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Forced anal examinations to ascertain sexual orientation and sexual behavior: An abusive and medically unsound practice


In an essay, Cody Cichowitz and colleagues discuss approaches to preventing the practice of inappropriate anal examination.


Vyšlo v časopise: Forced anal examinations to ascertain sexual orientation and sexual behavior: An abusive and medically unsound practice. PLoS Med 15(3): e32767. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002536
Kategorie: Essay
prolekare.web.journal.doi_sk: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002536

Souhrn

In an essay, Cody Cichowitz and colleagues discuss approaches to preventing the practice of inappropriate anal examination.


Zdroje

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2. Sieff K. Tanzania suspends U.S.- funded AIDS programs in a new crackdown on gays. The Washington Post. 23 Nov 2016. [Cited 27 January 2018]. Available from: https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/tanzania-suspends-us-funded-aids-programs-in-a-new-crackdown-on-gays/2016/11/23/ec6ced6e-ab5c-11e6-8f19-21a1c65d2043_story.html.

3. Fallon A. People With HIV Are Panicking Due To Tanzania's Crackdown On Gays. NPR—Goats and Soda. 15 Mar 2017. [Cited 27 January 2018]. Available from: https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2017/03/15/518155924/people-with-hiv-are-panicking-due-to-tanzanias-crackdown-on-gays.

4. Honan E. How Tanzania Is Cracking Down On LGBT People—And Getting Away With It. Buzzfeed. 8 Apr 2017. [Cited 27 January 2018]. Available from: https://www.buzzfeed.com/edithhonan/how-tanzania-is-cracking-down-on-lgbt-people-and-getting?utm_term=.le6rnV4Oy#.lwOQrGP0b.

5. Human Rights Watch. Global Medical Body Condemns Forced Anal Exams. Human Rights Watch. 17 Oct 2017. [Cited 27 January 2018]. Available from: https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/10/17/global-medical-body-condemns-forced-anal-exams.

6. Human Rights Watch. Dignity debased: Forced anal examinations in homosexuality prosecutions. Human Rights Watch. 12 July 2016. [Cited 27 January 2018]. Available from: https://www.hrw.org/report/2016/07/12/dignity-debased/forced-anal-examinations-homosexuality-prosecutions.

7. Moen K, Aggleton P, Leshabari MT, Middelthon A-L. Same-Sex Practicing Men in Tanzania from 1860 to 2010. Arch Sex Behav. 2014 Apr 22;43(6):1065–82. doi: 10.1007/s10508-014-0286-2 24752788

8. United Nations. Convention against torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. United Nations. 10 Dec 1984. [Cited 27 January 2018]. Available from: http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/ProfessionalInterest/cat.pdf.

9. Long S. When Doctors Torture: The Anus and the State in Egypt and Beyond. Health Hum Rights. 2008 Mar 6;7:116–40.

10. Human Rights Council. Discrimination and violence against individuals based on their sexual orientation and gender identity. United Nations. 4 May 2015. [Cited 27 January 2018]. Available from: https://undocs.org/A/HRC/29/23.

11. United Nations. Ending violence and discrimination against lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex people. 29 Sep 2015. [Cited 27 January 2018]. Available from: http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Discrimination/Joint_LGBTI_Statement_ENG.PDF.

12. International Forensic Expert Group. Statement on anal examinations in cases of alleged homosexuality. Torture. 2016;26(2):85–91.

13. Dworkin ER, Menon SV, Bystrynski J, Allen NE. Sexual assault victimization and psychopathology: A review and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2017;56:65–81. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2017.06.002 28689071

14. United Nations. Principles of medical ethics relevant to the role of health personnel. United Nations. 18 Dec 1982. [Cited 27 January 2018]. Available from: http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/MedicalEthics.aspx.

15. World Medical Association. Declaration of Tokyo. World Medical Association. Oct 1975. [Cited 27 January 2018]. Available from: https://www.wma.net/policies-post/wma-declaration-of-tokyo-guidelines-for-physicians-concerning-torture-and-other-cruel-inhuman-or-degrading-treatment-or-punishment-in-relation-to-detention-and-imprisonment/.

16. World Medical Association. Resolution on prohibition of forced anal examinations to substantiate same-sex sexual activity. World Medical Association. Oct 2017. [Cited 27 January 2018]. Available from: https://www.wma.net/policies-post/wma-resolution-on-prohibition-of-forced-anal-examinations-to-substantiate-same-sex-sexual-activity/.

17. Mateen FJ, Rubenstein LS. Government policies in violation of human rights as a barrier to professionalism. JAMA. 2011 Aug 3;306(5):541–2. doi: 10.1001/jama.2011.1082 21813432

18. Pont J, Stöver H, Wolff H. Dual loyalty in prison health care. Am J Public Health. 2012 Mar;102(3):475–80. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300374 22390510

19. Ghoshal N. Beginning of end for forced anal exams. Human Rights Watch. 26 Sep 2017. [Cited 27 January 2018]. Available from: https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/09/26/beginning-end-forced-anal-exams.

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Interné lekárstvo

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PLOS Medicine


2018 Číslo 3
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