Treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
Authors:
M. Janičko; E. Veseliny; G. Senajová; P. Jarčuška
Authors place of work:
I. interná klinika Univerzity Pavla Jozefa Šafárika v Košiciach
Published in the journal:
Gastroent Hepatol 2012; 66(4): 298-302
Category:
Hepatology: Review article
Summary
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis is a common infection in cirrhotics with a mortality rate of up to 20%. The chain of events that eventually lead to spontaneous bacterial peritonitis begins with liver cirrhosis and chronic liver failure, continues with bacterial overgrowth and translocation followed by infection of the lymph nodes and ascites. Most common etiologically are large intestine bacteria such as E. coli and enterococci, but also streptococcus sp. Despite the relative thorough description of ethiopathogenesis, the specific guidelines for management of this complication were introduced by the European Association for Study of the Liver as late as in 2010. One of the major reasons was the lack of evidence from clinical studies about the treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. In this article, the reader will find a review of published papers and EASL guidelines about spontaneous bacterial peritonitis treatment, primary and secondary prophylaxis.
Key words:
spontaneous bacterial peritonitis – treatment – review
The authors declare they have no potential conflicts of interest concerning drugs, products, or services used in the study.
The Editorial Board declares that the manuscript met the ICMJE „uniform requirements“ for biomedical papers.
Submitted:
28. 2. 2012
Accepted:
17. 3. 2012
Zdroje
1. Chavez-Tapia NC, Barrientos-Gutierrez T, Tellez-Avila FI et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis for cirrhotic patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) 2010(9): CD002907.
2. Cohen MJ, Sahar T, Benenson S et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic patients with ascites, without gastro-intestinal bleeding. Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) 2009(2): CD004791.
3. European Association fo study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines on the management of ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, and hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2010; 53(3): 397–417.
4. Conn HO. Spontaneous Peritonitis and Bacteremia in Laennec's Cirrhosis Caused by Enteric Organisms. a Relatively Common but Rarely Recognized Syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1964; 60: 568–580.
5. Guarner C, Runyon BA, Young S et al. Intestinal bacterial overgrowth and bacterial translocation in cirrhotic rats with ascites. J Hepatol 1997; 26(6): 1372–1378.
6. Koulaouzidis A, Bhat S, Saeed AA. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15(9): 1042–1049.
7. Rimola A, Garcia-Tsao G, Navasa M et al. Diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: a consensus document. International Ascites Club. J Hepatol 2000; 32(1): 142–153.
8. Castellote J, Xiol X, Verdaguer R et al. Comparison of two ascitic fluid culture methods in cirrhotic patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Am J Gastroenterol 1990; 85(12): 1605–1608.
9. Rogers GB, Russell LE, Preston PG et al. Characterisation of bacteria in ascites-reporting the potential of culture-independent, molecular analysis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2010; 29(5): 533–541.
10. Novovic S, Semb S, Olsen H et al. First--line treatment with cephalosporins in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis provides poor antibiotic coverage. Scand J Gastroenterol 2012; 47(2): 212–216.
11. Fernández J, Navasa M, Gómez J et al. Bacterial infections in cirrhosis: epidemiological changes with invasive procedures and norfloxacin prophylaxis. Hepatology 2002; 35(1): 140–148.
12. Angeloni S, Nicolini G, Merli M et al. Validation of automated blood cell counter for the determination of polymorphonuclear cell count in the ascitic fluid of cirrhotic patients with or without spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2003; 98(8): 1844–1848.
13. Zapater P, Francés R, González-Navajas JM et al. Serum and ascitic fluid bacterial DNA: a new independent prognostic factor in noninfected patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology 2008; 48(6): 1924–1931.
14. Belghiti J, Durand F. Abdominal wall hernias in the setting of cirrhosis. Semin Liver Dis 1997; 17(3): 219–226.
15. Selgas R, Bajo MA, Jimenez C et al. Peritoneal dialysis in liver disorders. Perit Dial Int 1996; 16 (Suppl 1): S215–S219.
16. Felisart J, Rimola A, Arroyo V et al. Cefotaxime is more effective than is ampicillin-tobramycin in cirrhotics with severe infections. Hepatology 1985; 5(3): 457–462.
17. Rimola A, Salmerón JM, Clemente G et al. Two different dosages of cefotaxime in the treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis: results of a prospective, randomized, multicenter study. Hepatology 1995; 21(3): 674–679.
18. Runyon BA, McHutchison JG, Antillon MR et al. Short-course versus long-course antibiotic treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. A randomized controlled study of 100 patients. Gastroenterology 1991; 100(6): 1737–1742.
19. TenHoor T, Mannino DM, Moss M. Risk factors for ARDS in the United States: analysis of the 1993 National Mortality Followback Study. Chest 2001; 119(4): 1179–1184.
20. Salerno F, Gerbes A, Ginés P et al. Diagnosis, prevention and treatment of hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis. Gut 2007; 56(9): 1310–1318.
21. Blei AT. Infection, inflammation and hepatic encephalopathy, synergism redefined. J Hepatol 2004; 40(2): 327–330.
22. Sen S, Davies NA, Mookerjee RP et al. Pathophysiological effects of albumin dialysis in acute-on-chronic liver failure: a randomized controlled study. Liver Transpl 2004; 10(9): 1109–1119.
23. Sort P, Navasa M, Arroyo V et al. Effect of intravenous albumin on renal impairment and mortality in patients with cirrhosis and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. N Engl J Med 1999; 341(6): 403–409.
24. Poca M, Concepción M, Casas M et al. Role of albumin treatment in patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 10(3): 309–315.
25. Fernández J, Monteagudo J, Bargallo X et al. A randomized unblinded pilot study comparing albumin versus hydroxyethyl starch in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Hepatology 2005; 42(3): 627–634.
26. Guarner C, Solà R, Soriano G et al. Risk of a first community-acquired spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotics with low ascitic fluid protein levels. Gastroenterology 1999; 117(2): 414–419.
27. Garcia-Tsao G. Current management of the complications of cirrhosis and portal hypertension: variceal hemorrhage, ascites, and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Gastroenterology 2001; 120(3): 726–748.
28. Ginés P, Rimola A, Planas R et al. Norfloxacin prevents spontaneous bacterial peritonitis recurrence in cirrhosis: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Hepatology 1990; 12 (4 Pt 1): 716–724.
Štítky
Paediatric gastroenterology Gastroenterology and hepatology SurgeryČlánok vyšiel v časopise
Gastroenterology and Hepatology
2012 Číslo 4
- Metamizole at a Glance and in Practice – Effective Non-Opioid Analgesic for All Ages
- Metamizole vs. Tramadol in Postoperative Analgesia
- Spasmolytic Effect of Metamizole
- Possibilities of Using Metamizole in the Treatment of Acute Primary Headaches
- Current Insights into the Antispasmodic and Analgesic Effects of Metamizole on the Gastrointestinal Tract
Najčítanejšie v tomto čísle
- Defecography
- Constipation and hypofunction of the thyroid glandMyth or reality?
- Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome
- Treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis