Adult Age Sleep Apnoea

Česká verzia

Authors: K. Šonka ¹; J. Slonková ²
Authors place of work: Univerzita Karlova v Praze, 1. lékařská fakulta a Všeobecná fakultní nemocnice v Praze, Neurologická klinika ¹; Neurologická klinika FN Ostrava ²
Published in the journal: Cesk Slov Neurol N 2008; 71/104(6): 643-656
Category: Minimonography

Poděkování: Minimonografi e vznikla s podporo u VZ MŠMT 0021620816.

Summary

Sleep apnoea is characterised by repeated episodes of interrupted/limited breathing during sleep. Such episodes are either caused by an obstruction in the upper respiratory ways and/or a disorder of the control of breathing during sleep. Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) in the adult age is a frequent disease with a prevalence of 2 to 4 %. It is associated with significant cardiovascular comorbidity (hypertension, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, cerebrovascular events – CVE), with metabolic syndrome, and also with a higher rate of occurrence of epileptic manifestations. OSA reduces life expectancy. The negative impact of OSA and its symptoms can be eliminated by effective treatment, especially by Constant Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP). Central sleep apnoea (CSA) including Cheyne Stokes’ respiration rarely occurs as an isolated condition and is often accompanied by heart failure, CMP and kidney failure and worsens the prognosis. The treatment of CSA not only brings improved signs of sleep apnoea, but has a positive effect on the underlying disease. This monograph presents an overview of the basics of OSA and CSA pathophysiology, their diagnosis, comorbidities and treatment options.

Key words:
sleep related breathing disorders obstructive sleep apnoea – central sleep apnoea – polysomnography – constant positive airway pressure – comorbidity

Zdroje

1. Lavi e P. Who was the first to use the term Pickwicki an in connecti on with sleepy pati ents? History of sleep apnoe a syndrome. Sleep Med Rev 2008; 12(1): 5– 17.

2. Lavi e P. Restless nights: Understanding snoring and sleep apne a. New Haven: Yale University Press 2003: 1– 274.

3. Burwell CS, Robin ED, Whaley RD, Bickelman AG. Extreme obesity associ ated with alve olar hypoventilati on: a Pickwicki an syndrome. Am J Med 1956; 21(5): 811– 818.

4. Gasta ut H, Tassinari CA, Duron B. Etude polygraphique des manifestati ons épisodiques (hypniques et respirato ires) du syndrome de Pickwick. Rev Ne urol (Paris) 1965; 112(6): 568– 579.

5. Bruhová S, Nevsimal O, Ourednik A, Stepánek J, Krizek V. „Pickwicki an syndrome“ and the influence of weight reducti on on the clinical state and polygraphic picture. Act Nerv Super (Praha) 1969; 11(3): 216– 222.

6. Nevšímal O, Brůhová S, Ouředník A, Štěpánek J. Obezita a hypersomni e – polygrafická a klinická studi e. Cesk Ne urol 1968; 31(6): 370– 379.

7. Nevšímal O, Nevšímalová S, Ouředník A. Poruchy spánku a peri odické dýchání u obezních osob. Cesk Ne urol 1973; 36(6): 382– 393.

8. Guillemina ult C, Dement WC. Sleep apne a syndromes. New York: A Liss 1978.

9. Nevšímal O, Petránek S, Paro ubková D. Syndromy spánkové apnoe. Cesk Ne urol Ne urochir 1989; 52/ 58(6): 417– 424.

10. Sullivan CE, Issa FG, Berthon- Jones M, Eves L. Reversal of obstructive sleep apnoe a by continuo us positive airway pressure appli ed thro ugh the nares. Lancet 1981; 1(8225): 862– 865.

11. Fujita S, Conway W, Zorick F, Roth T. Surgical correcti on of anatomic abnormaliti es in obstructive sleep apne a syndrome: uvulopalatopharyngoplasty. Otolaryngol He ad Neck Surg 1981; 89: 923– 934.

12. American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Internati onal classificati on of sleep disorders. 2nd ed. Di agnostic and coding manu al. Wetchester IL: American Academy of Sleep Medicine 2005.

13. Iber C, Ancoli- Israel S, Chesson AL, Qu an SF. The AASM manu al for scoring of sleep and associ ated events: rules, terminology and technical specificati ons. 1st ed. Westchester III: American Academy of Sleep Medicine 2007.

14. Šonka K. Apnoe a další poruchy dýchání ve spánku. Praha: Grada – Avicenum 2004.

15. Šonka K, Příhodová I. Poruchy dýchání vázané na spánek. In. Nevšímalová S,Šonka K (eds). Poruchy spánku a bdění. Praha: Galén 2007: 117– 166.

16. Guillemina ult C, Sto ohs R, Clerk A, Cetel M, Maistros P. A ca use of excessive daytime sleepiness. The upper airway resistance syndrome. Chest 1993; 104(3): 781– 787.

17. Yo ung T, Palta M, Dempsey J, Skatrud J, Weber S, Badr S. The occurrence of sleep- disordered bre athing among middle- aged adults. N Engl J Med 1993; 328(17): 1230– 1235.

18. Marin JM, Carrizo SJ, Vicente E, Agusti AG. Long‑term cardi ovascular o utcomes in men with obstructive sleep apnoe a– hypopnoe a with or witho ut tre atment with continuo us positive airway pressure: an observati onal study. Lancet 2005; 365(9464): 1046– 1053.

19. Lévy P, Pépin J, Tamisi er R, Ne uder Y, Baguet J, Javaheri S. Prevalence and impact of central sleep apne a in he art failure. Sleep Med Clin 2007; 2(4): 615– 621.

20. Hermann DM, Siccoli M, Kirov P, Gugger M, Bassetti CL. Central peri odic bre athing during sleep in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 2007; 38(3): 1082– 1084.

21. Hanly P. Sleep disorders and end‑stage renal dise ase. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2008; 14(6): 543– 550.

22. Cheyne JA. A case of apoplexy in which the fleshy part of the he art was converted into fat. Dublin Hosp Rep 1818; 2: 216– 222.

23. Redline S. Genetics of obstructive sleep apne a. In: Kryger MH, Roth T, Dement WC (eds). Principles and practice of sleep medicine. 4th ed. Philadelphi a: Elsevi er Sa unders 2005: 1013– 1022.

24. Dostálová S, Šmahel Z, Šonka K. Srovnání cefalometrických parametrů nemocných se spánkovým apno ickým syndromem s normo u. Čas Lék čes 2000; 139(9): 272– 277.

25. Ayappa I, Rapoport DM. The upper airway in sleep: physi ology of the pharynx. Sleep Med Rev 2003; 7(1): 9– 33.

26. Rechtschaffen A, Kales A. A manu al of standardised terminology, techniques and scoring system for sleep stages in human subjects. Washington DC: Nati onal Instututes of He alth, Government Printing Office 1968. Pub No 204.

27. Šonka K, Jako ubková M, Pa ul K. Vyšetřování poruch spánku a bdění. In: Nevšímalová S, Šonka K (eds). Poruchy spánku a bdění. Praha: Galén 2007: 59– 86.

28. Jennum P, Santamari a J, Members of the Task Force. Report of an EFNS Task Force on Management of Sleep Disorders in Ne urologic Dise ase (degenerative ne urologic disorders and stroke). Eur J Ne urol 2007; 14(11): 1189– 1200.

29. EEG aro usals: scoring rules and examples: a preliminary report from the Sleep Disorders Atlas Task Force of the American Sleep Disorders Associ ati on. Sleep 1992; 15(2): 173– 184.

30. Šonka K. Měření nadměrné denní spavosti nemocných se spánkovým apno ickým syndromem a korelace s výsledky MESAM4. Cesk Slov Ne urol N 1995; 58/ 91: 236– 239.

31. Obenberger J, Šonka K, Dohnalová J. Výpočetní tomografi e horních dýchacích cest u apno iků. Čas Lék čes 1996; 135(5): 145– 149.

32. Šonka K. Syndrom neklidných noho u. 2nd ed. Praha: Jesseni us Maxdorf 2008.

33. Nevšímalová S. Narkolepsi e a hypersomni e. Cesk Slov Ne urol N 2006; 69/ 102(4): 92– 106.

34. Šonka K. Porucha chování v REM spánku. Neurol pro praxi 2008; 9(5): 297–299.

35. Příhodová I, Šonka K. Parasomni e. In:Nevšímalová S, Šonka K (eds). Poruchy spánku a bdění. Praha: Galén 2007: 209– 242.

36. Šonka K, Nevšímalová S, Nešpor E. Ne urologická onemocnění a poruchy spánku. In: Nevšímalová S, Šonka K (eds). Poruchy spánku a bdění. Praha: Galén 2007: 273– 302.

37. Příhodová I. Noční gro aning (catathreni a) – ne obvyklá parasomni e. Ne urol pro praxi 2008; 9(1): 47– 48.

38. Tkáčová R. Spánkové apnoe a ochoreni a kardi ovaskulárného systému. Praha: Galén 2006.

39. Moráň M, Kadaňka Z, Blatný M. Kvalita spánku u paci entů se syndromem spánkové apnoe a její ovlivnění léčbo u trvalým přetlakem, vztah k hypertenzní chorobě. Cesk Slov Ne urol N 2000; 63/ 96(4): 209– 214.

40. Shahar E, Whitney CW, Redline S, Lee ET. Newman AB, Javi er Ni eto F et al. Sleep disordered bre athing and cardi ovascular dise ases: cross- secti onal results of the Sleep He art He alth Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 163(1): 19– 25.

41. Mehra R, Benjamin EJ, Shahar E, Gottli eb DJ, Nawabit R, Kirchner HL et al. Associ ati on of nocturnal arrhythmi as with sleep- disordered bre athing: The Sleep He art He alth Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 173: 910– 916.

42. Kanagala R, Murali NS, Fri edman PA, Ammash NM, Gersh BJ, Ballman KV et al. Obstructive sleep apne a and the recurrence of atri al fibrillati on. Circulati on 2003; 107(20): 2589– 2594.

43. Rich S. Primary pulmonary hypertenzi on: Executive summary from the World symposi um on primary pulmonary hypertenzi on. Geneva: World He alth Organizati on 1998.

44. Salvet A, Šonka K. Obstrukční spánková apnoe a riziko cévních onemocnění mozku. Cesk Slov Ne urol N 2005; 68/ 101(5): 294– 296.

45. Bassetti CL, Milanova M, Gugger M. Sleep- disordered bre athing and acute ischemic stroke – di agnosis, risk factors, tre atment, evoluti on, and long‑term clinical o utcome. Stroke 2006; 37(4): 967– 972.

46. Vorlová T, Šonka K. Obstrukční spánková apnoe a cévní mozkové příhody. Stud Pne umol Phtise ol 2008: In press.

47. Yaggi H, Mohsenin V. Sleep apne a and stroke: a risk factor or an associ ati on? Sleep Med Clin 2007; 2: 583– 591.

48. Basta M, Vgontzas AN. Metabolic abnormaliti es in obesity and sleep apne a are in a continuum. Sleep Med 2007; 8(1): 5– 7.

49. Punjabi NM, Be aner BA. Sleep apne a and metabolic dysfuncti on. In: Kryger MH, Roth T, Dement WC (eds). Principles and practice of sleep medicine. 4th ed. Philadelphi a: Elsevi er Sa unders 2005: 1034– 1042.

50. Szabóová E, Tomori Z, Donic V, Petrovicová J, Szabó P. Sleep apnoe a inducing hypoxemi a is associ ated with e arly signs of carotid atherosclerosis in males. Respir Physi ol Ne urobi ol 2007; 155(2): 121– 127.

51. Jako ubkova M, Sonka K. Monitoring the impact of ventilati on abnormaliti es on the occurrence of interictal epileptiform patterns. Somnologi e 2003; 7: 97– 100.

52. Sonka K, Juklicková M, Pretl M, Dostalova S, Horinek D, Nevsimalova S. Seizures in sleep apne a pati ents: occurence and time distributi on. Sb Lék 2000; 101(3): 229– 232.

53. Sanders MH, Kern N. Obstructive sleep apne a tre ated by independently adjusted inspiratory and expiratory positive airway pressure vi a nasal mask. Physi ologic and clinical implicati ons. Chest 1990; 98(2): 317– 324.

54. Engleman HM, Wild MR. Improving CPAP use by pati ents with the sleep apnoe a/ hypopnoe a syndrome (SAHS). Sleep Med Rev 2003; 7(1): 81– 99.

55. Šonka K. Nové indikace modafinilu. Farmakoterapi e 2007; 3(6): 540– 541.

56. Mortimore IL, Bradley PA, Murray JA, Do uglas NJ. Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty may compromise nasal CPAP therapy in sleep apne a syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 154 (6 Pt 1): 1759– 1762.

57. Hedner J, Grote L, Zo u D. Pharmacological tre atment of sleep apnoe a: Current situ ati on and future strategi es. Sleep Med Rev 2008; 12(1): 33– 47.

58. White DP. Central sleep apne a. In: Kryger MH, Roth T, Dement WC (eds). Principles and practice of sleep medicine. 4th ed. Philadelphi a: Elsevi er Sa unders 2005: 969– 982.

59. Bradley TD, Logan AG, Kimoff RJ, Sériès F, Morrison D, Ferguson K et al. Continuo us positive airway pressure for central sleep apne a and he art failure. N Engl J Med 2005; 353(19): 2025– 2033.