JH, Bracken MB et al. Renal impairment and outcomes in heart failure. Systematic review and meta‑analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 47: 1987– 1996.

2. Hillege HL, Nitsch D, Pfeffer A et al. Renal function as a predictor of outcome in a broad spectrum of patients with heart failure. Circulation 2006; 113: 671– 678.

3. Smilde TD, Hillege HL, Navis G et al. Impaired renal function in patients with ischemic and nonischemic chronic heart failure: association with neurohormonal activation and survival. Am Heart J 2006; 148: 165– 172.

4. Ronco C, Haapio M, House AA et al. Cardiorenal Syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 52: 1527– 1539.

5. Smilde TD, Van Veldhuisen DJ, Navis G et al. Drawbacks and prognostic value of formulas estimating renal function in patients with chronic heart failure and systolic dysfunction. Circulation 2006; 114: 1572– 1580.

6. Forman DE, Butler J, Wang Y et al. Incidence, predictors at admission, and impact of worsening renal function among patients hospitalized with heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 43: 61– 67.

7. Krumholz HM, Chen YT, Vaccarino V et al. Correlates and impact on outcomes of worsening renal function in patients ≥ 65 years of age with heart failure. Am J Cardiol 2000; 85: 1110– 1113.

8. Cowie MR, Komajda M, Murray‑ Thomas T et al. Prevalence and impact of worsening renal function in patients hospitalized with decompensated heart failure: results of the prospective outcomes study in heart failure (POSH). Eur Heart J 2006; 27: 1216– 1222.

9. Abdel‑ Qadir HM, Tu JV, Yun I et al. Diuretic dose and long‑term outcomes in elderly patients with heart failure after hospitalization. Am Heart J 2010; 160: 264– 271. doi: 10.1016/ j.ahj.2010.05.032.

10. Ahmed A, Young JB, Love TE et al. A propensity‑ matched study of the effects of chronic diuretic therapy on mortality and hospitalization in older adults with heart failure. Int J Cardiol 2008; 125: 246– 253.

11. Berger AK, Duval S, Manske C et al. Angiotensin‑converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers in patients with congestive heart failure and chronic kidney disease. Am Heart J 2007; 153: 1064– 1073.

12. Ahmed A, Centor M, Weaver MT et al. A propensity score analysis of the impact of angiotensin‑converting enzyme inhibitors on long‑term survival of older adults with heart failure and perceived contraindications. Am Heart J 2005; 149: 737– 743.

13. Massie BM, Armstrong PW, Cleland GF et al. Toleration of high doses of angiotensin‑converting enzyme inhibitors in patients with chronic heart failure: results from the ATLAS trial. Arch Intern Med 2001; 161: 165– 171.

14. Bakris GL, Weir MR. Angiotensin‑converting enzyme inhibitor‑associated elevations in serum creatinine: Is this a cause for concern? Arch Intern Med 2000; 160: 685– 693.

15. Málek F. Betablokátory v léčbě chronického srdečního selhání u pacientů se sníženou funkcí ledvin. Interv Akut Kardiol 2012; 11: 29– 32.

16. Chang TI, Yang J, Freeman JV et al. Effectiveness of Betablockers in Heart Failure With Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction and Chronic Kidney Disease. J Card Fail 2013; 19: 176–182. doi: 10.1016/ j.cardfail.2013.01.006.

17. Ghali JK, Wikstrand J, Van Veldhuisen DJ et al. MERIT‑ HF Study Group. The Influence of renal function on clinical outcome and response to beta‑blockade in systolic heart failure: insights from metoprolol CR/ XL randomized intervention trial in chronic HF (MERIT‑ HF). J Card Fail 2009; 15: 310– 318. doi: 10.1016/ j.cardfail.2008.11.003.

18. Shlipak M, Smith GL, Rathore SS et al. Renal function, digoxin therapy, and heart failure outcomes: evidence from the digoxin intervention group trial. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004; 15: 2195– 2203.

19. Comper WD, Hilliard LM, Nikolic‑ Paterson DJ et al.Disease‑ dependent mechanisms of albuminuria. Am J Physiol Renal Phisiol 2008; 295: F1589– F1600. doi: 10.1152/ ajprenal.00142.2008.

20. Gansevoort RT, De Jong PE. The case for using albuminuria in staging chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 20: 465– 468. doi: 10.1681/ ASN. 2008111212.

21. Anand IS, Bishu K, Rector TS et al. Proteinuria, chronic kidney disease, and the effect on an angiotensin receptor blocker in addition to an angiotensin‑converting enzyme inhibitor in patients with moderate to severe heart failure. Circulation 2009; 120: 1577– 1584. doi: 10.1161/ CIRCULATIONAHA. 109.853648.

22. Masson S, Latini R, Milani V et al. Prevalence and prognostic value of elevated urinary albumin excretion in patients with chronic heart failure data from the GISSI‑ Heart failure trial. Circ Heart Fail 2010; 3: 65– 72. doi: 10.1161/ CIRCHEARTFAILURE.109.881805.

23. Arnlöv J, Evans JC, Meigs JB et al. Low‑ grade albuminuria and incidence of cardiovascular disease events in nonhypertensive and nondiabetic individuals: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 2005; 112: 969– 975.

24. Tonelli M, Jose P, Curhan G et al. Proteinuria, impaired kidney function, and adverse outcomes in people with coronary disease: analysis of a previously conducted randomised trial. BMJ 2006; 332: 1426– 1429.

25. Lamb EJ, MacKenzie F, Stevens PE. How should proteinuria be detected and measured? Ann Clin Biochem 2009; 46: 205– 217. doi: 10.1258/ acb.2009.009007.

26. Pfeffer MA, Swedberg K, Granger CB et al. Effects of candesartan on mortality and morbidity in patients with chronic heart failure: the CHARM‑ Overall programme. Lancet 2003; 362: 759– 766.

27. Groenveld HF, Januzzi JL, Damman K et al. Anemia and mortality in heart failure patients. A systematic review and meta‑analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 52: 818– 827. doi: 10.1016/ j.jacc.2008.04.061.

28. McClellan W, Aronoff L, Bolton K et al. The prevalence of anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease. Curr Med Res Opin 2004; 20: 1501– 1510.

29. Nurko S. Anemia in chronic kidney diseases: causes, diagnosis, treatment. Cleve Clin J Med 2006; 73: 289– 297.

30. Opasich C, Cazzola M, Scelsi L et al. Blunted erythropoietin production and defective iron supply for erythropoiesis as major causes of anaemia in patients with chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J 2005; 26: 2232– 2237.

31. Anand IS, Rector T, Deswal A. Relationship between proinflammatory cytokines and anemia in heart failure. Eur Heart J 2006; 27 (Suppl 1): 485. doi: 10.1093/ eurheartj/ ehl213.

32. Anand IS. Anemia and chronic heart failure, implications and treatment options. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 52: 501– 511. doi: 10.1016/ j.jacc.2008.04.044.

33. Volpe M, Tritto C, Testa U et al. Blood levels of erythropoietin in congestive heart failure and correlation with clinical, hemodynamic, and hormonal profiles. Am J Cardiol 1994; 74: 468– 473.

34. Go AS, Yang J, Ackerson LM et al. Hemoglobin level, chronic kidney disease, and the risks of death and hospitalization in adults with chronic heart failure‑the anemia in chronic heart failure: outcomes and resource utilization (ANCHOR) study. Circulation 2006; 113: 2713– 2723.

35. Kazory A, Ross EA. Anemia: the point of convergence or divergence for kidney disease and heart failure? J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 53: 639– 647. doi: 10.1016/ j.jacc.2008.10.046.

36. Komajda M, Anker SD, Charlesworth A et al. The impact of new onset anaemia on morbidity and mortality in chronic heart failure: results from COMET. Eur Heart J 2006; 27: 1440– 1446.

37. Felker GM, Shaw LK, Stough WG et al. Anemia in patients with heart failure and preserved systolic function. Am Heart J 2006; 151: 457– 462.

38. Walker AM, Schneider G, Yeaw J et al. Anemia as a predictor of cardiovascular events in patients with elevated serum creatinine. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 17: 2293– 2298.

39. You JJ, Austin PC, Alter DA et al. Relation between cardiac troponin I and mortality in acute decompensated heart failure. Am Heart J 2007; 153: 462– 470.

40. Tsutamoto T, Kawahara C, Yamaji M et al. Relationship between renal function and serum cardiac troponin T in patients with chronic heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2009; 11: 653– 658. doi: 10.1093/ eurjhf/ hfp072.

41. Khan NA, Hemmelgarn BR, Tonelli M et al. Prognostic value of troponin T and I among asymptomatic patients with end‑stage renal disease: a metaanalysis. Circulation 2005; 112: 3088– 3096.

42. Maisel A, Mueller C, Adams K et al. State of the art: using natriuretic peptide levels in clinical practice. Eur J Heart Fail 2008; 10: 824– 839. doi: 10.1016/ j.ejheart.2008.07.014.

43. Doust JA, Pietrzak E, Dobson A et al. How well does B‑type natriuretic peptide predict death and cardiac events in patients with heart failure: systemic review. BMJ 2005; 330: 625– 627.

44. Cleland JGF, Taylor J, Tendera M: Prognosis in heart failure with a normal ejection fraction: N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 829– 830.

45. Bruch C, Fischer C, Sindermann J et al. Comparison of the prognostic usefulness of n‑terminal pro‑brain natriuretic peptide in patients with heart failure with versus without chronic kidney disease. Am J Cardiol 2008; 102: 469– 474. doi: 10.1016/ j.amjcard.2008.03.082.

46. Anwaruddin S, Lloyd‑ Jones DM, Baggish A et al.Renal function, congestive heart failure, and amino‑terminal pro‑brain natriuretic peptide measurement: results from the ProBNP Investigation of Dyspnea in the Emergency Department (PRIDE) Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 47: 91– 97.

47. Damman K, Van Veldhuisen DJ, Navis G et al. Tubular damage in chronic systolic heart failure is associated with reduced survival independent of glomerular filtration rate. Heart 2010; 96: 1297– 1302. doi: 10.1136/ hrt.2010.194878.

48. Lassus J, Harjola VP, Sund R et al. Prognostic value of cystatin C in acute heart failure in relation to other markers of renal function and NT‑ proBNP. Eur Heart J 2007; 28: 1841– 1847.

49. Špinar J, Vítovec J, Hradec J et al. Czech Society of Cardiology guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic heart failure 2011. Cor Vasa 2012; 54: 16