“Working the System”—British American Tobacco's Influence on the European Union Treaty and Its Implications for Policy: An Analysis of Internal Tobacco Industry Documents

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Background:
Impact assessment (IA) of all major European Union (EU) policies is now mandatory. The form of IA used has been criticised for favouring corporate interests by overemphasising economic impacts and failing to adequately assess health impacts. Our study sought to assess how, why, and in what ways corporations, and particularly the tobacco industry, influenced the EU's approach to IA.

Methods and Findings:
In order to identify whether industry played a role in promoting this system of IA within the EU, we analysed internal documents from British American Tobacco (BAT) that were disclosed following a series of litigation cases in the United States. We combined this analysis with one of related literature and interviews with key informants. Our analysis demonstrates that from 1995 onwards BAT actively worked with other corporate actors to successfully promote a business-oriented form of IA that favoured large corporations. It appears that BAT favoured this form of IA because it could advance the company's European interests by establishing ground rules for policymaking that would: (i) provide an economic framework for evaluating all policy decisions, implicitly prioritising costs to businesses; (ii) secure early corporate involvement in policy discussions; (iii) bestow the corporate sector with a long-term advantage over other actors by increasing policymakers' dependence on information they supplied; and (iv) provide businesses with a persuasive means of challenging potential and existing legislation. The data reveal that an ensuing lobbying campaign, largely driven by BAT, helped secure binding changes to the EU Treaty via the Treaty of Amsterdam that required EU policymakers to minimise legislative burdens on businesses. Efforts subsequently focused on ensuring that these Treaty changes were translated into the application of a business orientated form of IA (cost–benefit analysis [CBA]) within EU policymaking procedures. Both the tobacco and chemical industries have since employed IA in apparent attempts to undermine key aspects of European policies designed to protect public health.

Conclusions:
Our findings suggest that BAT and its corporate allies have fundamentally altered the way in which all EU policy is made by making a business-oriented form of IA mandatory. This increases the likelihood that the EU will produce policies that advance the interests of major corporations, including those that produce products damaging to health, rather than in the interests of its citizens. Given that the public health community, focusing on health IA, has largely welcomed the increasing policy interest in IA, this suggests that urgent consideration is required of the ways in which IA can be employed to undermine, as well as support, effective public health policies.

: Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary

Vyšlo v časopise: “Working the System”—British American Tobacco's Influence on the European Union Treaty and Its Implications for Policy: An Analysis of Internal Tobacco Industry Documents. PLoS Med 7(1): e32767. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000202
Kategorie: Research Article
prolekare.web.journal.doi_sk: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000202

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126. SherringtonP

2000 Shaping the Policy Agenda: Think Tank Activity in the European Union. Global Society 14 173 189

127. CrossickS

(undated) Stanley Crossick CV available at: http://www.ceibs.edu/forum/2002/1202_crossick_cv.html (accessed on: 13 Aug 2009)

128. CrossickS

(Belmont) 1987 The Perception of Community Legislation by Businesses. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 201056385-201056418. 87/03/24. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/moz86a99 (accessed on: 01 Aug 2008)

129. BrookesNG

(British American Tobacco) 1988 BAT Industries Plc: Reporting Minutes. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 201133218-201133219. 88/00/00. http://bat.library.ucsf.edu//tid/urf20a99 (accessed on: 03 Jun 2008)

130. LeachM

1988 Reports of Interviews with EEC Consultants: Brussels, 14th–15th November 1988. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 401060228–401060235. 88/11/21. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/nsk96a99 (accessed on: 02 Aug 2008)

131. BinghamPM

1989 C&L Belmont - Stanley Crossick. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 301527767. 89/06/30. http://bat.library.ucsf.edu//tid/eia56a99 (accessed on: 03 Jun 2008)

132. BinghamPM

(British American Tobacco) 1989 Letter from Paul Bingham to S Crossick regarding budgetary limit. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 301527766. 89/07/26. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/dia56a99 (accessed on: 01 Aug 2008)

133. CrossickS

(Belmont. CL) 1989 Revised Proposal to BATCo for a Monitoring and Representation Service. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 301527769–301527775. 89/06/29. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/gia56a99 (accessed on: 01 Aug 2008)

134. (European Policy Centre) 2008 List of EPC Members. http://www.epc.eu/en/m.asp?TYP=Membership&LV=283&PG=MB/en/list&AI=38&see=y (last accessed on 16th Aug 2009)

135. [No authors listed] 1997 Cost Benefit Analysis and Risk Assessment Working Group (Note of Meeting Oct 1997). Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 321573259–321573260. 97/10/24. http://bat.library.ucsf.edu//tid/cgg63a99 (accessed on: 03 Jun 2008)

136. GrettonK

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137. (European Policy Centre) 1999 The Importance of Risk Analysis. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 321617713–321617718. 99/02/04. http://bat.library.ucsf.edu//tid/net63a99 (accessed on: 28 May 2008)

138. HonourH

1996 Risk Assessment. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 800103062. 96/02/12. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/fjt14a99 (accessed on: 24 Jul 2008)

139. BaumgartnerFR

2007 EU Lobbying: A view from the US. Journal of European Public Policy 14 482 488

140. Kretschmer

(BDI) 1996 Cost Assessment: Discussion with European Commission Secretary-General David Williamson 5 November 1996. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 800102620–800102621. 96/11/06. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/xhf14a99 (accessed on: 02 Aug 2008)

141. CrossickS

(Office. BEC) 1996 Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA). Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 800102625. 96/10/15. http://bat.library.ucsf.edu//tid/aif14a99 (accessed on: 30 May 2008)

142. BroughtonM

(British American Tobacco) 1998 Regulatory Appraisal. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 321309828-321309829. 98/01/28. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ipk23a99 (accessed on: 25 Jul 2008)

143. (UNICE) 1996 Attendance List: Meeting of the “Cost Assessment” Task Force on 12 December 1996. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 800102580. 96/10/12. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/phf14a99 (accessed on: 19 Aug 2008)

144. TurnerJA

(Confederation of British Industry) 1998 Better Regulation. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 321309799-321309800. 98/02/05. http://bat.library.ucsf.edu//tid/epk23a99 (accessed on: 29 May 2008)

145. MarcqF

(UNICE) 1996 Next Meeting of the Working Group on “Cost Assessment” - 12 December 1996. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 800102618. 96/11/19. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/whf14a99 (accessed on: 15 Aug 2008)

146. (British American Tobacco) 1995 Corporate Affairs 1995: A Preview. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 502635785–502635862. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/fln08a99 (accessed on: 14 Aug 2009)

147. ([British American Tobacco]) 1997 Protecting Freedom to Smoke. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 321323403–321323413. 22 Sep. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/pnx71a99 (accessed on: 14 Aug 2009)

148. MillsonS

1996 Note from Simon Millson to David Bishop regarding attached survey of CBI and British Chamber of Commerce. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 700512394–700512401. 11 Sep. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/qoe70a99 (accessed on: 14 Aug 2009)

149. WilsonD

1995 Corporate Governance. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 700353618–700353620. 27 Sep. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ljj24a99 (accessed on: 14 Aug 2009)

150. (British American Tobacco) 1998 1998 BAT- Subscriptions through Government Affairs. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 325123766–325123767. 98/00/00. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/byx44a99 (accessed on: 01 Aug 2008)

151. EtheringtonK

(British American Tobacco) 1994 CBI: Letter 9/12/94 from Peter Agar. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 202604724. 94/12/09. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/gsk48a99 (accessed on: 15 Aug 2008)

152. (British American Tobacco) 1997 Letter to Margaret Beckett regarding proposals on UK competitiveness. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 322122854. 20 Jun. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/tcu63a99 (accessed on: 14 Aug 2009)

153. AllveyDP

CairnsL

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1996 Board Meeting healed Windsor House 50 Victoria Street, London, SWIH Only on Tuesday 29th October 1996. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 800653848–800653851. 29 Oct. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/lvd73a99 (accessed on: 14 Aug 2009)

154. LioutyiA

1995 Note from Alexander Lioutyi to Vladimir Aksinov enclosing biographies of BATCo officials. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 304023133–304023137. 03 May. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/mzh61a99 (accessed on: 14 Aug 2009)

155. (Cabinet Office) 1995 Too Many Regulations are Costing Jobs and Affecting Europe's Competitiveness - New Report Supports UK View. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 800103077–800103080. 12 Oct. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/xif14a99 (accessed on: 14 Aug 2009)

156. (Business Europe) 2009 About Us – Members. http://www.businesseurope.eu/content/default.asp?pageid=415 (accessed on: 15 Aug 2009)

157. ChalfenS

(British American Tobacco) 1998 Letter from Stuart Chalfen to David Clark regarding conference on “a better Government more effective regulation”. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 322121117–322121118. 98/02/06. http://bat.library.ucsf.edu//tid/ydt14a99 (accessed on: 18 Jun 2008)

158. ChalfenS

(British American Tobacco) 1998 Note from Stuart Chalfen to Michael Prideaux regarding analysis in legislation and regulation in Europe. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 322121138. 98/01/21. http://bat.library.ucsf.edu//tid/xdt14a99 (accessed on: 18 Jun 2008)

159. ChalfenS

(British American Tobacco/UNICE) 2000 Letter from Stuart Chalfen to David Byrne regarding the federation members in UNICE. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 322243116-322243117. 00/09/22. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/phj63a99

160. GrettonK

1996 Risk Assessment Progress. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 800147892-800147900. 96/03/12. http://bat.library.ucsf.edu//tid/cvb53a99 (accessed on: 03 Jun 2008)

161. Anonymous Undated Cost-Benefit Analysis and Risk Assessment Strategy. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 800102460–800102462. Unknown. http://bat.library.ucsf.edu//tid/ahf14a99 (accessed on: 16 Jun 2008)

162. European Policy Centre Risk Forum 2006 Comments on the European Commission Green Paper: “Promoting Healthy Diets and Physical Activity: A European Dimension for the Prevention of Overweight, Obesity, and Chronic Diseases” (2005). http://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_determinants/life_style/nutrition/green_paper/nutritiongp_co050_en.pdf (accessed on 25 Aug 2008)

163. (UNICE) 1996 Unice Contribution to the Intergovernmental Conference. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 321425056–321425070. 96/03/15. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/kza92a99 accessed on: 02 Aug 2008)

164. (UNICE) 1995 The UNICE Regulatory Report 1995. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 503104847–503104933. http://bat.library.ucsf.edu//tid/tsl71a99 (accessed on: 03 Jul 2008)

165. Risk Assessment Forum. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 321573210–321573213. Unknown. http://bat.library.ucsf.edu//tid/mfg63a99 (accessed on: 04 Jun 2008)

166. Anonymous 1996 Proposal for a Protocol on the Application of the Principle of Subsidiarity. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 700513238–700513258. 96/08/28. http://bat.library.ucsf.edu//tid/mfj23a99 (accessed on: 02 Jun 2008)

167. Anonymous 1997 Cost Benefit Analysis and Risk Assessment Working Group: Note of Meeting - July 1st 1997. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 321574136–321574139. 97/07/01. http://bat.library.ucsf.edu//tid/djg63a99 (accessed on: 29 May 2008)

168. Anonymous 1997 Conference Evaluation Risk: A Balancing Act. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 321573216–321573217. 97/12/11. http://bat.library.ucsf.edu//tid/ofg63a99 (accessed on: 18 Jun 2008)

169. BallantineB

(Heronswood Associates) 1997 Conference: Evaluating Risk - A Balancing Act. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 321573176–321573178. 97/10/28. http://bat.library.ucsf.edu//tid/cfg63a99 (accessed on: 04 Jun 2008)

170. CrossickS

(European Policy Centre T) 1997 Risk Assessment Forum. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 321573161–321573162. 97/10/30. http://bat.library.ucsf.edu//tid/dgf61a99 (accessed on: 03 Jun 2008)

171. (European Policy Centre) 1997 Making Sense of the Amsterdam Treaty Legal Analysis: Quality of Legislation. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 321573197–321573201. 97/07/01. http://bat.library.ucsf.edu//tid/jfg63a99 (accessed on: 29 May 2008)

172. BallantineB

1997 Risk Conference. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 321573205–321573208. 97/12/11. http://bat.library.ucsf.edu//tid/kfg63a99 (accessed on: 04 Jun 2008)

173. CurtisV

(British-American Tobacco Company L) 1998 Risk Conference - Things to Do! Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 321574592–321574594. 98/03/20. http://bat.library.ucsf.edu//tid/emg63a99 (accessed on: 04 Jun 2008)

174. GrettonK

(British American Tobacco) 1998 Visit to the UK. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 321574638–321574639. 98/03/26. http://bat.library.ucsf.edu//tid/pmg63a99 (accessed on: 04 Jun 2008)

175. MilloySJ

1997 The Advancement of Sound Science Coalition. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 321425655–321425657. 14 Aug. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ife51a99 (accessed on: 15 Aug 2009)

176. (British American Tobacco) 1997 CORA Center Plan 1998 26 September 1997. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 321182235-321182247. 26 Sep. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ksk24a99 (accessed on: 15 Aug 2009)

177. (British American Tobacco) 1998 Corporate Reputation and the Public Environment. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 321323242. 14 Jan. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/tyb04a99 (accessed on: 15 Aug 2009)

178. CrossickS

(European Policy Centre) 1998 Follow-UP of Yesterday's Forum Meeting. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 321574397-321574398. 98/04/09. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/tkg63a99 (accessed on: 28 Jul 2008)

179. CurtisV

(British American Tobacco) 1998 Media Contacts for Conference. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 321574633-321574635. 98/04/01. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/omg63a99 (accessed on: 28 Jul 2008)

180. DewarA

(Core Design) 1998 The European Policy Centre - Conference Brochure. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 321574626–321574627. 98/03/24. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/mmg63a99 (accessed on: 28 Jul 2008)

181. CurtisV

(British-American Tobacco Company L) 1998 Minutes of Last Meeting. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 321574135. 98/04/16. http://bat.library.ucsf.edu//tid/cjg63a99 (accessed on: 04 Jun 2008)

182. CurtisV

(British-American Tobacco Company L) 1998 Conference Brochure. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 321574628–321574631. 98/03/19. http://bat.library.ucsf.edu//tid/nmg63a99 (accessed on: 18 Jun 2008)

183. ArnessM

(The Weinberg Group) 1998 Note from Michelle Arness enclosing updated version of UK conference programme. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 321574677–321574678. 98/03/24. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/eif61a99 (accessed on: 28 Jul 2008)

184. European Policy Centre 1998 Managing Risk: A Balancing Act. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 321574681–321574686. 98/04/29. http://bat.library.ucsf.edu//tid/ang63a99 (accessed on: 30 May 2008)

185. CurtisV

(British American Tobacco) 1998 Risk Assessment Forum. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 321573254. 98/03/05. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/zfg63a99 (accessed on: 25 Jul 2008)

186. van IsackerN

1998 Managing Risk: A Balancing Act. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 321574130. 98/04/15. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/zig63a99 (accessed on: 28 Jul 2008)

187. European Policy Centre 1998 Managing Risk: A Balancing Act (Programme). Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 321574681–321574686. Unknown. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ang63a99 (accessed on: 30 Oct 2009)

188. SheehyP

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(British American Tobacco) 1990 BAT Industries Outlook January 1990 Issue 11. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 401323311–401323349. 90/01/00. http://bat.library.ucsf.edu//tid/emp85a99 (accessed on: 19 Jun 2008)

189. HonourH

(British American Tobacco) 1994 External Affairs Advisory Committee. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 204600215–204600217. 94/02/09. http://bat.library.ucsf.edu//tid/gxj01a99 (accessed on: 19 Jun 2008)

190. PrideauxMCT

1990 Group Public Affairs Report on 1989–90. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 201134634–201134636. 90/04/30. http://bat.library.ucsf.edu//tid/npb40a99 (accessed on: 18 Jun 2008)

191. BlackW

1991 Lunch for Dr David Clark MP - 24th April. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 322049549. 91/04/22. http://bat.library.ucsf.edu//tid/cte14a99 (accessed on: 18 Jun 2008)

192. (British American Tobacco) 1992 Minutes of the 63rd Meeting of the External Affairs Advisory Committee held on Tuesday 10th December 1992. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 202236426–202236427. 92/12/24. http://bat.library.ucsf.edu//tid/fdb31a99 (accessed on: 18 Jun 2008)

193. (British American Tobacco) 1994 Minutes of the 70th Meeting of The External Affairs Advisory Committee held on 6th December 1994. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 204600202–204600204. 94/12/00. http://bat.library.ucsf.edu//tid/axj01a99 (accessed on: 18 Jun 2008)

194. (British American Tobacco) 1994 Minutes of the External Affairs Advisory Committee held on Tuesday 7th June 1994. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 202236422–202236423. 94/06/07. http://bat.library.ucsf.edu//tid/cdb31a99 (accessed on: 18 Jun 2008)

195. (House of Commons) 1993 Note on annual general meeting on Tuesday 18 May 1993. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 202022576–202022580. 93/04/24. http://bat.library.ucsf.edu//tid/msj50a99 (accessed on: 18 Jun 2008)

196. [British American Tobacco] undated Dr David G Clark, MP: Lunch - 24th April. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 322049550 http://bat.library.ucsf.edu//tid/dfw80a99 (accessed on: 18 Jun 2008)

197. SheehyP

Honour M Extract of Minutes of Meeting of the Chairman's Policy Committee held on Wednesday, 24th June 1992. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 201503235. No Date. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/qlw10a99 (accessed on: 15 Aug 2009)

198. OpukahS

(British American Tobacco) 1995 Panos Communication. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 502601078. 95/04/24. http://bat.library.ucsf.edu//tid/nqw24a99 (accessed on: 19 Jun 2008)

199. ClarkD

1998 Better Regulation. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates number(s): 321309760–321309761. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/zok23a99 (accessed on 24 Aug 2009)

200. ClarkD

1997 Risk Assessment Seminar. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 321573214. 97/12/23. http://bat.library.ucsf.edu//tid/nfg63a99 (accessed on: 18 Jun 2008)

201. Anonymous 1998 UK-Austrian Appeal to European Parliament to Cut European Red Tape. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 321544712–321544713. 98/01/28. http://bat.library.ucsf.edu//tid/noj34a99 (accessed on: 18 Jun 2008)

202. BallantineB

1997 Risk Conference. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 321573205–321573208. 11 Dec. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/kfg63a99 (accessed on: 15 Aug 2009)

203. BallantineB

(Heronswood Associates) 1997 Conference: Better Legislation Through the Use of Impact Assessment. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 321573166–321573168. 97/10/27. http://bat.library.ucsf.edu//tid/zeg63a99 (accessed on: 04 Jun 2008)

204. MillerC

(Public Policy Unit) 1999 Fair Regulation Campaign - Formation of Campaign Group. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 321332619–321332621. 99/01/28. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/yuy23a99 (accessed on: 28 Jul 2008)

205. (Fair Regulation Campaign) 1999 Fair Regulation Initiative: Campaign Group Presentation: 27 January 1999. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 321332622–321332638. 99/01/27. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/zuy23a99 (accessed on: 30 Jul 2008)

206. ([British American Tobacco]) 1999 Consultancy - International Affairs. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates number(s): 321333194. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/cwy23a99 (Accessed on 29 Jul 2008)

207. (British American Tobacco) 2001 Co Plan 2001 - 2003: IPA 2001 Budget Allocation. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates number(s): 325133425–325133427. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ktp53a99 (Accessed on 12 Aug 2008)

208. KellyC

(Department of Health (UK)) 2000 Regulatory Impact Assessment. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 321332428. 00/04/18. http://bat.library.ucsf.edu//tid/oer03a99 (accessed on: 09 Jul 2008)

209. GribbenR

2001 EU Rules Questioned. The Telegraph: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/money/main.jhtml?xml=/money/2000/10/09/cbeu09.xml (accessed on 24 Aug 2008)

210. (IMPACT) 1995 Compliance Cost Assessments: Institute of Directors/Impact Seminar on 29 March 1995. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 800103180-800103182. 95/03/29. British American Tobacco. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/qns14a99 (accessed on 30 Jul 2008)

211. MillerC

(Public Policy Unit) 1995 Letter from Charles Miller to Heather Honour regarding risk assessment bibliography. Company source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 800152702–800152704. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/mjj23a99 (accessed on 30 Jul 2008)

212. BinningK

(Public Policy Unit) 1996 Risk Assessment and all that. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 800102512. 96/03/08. http://bat.library.ucsf.edu//tid/ghf14a99 (accessed on: 08 Jul 2008)

213. BinningK

(Public Policy Unit Limited T) 1996 Regulatory Appraisal. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 800102499–800102501. 96/03/06. http://bat.library.ucsf.edu//tid/ehf14a99 (accessed on: 09 Jul 2008)

214. (Fair Regulation Campaign) 2000 Business Impact Assessment: Fair Regulation Campaign/Eurochambres Hearing 28 November 2000. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 322239539–322239548. 00/11/28. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/whw23a99 (accessed on: 29 Jul 2008)

215. SummersM

2000 Fair Regulation Campaign - Useful for EU Regulation and Regulatory Best Practice Discussions. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 322239554–322239555. 00/11/30. http://bat.library.ucsf.edu//tid/ari23a99 (accessed on: 09 Jul 2008)

216. SummersM

(British American Tobacco) 2000 RE: Fair Regulation Campaign - Useful for EU Regulation and Best Practice Discussions. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 322239551–322239553. 00/11/30. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/zqi23a99 (accessed on: 29 Jul 2008)

217. LiikanenE

2002 Better Regulation in Europe – speech given by Liikanen (Member of the European Commission, responsible for Enterprise and the Information Society) on 25 October 2002. Europa: http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=SPEECH/02/520&format=HTML&aged=1&language=EN&guiLanguage=en

218. European Policy Centre 2001 Regulatory Impact Analysis: Improving the Quality of EU Regulatory Activity. Brussels: http://ec.europa.eu/governance/contrib_epc_en.pdf (accessed on 25 Aug 2008)

219. Enterprise Directorate-General (European Commission) 2002 Business impact assessment pilot project Final report – Lessons learned and the way forward (Enterprise Papers No 9). Brussels: http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/library/enterprise-papers/pdf/enterprise_paper_09_2002.pdf (accessed on 25 August 2008)

220. (CNN) 1999 EU in turmoil after executive commission resigns. http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/europe/9903/16/eu.commission.01/ (accessed on 06 Oct 2008): CNN

221. Commission of the European Communities 2002 Towards a reinforced culture of consultation and dialogue - General principles and minimum standards for consultation of interested parties by the Commission (COM(2002) 704 final). Brussels Commission of the European Communities

222. Anonymous 1999 Meeting with Dept of Health - 14/12/99. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 321531254–321531256. 99/12/14. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ohf44a99 (accessed on: 29 Jul 2008)

223. OgdenC

(TMA) 2000 Labelling Directive - Draft RIA. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 325133536. 00/11/14. http://bat.library.ucsf.edu//tid/ggy44a99 (accessed on: 13 Jul 2008)

224. SwanD

(TMA) 2000 Draft Directive on Labelling etc. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 325004580–325004593. 01/01/11. http://bat.library.ucsf.edu//tid/xat72a99 (accessed on: 01 Jul 2008)

225. Swan, David (Tobacco Manufacturers Association) 2000 Draft Directive on Labelling Etc. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates number(s): 325004580-93. http://bat.library.ucsf.edu//tid/xat72a99 (accessed on: 12 Jul 2009)

226. (British American Tobacco, MSF, AEEU) Have You Ever Felt You've been Singled Out Unfairly? Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 321625434–321625451. Unknown. http://bat.library.ucsf.edu//tid/pre51a99 (accessed on: 12 Jun 2008)

227. (British American Tobacco) 1998 British-American Tobacco and Our Contribution. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 770004544–770004602. 98/06/00. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ali45a99 (accessed on: 28 Jul 2008)

228. Anonymous 1998 The Government's Failures to Follow the Regulatory Appraisal Rules. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 321583907–321583914. 98/02/11. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/yiw92a99 (accessed on: 25 Jul 2008)

229. AdamsP

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(British American Tobacco) 1997 UK/EU Advertising Ban. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 321583195–321583202. 97/06/17. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/xjf61a99 (accessed on: 30 Jul 2008)

230. Anonymous 1998 Summary of Proceedings in European Legislation Select Committee Hearing into Regulatory Appraisal Process of the EU Directive to Ban Tobacco Advertising. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 321309790–321309791. 98/02/11. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/apk23a99 (accessed on: 25 Jul 2008)

231. (TMA) 1999 Comments by the Tobacco Manufacturer's Association on the draft Tobacco (Prohibition of Advertising and Promotion) Regulations 1999 and the updated Regulatory Impact Assessment dated 17 June 1999. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 321310545–321310550. 99/06/00. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/rhz13a99 (accessed on: 28 Jul 2008)

232. KerrP

(Coupon Clearing Association) 1999 Comments on Regulatory Impact Assessment (RIA). Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 321332523–321332524. 99/02/25. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/yfr03a99 (accessed on: 28 Jul 2008)

233. (BPMA) 1999 Impact Assessment of Proposed Ban on Tobacco Advertising on those Companies Manufacturing and/or Supplying Promotional Merchandise. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 321332502–321332503. 99/02/24. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/tfr03a99 (accessed on: 02 Aug 2008)

234. LocksI

(Association PP) 1999 Implementation of Directive 98/48/EC on Tobacco Advertising and Sponsorship. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 321332505–321332507. 99/02/24. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ufr03a99 (accessed on: 28 Jul 2008)

235. ProctorC

(British American Tobacco) 1999 Letter from Chris Proctor to Mark Ferrero regarding regulatory impact assessment. Source: British American Tobacco. Bates range: 321310874–321310878. 99/02/26. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/jbm55a99 (accessed on: 28 Jul 2008)

236. OgdenC

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