Some Lessons for the Future from the Global Malaria Eradication Programme (1955–1969)
Encouraged by the early success of using dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) against malaria, the World Health Organization (WHO) embarked on the Global Malaria Eradication Program (GMEP) in 1955. Fourteen years later, the campaign was discontinued when it was recognised that eradication was not achievable with the available means in many areas, although the long-term goal remained unchanged. During the GMEP, malaria was permanently eliminated from many regions. In other areas, however, substantial gains were lost in resurgences, sometimes of epidemic proportions. During the 1970s and 1980s, because of economic and financial crises, international support for malaria control declined rapidly, but in the past decade, following increasing demands from endemic countries and promising results from scaling up of control activities, interest in malaria elimination and the long-term goal of eradication has received international political and financial support. In 2007, there was a renewed call for malaria eradication and a consultative process to define a research and development agenda for malaria eradication (malERA) was established. Lessons learned from the GMEP (1955–1969) highlight the fact that no single strategy can be applicable everywhere and that a long-term commitment with a flexible strategy that includes community involvement, integration with health systems, and the development of agile surveillance systems is needed.
Vyšlo v časopise:
Some Lessons for the Future from the Global Malaria Eradication Programme (1955–1969). PLoS Med 8(1): e32767. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000412
Kategorie:
Review
prolekare.web.journal.doi_sk:
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000412
Souhrn
Encouraged by the early success of using dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) against malaria, the World Health Organization (WHO) embarked on the Global Malaria Eradication Program (GMEP) in 1955. Fourteen years later, the campaign was discontinued when it was recognised that eradication was not achievable with the available means in many areas, although the long-term goal remained unchanged. During the GMEP, malaria was permanently eliminated from many regions. In other areas, however, substantial gains were lost in resurgences, sometimes of epidemic proportions. During the 1970s and 1980s, because of economic and financial crises, international support for malaria control declined rapidly, but in the past decade, following increasing demands from endemic countries and promising results from scaling up of control activities, interest in malaria elimination and the long-term goal of eradication has received international political and financial support. In 2007, there was a renewed call for malaria eradication and a consultative process to define a research and development agenda for malaria eradication (malERA) was established. Lessons learned from the GMEP (1955–1969) highlight the fact that no single strategy can be applicable everywhere and that a long-term commitment with a flexible strategy that includes community involvement, integration with health systems, and the development of agile surveillance systems is needed.
Zdroje
1. BoydMF
1939
Malaria: Retrospect and prospect.
Am J Trop Med Hyg
19
1
6
2. LivadasGA
1952
Is it necessary to continue indefinitely DDT residual spraying programmes? Relevant observations made in Greece. WHO document WHO/MAL/79.
Geneva
WHO
3. PampanaE
1969
A textbook of malaria eradication. 2nd edition.
London, New York, Toronto
Oxford University Press
5
6
4. LivadasGA
GeorgopoulosG
1953
Development of resistance to DDT by Anopheles sacharovi in Greece.
Bull World Health Organ
8
497
511
5. CuetoM
2007
Cold war, deadly fevers. Malaria eradication in Mexico, 1955–1975.
Washington (D.C.)
Woodrow Wilson Center Press & Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press
6. MacdonaldG
1957
The epidemiology and control of malaria.
London
Oxford University Press
7. MacDonaldG
1956
Epidemiological basis of malaria control.
Bull World Health Organ
15
613
626
8. The malERA Consultative Group on Modeling
2011
A research agenda for malaria eradication: Modeling.
PLoS Med
8
e1000403
doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000403
9. RussellPF
1955
Man's mastery of malaria.
London, New York, Toronto
Oxford University Press
221
10. WHO
1973
Malaria. Handbook of resolutions and decisions of the World Health Assembly and the Executive Board. Volume I, 1948–1972, 1st to 25th WHA and 1st to 50th EB.
Geneva
World Health Organization
66
81
11. GramicciaG
BealesPF
1988
The recent history of malaria control and eradication.
WernsdorferWH
McGregorI
Malaria. Principles and practice of malariology
Edinburgh, London, Melbourne, New York
Churchill Livingston
1335
1378
12. WHO
1955
Eighth World Health Assembly (Mexico, D.F., 10–27 May 1955). Official records of the World Health Organization, N° 63.
Geneva
World Health Organization
236
240
13. WHO
1957
Expert Committee on malaria, sixth report, WHO Technical Report Series, number 123.
Geneva
WHO
4
14. UNICEF
1955
Statement read by the Regional Director before the Executive Board at its September Meeting. The Americas Regional Office Programme Progress Report, number 29 (March-August, 1955).
New York
UNICEF
15. McGregorIA
1982
Malaria: Introduction.
Br Med Bull
38
115
116
16. WHO
1969
Re-examination of the global strategy of malaria eradication. Twenty-second World Health Assembly, Part I. WHO official records number 176, annex 13.
Geneva
WHO
106
26
17. NájeraJA
2001
Malaria control: achievements, problems and strategies.
Parassitologia
43
1
89
18. Evaluation Committee
1985
In-depth evaluation report of Modified Plan of Operation under National Malaria Eradication Programme of India.
Delhi
National Malaria Eradication Programme. Government of India
19. HendersonDA
1998
Eradication: Lessons from the past.
Bulletin of the World Hlth Organization
76
17
21
20. FennerF
HendersonDA
AritaI
JežekZ
LadnyiID
1988
Smallpox and its eradication.
Geneva
World Health Organization
515
21. GreenwoodBM
2008
Control to elimination: Implications for malaria research.
Trends Parasitol
24
449
454
22. BremanJG
2004
Conquering the intolerable burden of malaria: What's new, what's needed: a summary.
Am J Trop Med Hyg
71
1
15
23. KidsonC
IndaratnaK
1998
Ecology, economics and political will: The vicissitudes of malaria strategies in Asia.
Parassitologia
40
39
46
Štítky
Interné lekárstvoČlánok vyšiel v časopise
PLOS Medicine
2011 Číslo 1
- Statinová intolerance
- Očkování proti virové hemoragické horečce Ebola experimentální vakcínou rVSVDG-ZEBOV-GP
- Parazitičtí červi v terapii Crohnovy choroby a dalších zánětlivých autoimunitních onemocnění
- Metamizol v liečbe pooperačnej bolesti u detí do 6 rokov veku
- Co dělat při intoleranci statinů?
Najčítanejšie v tomto čísle
- A Research Agenda for Malaria Eradication: Cross-Cutting Issues for Eradication
- The Impact of eHealth on the Quality and Safety of Health Care: A Systematic Overview
- Estimates of Pandemic Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness in Europe, 2009–2010: Results of Influenza Monitoring Vaccine Effectiveness in Europe (I-MOVE) Multicentre Case-Control Study
- Using the Delphi Technique to Determine Which Outcomes to Measure in Clinical Trials: Recommendations for the Future Based on a Systematic Review of Existing Studies