Bed Bugs and Infectious Disease: A Case for the Arboviruses

1. DoggettSL, DwyerDE, PenasPF, RussellRC (2012) Bed bugs: clinical relevance and control options. Clin Microbiol Rev 25: 164–192.

2. EddyC, JonesSC (2011) Bed bugs, public health, and social justice: part 1, a call to action. J Environ Health 73: 8–14.

3. GoddardJ, deShazoR (2009) Bed bugs (Cimex lectularius) and clinical consequences of their bites. JAMA 301: 1358–1366.

4. Harlan HJ, Faulde MK, Baumann GJ (2008) Bedbugs. In: Bonnefoy X, Kampen H, Sweeney K, editors. Public health significance of urban pests. Copenhagen: Word Health Organization. pp. 131–153.

5. WoodJL, LeachM, WaldmanL, MacgregorH, FooksAR, et al. (2012) A framework for the study of zoonotic disease emergence and its drivers: spillover of bat pathogens as a case study. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 367: 2881–2892.

6. KilpatrickAM, RandolphSE (2012) Drivers, dynamics, and control of emerging vector-borne zoonotic diseases. Lancet 380: 1946–1955.

7. Usinger R (1966) Monograph of Cimicidae. Lanham, MD: Entomologocal Society of America. 585 p.

8. WilliamsJE, ImlarpS, TopFHJr, CavanaughDC, RussellPK (1976) Kaeng Khoi virus from naturally infected bedbugs (cimicidae) and immature free-tailed bats. Bull World Health Organ 53: 365–369.

9. BalvinO, MunclingerP, KratochvilL, VilimovaJ (2012) Mitochondrial DNA and morphology show independent evolutionary histories of bedbug Cimex lectularius (Heteroptera: Cimicidae) on bats and humans. Parasitol Res 111: 457–469.

10. CalisherCH, ChildsJE, FieldHE, HolmesKV, SchountzT (2006) Bats: important reservoir hosts of emerging viruses. Clin Microbiol Rev 19: 531–545.

11. HayesRO, FrancyDB, LazuickJS, SmithGC, GibbsEPJ (1977) Role of the cliff swallow bug (Oeciacus vicarius) in the natural cycle of a western equine encephalitis-related alphavirus. J Med Entomol 14: 257–262.

12. RushWA, FrancyDB, SmithGC, CroppCB (1980) Transmission of an arbovirus by a member of the family Cimicidae. Ann Entomol Soc Am 73: 315–318.

13. HoplaCE, FrancyDB, CalisherCH, LazuickJS (1993) Relationship of cliff swallows, ectoparasites, and an Alphavirus in west-central Oklahoma. J Med Entomol 30: 267–272.

14. PadhiA, MooreAT, BrownMB, FosterJE, PfefferM, et al. (2008) Phylogeographical structure and evolutionary history of two Buggy Creek virus lineages in the western Great Plains of North America. J Gen Virol 89: 2122–2131.

15. BraultAC, ArmijosMV, WheelerS, WrightS, FangY, et al. (2009) Stone Lakes virus (family Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus), a variant of Fort Morgan virus isolated from swallow bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) west of the Continental Divide. J Med Entomol 46: 1203–1209.

16. ScottTW, BowenGS, MonathTP (1984) A field study on the effects of Fort Morgan virus, an arbovirus transmitted by swallow bugs, on the reproductive success of cliff swallows and symbiotic house sparrows in Morgan County, Colorado, 1976. Am J Trop Med Hyg 33: 981–991.

17. BrownCR, MooreAT, YoungGR, PadhiA, KomarN (2009) Isolation of Buggy Creek virus (Togaviridae: Alphavirus) from field-collected eggs of Oeciacus vicarius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). J Med Entomol 46: 375–379.

18. O'BrienVA, MooreAT, YoungGR, KomarN, ReisenWK, et al. (2011) An enzootic vector-borne virus is amplified at epizootic levels by an invasive avian host. Proc Biol Sci 278: 239–246.

19. MonathTP, LazuickJS, CroppCB, RushWA, CalisherCH, et al. (1980) Recovery of Tonate virus (“Bijou Bridge” strain), a member of the Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus complex, from Cliff Swallow nest bugs (Oeciacus vicarius) and nestling birds in North America. Am J Trop Med Hyg 29: 969–983.

20. TalarminA, TrochuJ, GardonJ, LaventureS, HommelD, et al. (2001) Tonate virus infection in French Guiana: clinical aspects and seroepidemiologic study. Am J Trop Med Hyg 64: 274–279.

21. ScottTW, WeaverSC (1989) Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus: epidemiology and evolution of mosquito transmission. Adv Virus Res 37: 277–328.

22. SteelmanCD, SzalanskiAL, TroutR, McKernJA, SolorzanoC, et al. (2008) Susceptibility of the bed bug Cimex lectularius L. (Heteroptera: Cimicidae) collected in poultry production facilities to selected insecticides. Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology 25: 41–51.

23. OsborneJC, RupprechtCE, OlsonJG, KsiazekTG, RollinPE, et al. (2003) Isolation of Kaeng Khoi virus from dead Chaerephon plicata bats in Cambodia. J Gen Virol 84: 2685–2689.

24. Karabatsos N, editor(1985) International catalogue of Arboviruses, including certain other viruses of vertebrates. 3rd edition. San Antonio, TX: American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.

25. OesterleP, NemethN, YoungG, MooersN, ElmoreS, et al. (2010) Cliff swallows, swallow bugs, and West Nile virus: an unlikely transmission mechanism. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 10: 507–513.

26. KunoG, ChangGJ (2006) Characterization of Sepik and Entebbe bat viruses closely related to yellow fever virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75: 1165–1170.

27. Varelas-WesleyI, CalisherCH (1982) Antigenic relationships of flaviviruses with undetermined arthropod-borne status. Am J Trop Med Hyg 31: 1273–1284.

28. MokiliJL, RohwerF, DutilhBE (2012) Metagenomics and future perspectives in virus discovery. Curr Opin Virol 2: 63–77.

29. GbakimaAA, TerryBC, KanjaF, KortequeeS, DukuleyI, et al. (2002) High prevalence of bedbugs Cimex hemipterus and Cimex lectularis in camps for internally displaced persons in Freetown, Sierra Leone: a pilot humanitarian investigation. West Afr J Med 21: 268–271.

30. HwangSW, SvobodaTJ, De JongIJ, KabaseleKJ, GogosisE (2005) Bed bug infestations in an urban environment. Emerg Infect Dis 11: 533–538.

31. TamuraK, PetersonD, PetersonN, StecherG, NeiM, et al. (2011) MEGA5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods. Mol Biol Evol 28: 2731–2739.