Microparticles

Česká verzia

Authors: L. Slavík; J. Úlehlová; A. Hluší; J. Procházková; M. Procházka; V. Krčová; K. Indrák
Authors place of work: Hemato- onkologická klinika Lékařské fakulty UP a FN Olomouc, přednosta prof. MUDr. Karel Indrák, DrSc.
Published in the journal: Vnitř Lék 2010; 56(Supplementum 1): 112-116
Category: 16th Parizek's Days, Ostrava-Poruba, March 25th –26th 2010

Summary

Microparticles (MPs) are particles sized 0.05–1 mm. Their composition varies considerably depending on their origin. On their surface, however, glycoproteins are always found, that are also expressed on the cell surface. This characteristic is used for their detection using monoclonal antibodies. MPs are released as fragments from the plasma membrane of practically all types of eukaryotic cells, either after their stimulation or during apoptosis. MPs may also be formed in the process of cellular tissue damage. Thus, MP formation may represent a wide response to common stimuli in processes such as cellular stress. Endothelial damage and membrane disruption are the key steps in the pathogenesis of inflammation. Methods for detecting MPs result from attempts to determine both their absolute count and their thrombogenic potential. To measure the count of MPs, flow cytometry may be used with success. Recently, numerous methods using a broad spectrum of monoclonal antibodies have been described. At present, platelet MPs are determined by detecting expression of CD41 and endothelial MPs by expression of CD144. By contrast, ELISA methods are used to evaluate the thrombogenic potential of MPs by detecting expression of P-selectin. A specific method is the thrombin generation assay combined with ultrafiltration to assess the thrombogenic potential of MPs. Understanding the role of MPs in the pathology of numerous diseases is primarily based on the knowledge of their pathophysiological properties. The thrombogenic potential is beneficial in thrombocytopenia, with high levels of MPs being detected in patients without bleeding complications. However, this feature may cause thrombotic complications. On the other hand, MPs may play a negative role in myocardial infarction, inflammatory processes or multiple sclerosis.

Key words:
microparticles – trombotic risk factor – P-selektin – flow-cytometry – thrombin generation

Zdroje

1. Schouten M, Wiersinga WJ, Levi M et al. Inflammation, endothelium, and coagulation in sepsis. J Leukoc Biol 2008; 83: 536–545.

2. Morel O, Toti F, Hugel B et al. Procoagulant microparticles: disrupting the vascular homeostasis equation? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006; 26: 2594–2604.

3. Pérez-Casal M, Downey C, Cutillas-Moreno B et al. Microparticle-associated endothelial protein C receptor and the induction of cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects. Haematologica 2009; 94: 387–394.

4. Barry OP, Pratico D, Lawson JA et al. Transcellular activation of platelets and endothelial cells by bioactive lipids in platelet microparticles. J Clin Invest 1997; 99: 2118–2127.

5. Mesri M, Altieri DC. Leukocyte microparticles stimulate endothelial cell cytokine release and tissue factor induction in a JNK1 signaling pathway. J Biol Chem 1999; 274: 23111–23118.

6. Mause SF, von Hundelshausen P, Zernecke A et al. Platelet microparticles: a transcellular delivery system for RANTES promoting monocyte recruitment on endothelium. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005; 25: 1512–1518.

7. Jy W, Mao WW, Horstman L et al. Platelet microparticles bind, activate and aggregate neutrophils in vitro. Blood Cells Mol Dis 1995; 21: 217–231.

8. MacKenzie A, Wilson HL, Kiss-Toth E et al. Rapid secretion of interleukin-1beta by microvesicle shedding. Immunity 2001; 15: 825–835.

9. Canault M, Leroyer AS, Peiretti F et al. Microparticles of human atherosclerotic plaques enhance the shedding of the tumor necrosis factor-alpha converting enzyme/ADAM17 substrates, tumor necrosis factor and tumor necrosis factor receptor-1. Am J Pathol 2007; 171: 1713–1723.

10. Gasser O, Schifferli JA. Activated polymorphonuclear neutrophils disseminate antiinflammatory microparticles by ectocytosis. Blood 2004; 104: 2543–2548.

11. Dalli J, Norling LV, Renshaw D et al. Annexin 1 mediates the rapid anti-inflammatory effects of neutrophil-derived microparticles. Blood 2008; 112: 2512–2519.

12. Abid Hussein MN, Boing AN, Sturk A et al. Inhibition of microparticle release triggers endothelial cell apoptosis and detachment. Thromb Haemost 2007; 98: 1096–1097.

13. Essayagh S, Xuereb JM, Terrisse AD et al. Microparticles from apoptotic monocytes induce transient platelet recruitment and tissue factor expression by cultured human vascular endothelial cells via a redoxsensitive mechanism. Thromb Haemost 2007; 98: 831–837.

14. Satta N, Freyssinet JM, Toti F. The significance of human monocyte thrombomodulin during membrane vesiculation and after stimulation by lipopolysaccharide. Br J Haematol 1997; 96: 534–542.

15. Sabatier F, Roux V, Anfosso F et al. Interaction of endothelial microparticles with monocytic cells in vitro induces tissue factor-dependent procoagulant activity. Blood 2002; 99: 3962–3970.

16. Perez-Casal M, Downey C, Fukudome K et al. Activated protein C induces the release of microparticle-associated endothelial protein C receptor. Blood 2005; 105: 1515–1522.

17. Chironi G, Simon A, Hugel B et al. Circulating leukocyte-derived microparticles predict subclinical atherosclerosis burden in asymptomatic subjects. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006; 26: 2775–2780.

18. Pirro M, Schillaci G, Bagaglia F et al. Microparticles derived from endotheial progenitor cells in patients at different cardiovascular risk. Atherosclerosis 2008; 197: 757–767.

19. Vidal1 C, Spaulding1 Ch, Picard F et al. Flow Cytometry Detection of Platelet Procoagulant Activity and Microparticles in Patients with Unstable Angina Treated by Percutaneous Coronary Angioplasty and Stent ImplantationThromb Haemost 2001; 86: 784–790.

20. Nomura S. Measuring circulating cell-derived microparticles, J Thromb Haemost 2004; 10: 1847–1848.

21. Miyamoto S, Marcinkiewicz C, Edmunds Jr. LH et al. Measurement of platelet microparticles during cardiopulmonary bypass by means of captured ELISA for GpIIb/IIIa. Thromb Haemost 1998; 80: 225–230.

22. Bidot L, Jy W, Bidot C Jr et al. Microparticle-mediated thrombin generation assay: increased activity in patients with recurrent thrombosis. J Thromb Haemost 2008; 6: 913–919.

23. Shet AS, Aras O, Gupta K et al. Sickle blood contains tissue factor-positive microparticles derived from endothelial cells and monocytes. Blood 2003; 102: 2678–2683.

24. Visentin GP, Ford SE, Scott JP et al. Antibodies from patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia/thrombosis are specific for platelet factor 4 complexed with heparin or bound to endothelial cells. J Clin Invest 1994; 93: 81–88.

25. Barry OP, Pratico D, Savani RC et al. Modulation of monocyte-endothelial cell interactions by platelet microparticles. J Clin Invest 1998; 102: 136–144.

26. Furlan M, Robles R, Galbusera M et al. von Willebrand factor-cleaving protease in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and the hemolytic-uremic syndrome. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 1578–1584.

27. Hugel B, Socie G, Vu T et al. Elevated levels of circulating procoagulant microparticles in patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and aplastic anemia. Blood 1999; 93: 3451–3456.

28. Ogata N, Imaizumi M, Nomura S et al. Increased levels of platelet-derived microparticles in patients with diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2005; 68: 193–201.

29. Omoto S, Nomura S, Shouzu A et al. Significance of platelet-derived microparticles and activated platelets in diabetic nephropathy. Nephron 1999; 81: 271.

30. Omoto S, Nomura S, Shouzu A et al. Detection of monocyte-derived microparticles in patients with Type II diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 2002; 45: 550–555.

31. Diamant M, Nieuwland R, Pablo RF et al. Elevated numbers of tissue-factor exposing microparticles correlate with components of the metabolic syndrome in uncomplicated type 2 diabetes mellitus. Circulation 2002; 106: 2442–2447.

32. Faure V, Dou L, Sabatier F et al. Elevation of circulating endothelial microparticles in patients with chronic renal failure. J Thromb Haemost 2006; 4: 566–573.

33. Bernal-Mizrachi L, Jy W, Jimenez JJ et al. High levels of circulating endothelial microparticles in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Am Heart J 2003; 145: 962–970.

34. Lee YJ, Jy W, Horstman LL et al. Elevated platelet microparticles in transient ischemic attacks, lacunar infarcts, and multi-infarct dementias. Thromb Res 1993; 72: 295–304.

35. Touat Z, Ollivier V, Dai J et al.Renewal of mural thrombus releases plasma markers and is involved in aortic abdominal aneurysm evolution. Am J Pathol 2006; 168: 1022–1030.

36. Heresi GA, Chirinos JA, Velasquez H et al. Elevated endothelial Microparticles (EMP) and activation markers of platelet and leukocytes in venous thromboembolism (VTE). Blood 2003; 102: 804a.

37. Tan KT, Tayebjee MH, Lynd C et al. Platelet microparticles and soluble P selectin in peripheral artery disease: relationship to extent of disease and platelet activation markers. Ann Med 2005; 37: 61–66.