Smoking and obesity

Česká verzia

Authors: P. Sucharda
Authors place of work: III. interní klinika 1. lékařské fakulty UK a VFN Praha, přednosta prof. MU Dr. Štěpán Svačina, DrSc., MBA
Published in the journal: Vnitř Lék 2010; 56(10): 1053-1057
Category: Obesity 2010

Summary

Smoking and obesity represent the current leading preventable health risks. Smoking and obesity increase the risk of many types of cancer, both smoking and abdominal obesity are insulinoresistant states, leading to endothelial dysfunction and high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Combining obesity with current smoking increases the risk of premature death more than 10- fold; the risk for obesity increases with number of cigarettes per day. Maternal smoking and smoking in families represent higher risk for children overweight/ obesity. Weight gain after smoking cessation may be moderate, mostly is temporary and may be reduced by appropriate education and supporting therapies.

Key words:
obesity – smoking – smoking cessation – maternal smoking

Zdroje

1. Haslam DW, James WP. Obesity. Lancet 2005; 366: 1197– 1209.

2. Calle EE, Thun MJ, Petrelli JM et al. Body‑mass index and mortality in a prospective cohort of U.S. adults. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 1097– 1105.

3. Eliasson B. Cigarette smoking and diabetes. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2003; 45: 405– 413.

4. Wolin KY, Carson K, Colditz GA. Obesity and cancer. Oncologist 2010; 15: 556– 565.

5. Sucharda P, Balák L. Byla Věstonická venuše opravdu těžce obézní? In: Sborník přednášek Šonkův den 2010. Praha: JS Press 2010.

6. Wikipedia. Smoking. Updated 5.7.2010. Available from: http:/ / en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/ Smoking.

7. Doll R, Hill AB. Smoking and carcinoma of the lung. Preliminary report. Br Med J 1950; 2: 739– 748.

8. Benowitz NL. Nicotine addiction. N Engl J Med 2010; 362: 2295– 2303.

9. Doll R, Peto R, Boreham J et al. Mortality in relation to smoking: 50 years‘ observations on male British doctors. Br Med J 2004; 328: 1519– 1527.

10. Jha P. Avoidable global cancer deaths and total deaths from smoking. Nat Rev Cancer 2009; 9: 655– 664.

11. Calle EE, Rodriguez C, Walker‑ Thurmond K et al. Overweight, obesity, and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of U.S. adults. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 1625– 1638.

12. Reeves GK, Pirie K, Beral V et al. Million Women Study Collaboration. Cancer incidence and mortality in relation to body mass index in the Million Women Study: cohort study. Br Med J 2007; 335: 1134– 1144.

13. Sucharda P. Co spojuje obezitu a aterosklerózu? Vnitř Lék 2010; 56: 289– 291.

14. Sucharda P. Metabolický syndrom, jeho význam a používání. Medicína po promoci 2010; 11 (Suppl 1): 3– 7.

15. Berlin I. Smoking‑induced metabolic disorders: a review. Diabetes Metab 2008; 34: 307– 314.

16. Eliasson B. Cigarette smoking and diabetes. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2003; 45: 405– 413.

17. Willi C, Bodenmann P, Ghali WA et al. Active smoking and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta‑analysis. JAMA 2007; 298: 2654– 2664.

18. Stewart ST, Cutler DM, Rosen AB. Forecasting the effects of obesity and smoking on U.S. life expectancy. N Engl J Med 2009; 361: 2252– 2260.

19. Peto R, Whitlock G, Jha P. Effects of obesity and smoking on U.S. life expectancy. N Engl J Med 2010; 362: 855– 856.

20. Reuser M, Bonneux LG, Willekens FJ. Smoking kills, obesity disables: a multistate approach of the US Health and Retirement Survey. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2009; 17: 783– 789.

21. Jia H, Lubetkin EI. Trends in quality‑ adjusted life‑years lost contributed by smoking and obesity. Am J Prev Med 2010; 38: 138– 144.

22. Freedman DM, Sigurdson AJ, Rajaraman P et al. The mortality risk of smoking and obesity combined. Am J Prev Med 2006; 31: 355– 362.

23. Fagard RH. Smoking amplifies cardiovascular risk in patients with hypertension and diabetes. Diabetes Care 2009; 32 (Suppl 2): S429– S431.

24. Molarius A, Seidell JC, Kuulasmaa K et al. Smoking and relative body weight: an international perspective from the WHO MONICA Project. J Epidemiol Community Health 1997; 51: 252– 260.

25. Dallongeville J, Marécaux N, Fruchart JC et al. Cigarette smoking is associated with unhealthy patterns of nutrient intake: a meta‑analysis. J Nutr 1998; 128: 1450– 1457.

26. Klesges RC, Eck LH, Isbell TR et al. Smoking status: effects on the dietary intake, physical activity, and body fat of adult men. Am J Clin Nutr 1990; 51: 784– 789.

27. Chiolero A, Faeh D, Paccaud F et al. Consequences of smoking for body weight, body fat distribution, and insulin resistance. Am J Clin Nutr 2008; 87: 801– 809.

28. Hofstetter A, Schutz Y, Jéquier E et al. Increased 24– hour energy expenditure in cigarette smokers. N Engl J Med 1986; 314: 79– 82.

29. Audrain JE, Klesges RC, Klesges LM. Relationship between obesity and the metabolic effects of smoking in women. Health Psychol 1995; 14: 116– 123.

30. Perkins KA, Epstein LH, Stiller RL et al. Acute effects of nicotine on hunger and caloric intake in smokers and nonsmokers. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1991; 103: 103– 109.

31. Perkins KA, Epstein LH, Sexton JE et al. Effects of nicotine on hunger and eating in male and female smokers. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1992; 106: 53– 59.

32. Scott AM, Kellow JE, Shuter B et al. Effects of cigarette smoking on solid and liquid intragastric distribution and gastric emptying. Gastroenterology 1993; 104: 410– 416.

33. Scott AM, Kellow JE, Eckersley GM et al. Cigarette smoking and nicotine delay postprandial mouth‑ cecum transit time. Dig Dis Sci 1992; 37: 1544– 1547.

34. Rausch T, Beglinger C, Alam N et al. Effect of transdermal application of nicotine on colonic transit in healthy nonsmoking volunteers. Neurogastroenterol Motil 1998; 10: 263– 270.

35. Chiolero A, Jacot‑ Sadowski I, Faeh D et al. Association of cigarettes smoked daily with obesity in a general adult population. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007; 15: 1311– 1318.

36. Kadota K, Takeshima F, Inoue K et al. Effects of smoking cessation on gastric emptying in smokers. J Clin Gastroenterol 2010; 44: e71– e75.

37. Filozof C, Fernández Pinilla MC, Fernández‑ Cruz A. Smoking cessation and weight gain. Obes Rev 2004; 5: 95– 103.

38. Klesges RC, Meyers A, Klesges LM et al. Smoking, body weight, and their effects on smoking behavior: a comprehensive review of literature. Psychol Bull 1989; 106: 204– 230.

39. Chen Y, Horne SL, Dosman JA. The influence of smoking cessation on body weight may be temporary. Am J Public Health 1993; 83: 1330– 1332.

40. Flegal KM, Troiano RP, Pamuk ER et al. The influence of smoking cessation on the prevalence of overweight in the United States. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 1165– 1170.

41. Yeh HC, Duncan BB, Schmidt MI et al. Smoking, smoking cessation, and risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med 2010; 152: 10– 17.

42. Eliasson B, Smith U. Insulin resistance in smokers and other long‑term users of nicotine. In: Reaven G, Laws A (eds). Contempory endocrinology: insulin resistance. Totowa: Humana Press 1999: 121– 136.

43. Kawachi I, Troisi RJ, Rotnitzky AG et al. Can physical activity minimize weight gain in women after smoking cessation? Am J Public Health 1996; 86: 999– 1004.

44. Sood A, Ebbert JO, Clark MM et al. Sibutramine for weight gain attenuation during smoking cessation with varenicline: a pilot study. Nicotine Tob Res 2009; 11: 1479– 1484.

45. van der Meulen J. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and obesity in the offspring. Int J Epidemiol 2002; 31: 420– 421.

46. Bergmann KE, Bergmann RL, Von Kries R et al. Early determinants of childhood overweight and adiposity in a birth cohort study: role of breast‑ feeding. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2003; 27: 162– 172.

47. Power C, Jefferis BJ. Fetal environment and subsequent obesity: a study of maternal smoking. Int J Epidemiol 2002; 31: 413– 419.

48. Oken E, Levitan EB, Gillman MW. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and child overweight: systematic review and meta‑analysis. Int J Obes 2008; 32: 201– 210.

49. Mendez MA, Torrent M, Ferrer C et al. Maternal smoking very early in pregnancy is related to child overweight at age 5– 7y. Am J Clin Nutr 2008; 87: 1906– 1913.

50. Suzuki K, Ando D, Sato M et al. The association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and childhood obesity persists to the age of 9– 10 years. J Epidemiol 2009; 19: 136– 142.

51. Gorog K, Pattenden S, Antova T et al. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and childhood obesity: results from the CESAR Study. Matern Child Health J 2009. Epub ahead of print.

52. Ino T. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring obesity: meta‑analysis. Pediatr Int 2010; 52: 94– 99.

53. Syme C, Abrahamowicz M, Mahboubi A et al. Prenatal exposure to maternal cigarette smoking and accumulation of intra‑ abdominal fat during adolescence. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2010; 18: 1021– 1025.

54. Ravelli AC, van der Meulen JH, Osmond C et al. Obesity at the age of 50 y in men and women exposed to famine prenatally. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 70: 811– 816.

55. von Kries R, Bolte G, Baghi L et al. GME Study Group. Parental smoking and childhood obesity – is maternal smoking in pregnancy the critical exposure? Int J Epidemiol 2008; 37: 210– 216.

56. Pomerleau CS, Snedecor SM, Pomerleau OF. Never‑ smokers with a positive family smoking history are more likely to be overweight or obese than never‑ smokers with a negative family smoking history. Eat Behav 2009; 10: 49– 51.