The complications after lung transplantation

Česká verzia

Authors: Petr Jakubec; Monika Žurková; Lenka Hajdová; Aneta Křenková; Vítězslav Kolek
Authors place of work: Klinika plicních nemocí a tuberkulózy LF UP a FN Olomouc
Published in the journal: Vnitř Lék 2017; 63(11): 848-859
Category: Reviews

Summary

Lung transplantation (LuTx) is an important treatment for a selected group of patients in the terminal stage of a number of lung diseases, which can bring them a significant improvement in quality of life and long-term survival. Nowadays a perioperative period is not significant limitation for patient survival due to the development of transplant surgery, but the period of months to years after LuTx is crucial for survival. The post-transplant period is very complicated for LuTx patients due to a special treatment regimen, special medication, especially immunosuppressive drugs and the possibility of many complications, whether early or late or acute or chronic. These complications can be divided into several groups. These are rejections, infections, tumors, non-infectious pulmonary complications, and extrapulmonary complications. This is a very wide range of diverse states and to cope with them, it is necessary, apart from good patient co-operation, to team together with specialists in many fields of medicine. But the reward is the satisfaction, good quality of life and long-term survival of transplanted patients.

Key words:
infection – lung transplantation – rejection – tumours

Zdroje

1. Yusen RD, Edwards LB, Kucheryavaya AY et al. The Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: Thirty-second Official Adult Lung and Heart-Lung Transplantation Report 2015, Focus Theme: Early Graft Failure. J Heart Lung Transplant 2015; 34(10): 1264–1277. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2015.08.014>.

2. Martinu T, Pavlisko EN, Chen DF et al. Acute allograft rejection: cellular and humoral processes. Clin Chest Med 2011; 32(2): 295–310. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccm.2011.02.008>.

3. Witt CA, Gaut JP, Yusen RD et al. Acute antibody-mediation rejection after lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2013; 32(10): 1034–1040. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2013.07.004>.

4. Girnita DM, Webber SA, Zeevi A. Clinical impact of cytokine and growth factor genetic polymorphisms in thoracic organ transplantation. Clin Lab Med 2008; 28: 423–440, vi. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cll.2008.08.002>.

5. Christie JD, Edwards LB, Kucheryavaya AY et al. The Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: Twenty-eighth Adult Lung and Heart-Lung Transplant Report – 2011. J Heart Lung Transplant 2011; 30(10): 1104–1122. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2011.08.004>.

6. Lowery EM, Bemiss B, Cascino T et al. Low vitamin D levels are associated with increased rejection and infections after lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2012; 31(7): 700–707. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2012.02.012>.

7. Martinu T, Chen DF, Palmer SM. Acute rejection and humoral sensitization in lung transplant recipients. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2009; 6(1): 54–65. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1513/pats.200808–080GO>.

8. Stewart S, Fishbein MC, Snell GI et al. Revision of the 1996 working formulation for the standardization of nomenclature in the diagnosis of lung rejection. J Heart Lung Transplant 2007; 26(12): 1229–1242.

9. Timofte I, Terrin M, Barr E et al. Belatacept for renal rescue in lung transplant patients. Transpl Int 2016; 29(4): 453–463. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tri.12731>.

10. Verleden GM, Raghu G, Meyer KC et al. A new classification system for chronic lung allograft dysfunction. J Heart Lung Transplant 2014; 33(2): 127–133. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2013.10.022>.

11. Christie JD, Edwards LB, Kucheryavaya AY et al. The registry of the international society for heart and lung transplantation: 29th adult lung and heart-lung transplant report – 2012. J Heart Lung Transplant 2012; 31(10): 1073–1086. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2012.08.004>.

12. Hachem RR, Khalifah AP, Chakinala MM et al. The significance of a single episode of minimal acute rejection after lung transplantation. Transplantation 2005; 80(10): 1406–1413.

13. Hachem RR. Humoral responses after lung transplantation. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2016; 21(3): 267–271. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MOT.0000000000000308>.

14. Snyder LD, Finlen-Copeland CA, Turbyfill WJ et al. Cytomegalovirus pneumonitis is a risk for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome in lung transplantation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 181(12): 1391–1396. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200911–1786OC>.

15. Allyn PR, Duffy EL, Humphries RM et al. Graft Loss and CLAD-Onset Is Hastened by Viral Pneumonia After Lung Transplantation. Transplantation 2016; 100(11): 2424–2431.

16. Weigt SS, Elashoff RM, Huang C et al. Aspergillus colonization of the lung allograft is a risk factor for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. Am J Transplant 2009; 9(8): 1903–1911. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600–6143.2009.02635.x>.

17. Gregson AL, Wang X, Weigt SS et al. Interaction between Pseudomonas and CXC chemokines increases risk of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome and death in lung transplantation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013; 187(5): 518–526. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201207–1228OC>.

18. Hartwig MG, Anderson DJ, Onaitis MW et al. Fundoplication after lung transplantation prevents the allograft dysfunction associated with reflux. Ann Thorac Surg 2011; 92(2): 462–468. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2011.04.035>.

19. Sato M, Waddell TK, Wagnetz U et al. Restrictive allograft syndrome (RAS): a novel form of chronic lung allograft dysfunction. J Heart Lung Transplant 2011; 30(7): 735–742. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2011.01.712>.

20. Sato M, Hwang DM, Waddell TK et al. Progression pattern of restrictive allograft syndrome after lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2013; 32(1): 23–30. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2012.09.026>.

21. Jaksch P, Scheed A, Keplinger M et al. A prospective interventional study on the use of extracorporeal photopheresis in patients with bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2012; 31(9): 950–957. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2012.05.002>.

22. Kawut SM, Lederer DJ, Keshavjee S et al. Outcomes after lung retransplantation in the modern era. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 177(1): 114–120.

23. Finlen-Copeland CA, Snyder LD, Zaas DW et al. Survival after bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome among bilateral lung transplant recipients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 182(6): 784–789. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201002–0211OC>.

24. Trulock EP, Edwards LB, Taylor DO et al. Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: twenty-second official adult lung and heart-lung transplant report – 2005. J Heart Lung Transplant 2005; 24(8): 956–967.

25. Zamora MR. Cytomegalovirus and lung transplantation. Am J Transplant 2004; 4(8): 1219–1226.

26. Ljungman P, Boeckh M, Hirsch HH et al. Definitions of Cytomegalovirus Infection and Disease in Transplant Patients for Use in Clinical Trials. Clin Infect Dis 2017; 64(1): 87–91.

27. Kotton CN, Kumar D, Caliendo AM et al. Updated international consensus guidelines on the management of cytomegalovirus in solid-organ transplantation. Transplantation 2013; 96(4): 333–360. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TP.0b013e31829df29d>.

28. Beam E, Razonable RR. Cytomegalovirus in solid organ transplantation: epidemiology, prevention, and treatment. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2012; 14(6): 633–641. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11908–012–0292–2>.

29. Razonable RR, Humar A. [AST Infectious Diseases Community of Practice]. AST Infectious Diseases Community of Practice. Cytomegalovirus in solid organ transplantation. Am J Transplant 2013; 13(Suppl. 4): 93–106. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajt.12103>.

30. West P, Schmiedeskamp M, Neeley H et al. Use of high-dose ganciclovir for a resistant cytomegalovirus infection due to UL97 mutation. Transpl Infect Dis 2008; 10(2): 129–132.

31. Hakki M, Chou S. The biology of cytomegalovirus drug resistance. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2011; 24(6): 605–611. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/QCO.0b013e32834cfb58>.

32. Snydman DR, Limaye AP, Potena L et al. Update and review: state-of-the-art management of cytomegalovirus infection and disease following thoracic organ transplantation. Transplant Proc 2011; 43(3 Suppl): S1-S17. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2011.02.069>.

33. Manuel O, Kumar D, Singer LG et al. Incidence and clinical characteristics of herpes zoster after lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2007; 26(1): 41–47. J Heart Lung Transplant 2008; 27(1): 11–16. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2007.09.028>.

34. Jenkins FJ, Rowe DT, Rinaldo CR. Herpesvirus infections in organ transplant recipients. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2003; 10(1): 1–7.

35. Shah PD, Mc Dyer JF. Viral infections in lung transplant recipients. Semin Respir Cit Care Med 2010; 31(2): 243–254. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0030–1249120>.

36. Remund KF, Best M, Egan JJ. Infections Relevant to Lung Transplantation. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2009; 6(1): 94–100. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1513/pats.200809–113GO>.

37. Zaas AK, Alexander BD. New developments in the diagnosis and treatment of infections in lung transplant recipients. Respir Care Clin N Am 2004; 10(4): 531–547.

38. Botha P, Archer L, Anderson RL et al. Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonisation of the allograft after lung transplantation and the risk of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. Transplantation 2008; 85(5): 771–774. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TP.0b013e31816651de>.

39. Clark NM, Reid GE. [AST Infectious Diseases Community of Practice]. Nocardia infections in solid organ transplantation. Am J Transplant 2013; 13(Suppl 4): S83-S92. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajt.12102>.

40. Nunley DR, Grgurich WF, Keenan RJ et al. Empyema complicating successful lung transplantation. Chest 1999; 115(5): 1312–1315.

41. Husain S, Chan, KM, Palmer, SM et al. Bacteremia in lung transplant recipients in the current era. Am J Transplant 2006; 6(12): 3000–3007.

42. Whiddon AR, Dawson KL, Fuentes A et al. Postoperative antimicrobials after lung transplantation and the development of multidrug-resistant bacterial and Clostridium difficile infections: an analysis of 500 non-cystic fibrosis lung transplant patients. Clin Transplant 2016; 30(7): 767–773. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ctr.12746>.

43. Pappas PG, Alexander BD, Andes DR et al. Invasive fungal infections among organ transplant recipients: results of the Transplant-Associated Infection Surveillance Network (TRANSNET). Clin Infect Dis 2010; 50(8): 1101–1111. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/651262>.

44. Singh N, Paterson DL. Aspergillus infections in transplant recipients. Clin Microbiol Rev 2005; 18(1): 44–69.

45. Weigt SS, Copeland CA, Derhovanessian A et al. Colonization with small conidia Aspergillus species is associated with bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome: a two-center validation study. Am J Transplant 2013; 13(4): 919–927. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajt.12131>.

46. Singh N, Dromer F, Perfect JR et al. Cryptococcosis in solid organ transplant recipients: current state of the science. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 47(10): 1321–1327. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/592690>.

47. Miller R, Assi M. [AST Infectious Diseases Community of Practice]. Endemic fungal infections in solid organ transplantation. Am J Transplant 2013; 13(Suppl 4): S250-S261. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajt.12117>.

48. Fishman JA. Prevention of infection due to Pneumocystis carinii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42(5): 995–1004.

49. Martin SI, Fishman JA. [AST Infectious Diseases Community of Practice]. Pneumocystis Pneumonia in Solid Organ Transplantation. Am J Transplant 2013; 13(Suppl 4): S272-S279. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajt.12119>.

50. Cruciani M, Marcati P, Malena M et al. Meta-analysis of diagnostic procedures for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in HIV-1-infected patients. Eur Respir J 2002; 20(4): 982–989.

51. Skřičková J. Pneumocystová pneumonie. Klin Farmakol Farm 2005; 19(2): 106–110.

52. Thomas CF, Limper AH. Pneumocystis pneumonia. N Engl J Med 2004; 350(24): 2487–2498.

53. Alvarez-Martínez MJ, Miró JM, Valls ME et al. Sensitivity and specificity of nested and real-time PCR for the detection of Pneumocystis jiroveci in clinical specimens. Diagn Microb Infect Dis 2006; 56(2): 153–160.

54. Huang L, Morris A, Limper AH et al. An Official ATS Workshop Summary: Recent Advances and Future Directions in Pneumocystis Pneumonia (PCP). Proc Am Thorac Soc 2006; 3(8): 655–664.

55. Mansharamani NG, Garland R, Delaney D et al. Management and outcome patterns for adult Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, 1985 to 1995: comparison of HIV-associated cases to other immunocompromised states. Chest 2000; 118(3): 704–711.

56. Robert-Gangneux F, Dardé ML. Epidemiology of and diagnostic strategies for toxoplasmosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 2012; 25(2): 264–296. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CMR.05013–11>.

57. Buell JF, Gross TG, Woodle ES. Malignancy after transplantation. Transplantation 2005; 80(2 Suppl): S254-S264.

58. Engels EA, Pfeiffer RM, Fraumeni JF Jr et al. Spectrum of cancer risk among US solid organ transplant recipients. JAMA 2011; 306(17): 1891–1901. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.1592>.

59. Swerdlow SH, Campo E, Harris NL et al. World Health Organization Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues. 4th ed. IARC WHO Classification of Tumours, No 2: Lyon 2008. ISBN 9789283224310.

60. Santacruz JF, Mehta AC. Airway complications and management after lung transplantation: ischemia, dehiscence, and stenosis. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2009; 6(1): 79–93. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1513/pats.200808–094GO>.

61. Hasegawa T, Iacono AT, Orons PD et al. Segmental nonanastomotic bronchial stenosis after lung transplantation. Ann Thorac Surg 2000; 69(4): 1020–1024.

62. Moreno P, Alvarez A, Algar FJ et al. Incidence, management and clinical outcomes of patients with airway complications following lung transplantation. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2008; 34(6): 1198–1205. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejcts.2008.08.006>.

63. Marulli G, Loy M, Rizzardi G et al. Surgical treatment of posttransplant bronchial stenoses: case reports. Transplant Proc 2007; 39(6): 1973–1975.

64. Kapoor BS, May B, Panu N et al. Endobronchial stent placement for the management of airway complications after lung transplantation. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2007; 18(5): 629–632.

65. Diez Martinez P, Pakkal M, Prenovault J et al. Postoperative imaging after lung transplantation. Clin Imaging 2013; 37(4): 617–623. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinimag.2013.02.008>.

66. Ryu JH, Doerr CH, Fisher SD et al. Chylothorax in lymphangioleiomyomatosis. Chest 2003; 123(2): 623–627.

67. Ofek E, Sato M, Saito T et al. Restrictive allograft syndrome post lung transplantation is characterized by pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis. Mod Pathol 2013; 26(3): 350–356. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/modpathol.2012.171>.

68. Berk Y, van der Bij W, Erasmus ME et al. Non-invasive ventilation in phrenic nerve dysfunction after lung transplantation: an attractive option. J Heart Lung Transplant 2006; 25(12): 1483–1485.

69. Luckraz H, Zagolin M, McNeil K et al. Graft-versus-host disease in lung transplantation: 4 case reports and literature review. J Heart Lung Transplant 2003; 22(6): 691–697.

70. Wang WL, Yu LX. Acute respiratory distress attributed to sirolimus in solid organ transplant recipients. Am J Emerg Med 2015; 33(1): 124.e1-e4. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2014.05.047>.

71. Silverborn M, Jeppsson A, Mårtensson G et al. New-onset cardiovascular risk factors in lung transplant recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant 2005; 24(10): 1536–1543.

72. Kamdar F, Hertz M, Shumway S et al. Late effusive-constrictive pericarditis after lung transplantation. Am J Med 2015; 128(6): e1-e2. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.12.017>.

73. Hackman KL, Snell GI, Bach LA. Prevalence and predictors of diabetes after lung transplantation: a prospective, longitudinal study. Diabetes Care 2014; 37(11): 2919–2925. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc14–0663>.