#PAGE_PARAMS# #ADS_HEAD_SCRIPTS# #MICRODATA#

The effect of preventive measures on urine cadmium levels in nickel-cadmium battery workers


Authors: M. Sovičová 1,2;  H. Tomášková 2,3;  L. Carbolová 4;  A. Šplíchalová 3;  T. Baška 1;  H. Hudečková 1
Authors place of work: Ústav verejného zdravotníctva JLF UK Martin, Univerzita Komenského, Bratislava, vedúca pracoviska prof. MUDr. Henrieta Hudečková, PhD., MPH 1;  Ústav epidemiologie a ochrany veřejného zdraví, Ostravská univerzita v Ostravě, vedúci pracoviska doc. MUDr. Rastislav Maďar, PhD., MBA, FRCPS 2;  Zdravotní ústav se sídlem v Ostravě, vedúci Ing. Eduard Ježo 3;  Lékař Raškovice, s. r. o., lekár MUDr. Lenka Carbolová 4
Published in the journal: Pracov. Lék., 71, 2019, No. 1-2, s. 17-24.
Category: Original Papers

Summary

Cadmium is a toxic metal representing a damage of high risk to the human organism. It commonly occurs in the environment, but it plays a significant role in metallurgy, plastics production as well as in pigments and accumulators.

The study investigated the effect of complex preventive measures, which were introduced in nickel-cadmium battery factory (daily replacement of working clothes, hair washing, men’s shaving, face and hand washing) from February 1st 2013 to February 1st 2014 to decrease cadmium exposure levels.

In addition, after eight months, nutritional supplements either from Chlorella kessleri or by selected vitamins and minerals for three months were added.

The group included 16 workers (9 women and 7 men) with average age 50.2 ± 1.5 years (mean ± SD), who had been occupationally exposed to cadmium oxide for 20.6 ± 2.5 years in the average. The group included three smokers and 8 workers have been living in neighbourhood of the factory. The initial and follow-up values of cadmium content in urine were determined in the whole group and two subgroups by GT-AAS atomic absorption spectrometry with electro-thermic atomization. The effect of the preventive measures was evaluated by changes in urine cadmium levels as a part of the biological exposure tests and differences in cadmium levels were analyzed using Wilcoxon signed-rank and Krustal-Wallis tests with a significance level 5 %. The initial median urine cadmium level in the whole group was 10.6 μg Cd . g-1 creatinine. After implementation of organizational preventive measures, the values of cadmium decreased to 5.5 μg Cd . g-1 creatinine (p < 0.001). There was no difference in the effectiveness of the used supplements (p > 0.05). Three months after the supplementation use, cadmium urine levels increased again to 6.0 μg Cd . g-1 creatinine.

The analysis of cadmium urine levels confirmed the effectiveness of preventive measures on workers exposure. The use of nutritional supplements showed immediate short-term effect; however, further research is needed to evaluate their effect on elimination of cadmium and possible health risk reduction.

Keywords:

cadmium – working environment – compliance – organization-hygienic measures – nutritional supplements


Zdroje

1. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). Cadmium and Cadmium Compounds, Atlanta, Georgia : US Department of Health and Human Services, 2012.

2. Bonberg, N., Pesch, B., Ulrich, N., Moebus, S., Eisele, L., Marr, A., Arendt, M., Jöckel, K. H., Brüning, T., Weiss, T. The distribu-
tion of blood concentrations of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr) and manganese (Mn) in residents of the German Ruhr area and its potential association with occupational exposure in metal industry and/or other risk factors. Int J Hyg Environ Health., 2017, 220, 6, s. 998−1005.

3. Buchancová, J. Pracovné lekárstvo a toxikológia. 1. vyd. Martin: Vydavateľstvo Osveta, 2003, s. 302−306. ISBN 8080631131.

4. Buchancová, J., Knižková, M., Hýllová, D., Meško, D., Kubisz, P. Hodnoty kovov v krvi, moči a vo vlasoch u mužov z okresov Martin, Dolný Kubín a Prievidza. Slovenský lekár, 1995, 5, 8, s. 9−13.

5. Bulat Z. P., Đukić-Ćosić, D., Đokić, M., Bulat, P., Matović, V. Blood and urine cadmium and bioelements profile in nickel-cadmium battery workers in Serbia. Toxicol Ind Health, 2009, 25, 2, s. 129−135.

6. Decharat, S. Heavy Metals Exposure and Hygienic Behaviors of Workers in Sanitary Landfill Areas in Southern Thailand. Scientifica, 2016, 9269210.

7. El-Boshy, M. E., Risha, E. F., Abdelhamid, F. M., Mubarak, M. S., Hadda, T. B. Protective effects of selenium against cadmium induced hematological disturbances, immunosuppressive, oxidative stress and hepatorenal damage in rats. J Trace Elem Med Biol., 2015, 29, s. 104−110.

8. El-Refaiy, A. I., Eissa, F. I. Histopathology and cytotoxicity as biomarkers in treated rats with cadmium and some therapeutic agents. Saudi J Biol Sci., 2013, 20, 3, s. 265−280.

9. Gao, Y., Zhang Y., Yi, J., Zhou, J., Huang, X., Shi, X., Lin, D. A longitudinal study on urinary cadmium and renal tubular protein excretion of nickel–cadmium battery workers after cessation of cadmium exposure. Int Arch Occup Environ Health., 2016, 89, 7, s. 1137−1145.

10. Hecht, E. M., Arheart, K., Lee, D. J., Hennekens, CH., Hlaing, W. M. A cross-sectional survey of cadmium biomarkers and cigarette smoking. Biomarkers, 2016, 21, 5, s. 429–435.

11. Hendriksen, I. J., Snoijer, M., de Kok, B. P., van Vilsteren, J., Hofstetter, H. Effectiveness of a Multilevel Workplace Health Promotion Program on Vitality, Health, and Work-Related Outcomes. J Occup Environ Med., 2016, 58, 6, s. 575−583.

12. Horakova, D., Bouchalova, K., Cwiertka, K., Stepanek, L., Vlckova, J., Kollarova, H. Risks and protective factors for triple negative breast cancer with a focus on micronutrients and infec-
tions. Biomed Paper Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub, 2018, 162, 2, s. 83−89.

13. Hrubá, D. Kouření zvyšuje vliv profesionálních rizik na zdraví pracujících. Pracov. Lék., 2009, 61, 1, s. 2731−2735.

14. International Agency for Reaseach on Cancer. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans, volume 100C. Review of Human Carcinogens Metals, Arsenic, Dusts and Fibres. Lyon, France: IARC, 2012, s. 121−141.

15. International Agency of Research on Cancer (IARC). Agents Classified by the IARC Monographs, Volumes 1-123, 2018-11-9[2019-1-16]. Dostupné na https://monographs.iarc.fr/list-of-classifications-volumes/

16. Kini, R. D., Kumar, N. A., Anupama, N., Bhagyalakshmi, K., Shetty, B. S. Preventive role of vitamin E and vitamin C in combination on cadmium induced oxidative stress on rat testis. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences, 2016, 7, č. 4, s. 1999−2002.

17. Kumar, K. S., Dahms, H. U., Won, E. J., Lee, J. S., Shin, K. H. Microalgae–A promising tool for heavy metal remediation. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety, 2015, 113, s. 329−352.

18. Mccarty, M. F. Zinc and multi-mineral supplementation should mitigate the pathogenic impact of cadmium exposure. Med Hypotheses., 2012, 79, 5, s. 642–648.

19. Omenn, G. S, Goodman, G. E., Thornquist, M. D., Balmes, J., Cullen, M. R., Glass, A., Keogh, J. P., Meyskens, F. L, Valanis, B., Willliams, J. H., Barnhart, S., Hammar, S. Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med, 1996, 334, 18, s. 1150−1155.

20. Rafati Rahimzadeh, M., Rafati Rahimzadeh, M., Kazemi, S., Moghadamnia, A. A. Cadmium toxicity and treatment: An update. Caspian J Intern Med., 2017, 8, 3, s. 135−145.

21. Rogalska, J., Pilat-Marcinkiewicz, B., Brzóska, M. M. Protective effect of zinc against cadmium hepatotoxicity depends on this bioelement intake and level of cadmium exposure: a study in a rat model. Chem Biol Interact., 2011, 193, 3, s. 191–203.

22. Rzymski, P., Jaśkiewicz, M. Microalgal food supplements from the perspective of Polish consumers: patterns of use, adverse events, and beneficial effects. J Appl Phycol., 2017, 29, 4, s. 1841–1850.

23. Shim, J., Son, Y., Park, J. M., Kim, M. K. Effect of Chlorella intake on Cadmium metabolism in rats. Nutr Res Pract., 2009, 3, 1, s. 15.

24. Silins, I., Högberg, J. Combined toxic exposures and human health: biomarkers of exposure and effect. Int J Environ Res Public Health., 2011, 8, 3, s. 629–647.

25. Státní zdravotní ústav Systém monitorování zdravotního stavu obyvatelstva České republiky ve vztahu k životnímu prostředí – Souhrnná zpráva za rok 2014, Praha: Státní zdravotní ústav, 2015, ISBN 978-80-7071-352-5.

26. Vacchi-Suzzi, C., Kruse, D., Harrington, J., Levine, K., Meliker, J.R. Is urinary cadmium a biomarker of long-term exposure in humans? A review. Curr Environ Health Rep., 2016, 3, 4, s. 450–458.

27. Virtamo, J., Taylor, P. R., Kontto, J., Männistö, S., Utriainen, M., Weinstein, S. J., Huttunen, J., Albanes, D. Effects of α-tocopherol and β-carotene supplementation on cancer incidence and mortality: 18-Year postintervention follow-up of the Alpha-tocopherol, Beta-carotene Cancer Prevention Study. Int J Cancer., 2014, 135, 1, s. 178−185.

28. Yokoyama, K., Iijima, S., Ito, H., Kan, M. The socio-economic impact of occupational diseases and injuries. Ind Health., 2013, 51, 5, s. 459−461.

29. Zhai, Q., Narbad, A., Chen, W. Dietary Strategies for the Treatment of Cadmium and Lead Toxicity. Nutrients, 2015, 7, 1, s. 552–571.

Štítky
Hygiene and epidemiology Hyperbaric medicine Occupational medicine
Prihlásenie
Zabudnuté heslo

Zadajte e-mailovú adresu, s ktorou ste vytvárali účet. Budú Vám na ňu zasielané informácie k nastaveniu nového hesla.

Prihlásenie

Nemáte účet?  Registrujte sa

#ADS_BOTTOM_SCRIPTS#