Development and Validation of a Risk Score for Chronic Kidney Disease in HIV Infection Using Prospective Cohort Data from the D:A:D Study

1. May M, Gompels M, Delpech V, Porter K, Post F, et al. (2011) Impact of late diagnosis and treatment on life expectancy in people with HIV-1: UK Collaborative HIV Cohort (UK CHIC) Study. BMJ 343: d6016. doi: 10.1136/bmj.d6016 21990260

2. van Sighem AI, Gras LA, Reiss P, Brinkman K, de Wolf F, et al. (2010) Life expectancy of recently diagnosed asymptomatic HIV-infected patients approaches that of uninfected individuals. AIDS 24: 1527–1535. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32833a3946 20467289

3. Mocroft A, Vella S, Benfield TL, Chiesi A, Miller V, et al. (1998) Changing patterns of mortality across Europe in patients infected with HIV-1. EuroSIDA Study Group. Lancet 352: 1725–1730. 9848347

4. Jotwani V, Li Y, Grunfeld C, Choi AI, Shlipak MG (2012) Risk factors for ESRD in HIV-infected individuals: traditional and HIV-related factors. Am J Kidney Dis 59: 628–635. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2011.10.050 22206742

5. McAlister FA, Ezekowitz J, Tonelli M, Armstrong PW (2004) Renal insufficiency and heart failure: prognostic and therapeutic implications from a prospective cohort study. Circulation 109: 1004–1009. 14769700

6. Gupta SK, Mamlin BW, Johnson CS, Dollins MD, Topf JM, et al. (2004) Prevalence of proteinuria and the development of chronic kidney disease in HIV-infected patients. Clin Nephrol 61: 1–6. 14964451

7. Szczech LA, Gange SJ, van der HC, Bartlett JA, Young M, et al. (2002) Predictors of proteinuria and renal failure among women with HIV infection. Kidney Int 61: 195–202. 11786101

8. Lucas GM, Lau B, Atta MG, Fine DM, Keruly J, et al. (2008) Chronic kidney disease incidence, and progression to end-stage renal disease, in HIV-infected individuals: a tale of two races. J Infect Dis 197: 1548–1557. doi: 10.1086/587994 18422458

9. Mocroft A, Kirk O, Reiss P, de Wit S, Sedlacek D, et al. (2010) Estimated glomerular filtration rate, chronic kidney disease and antiretroviral drug use in HIV-positive patients. AIDS 24: 1667–1678. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e328339fe53 20523203

10. Flandre P, Pugliese P, Cuzin L, Bagnis CI, Tack I, et al. (2011) Risk factors of chronic kidney disease in HIV-infected patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 6: 1700–1707. doi: 10.2215/CJN.09191010 21566114

11. Ryom L, Mocroft A, Kirk O, Worm SW, Kamara DA, et al. (2013) Association between antiretroviral exposure and renal impairment among HIV-positive persons with normal baseline renal function: the D:A:D Study. J Infect Dis 207: 1359–1369. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jit043 23382571

12. Scherzer R, Estrella M, Li Y, Choi AI, Deeks SG, et al. (2012) Association of tenofovir exposure with kidney disease risk in HIV infection. AIDS 26: 867–875. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e328351f68f 22313955

13. Ibrahim F, Hamzah L, Jones R, Nitsch D, Sabin C, et al. (2011) Baseline renal function as predictor of mortality and renal disease progression in HIV infected patients [abstract]. Abstract 836. 18th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; 27 Feb–2 Mar 2011; Boston, Massachusetts, US.

14. Lee M, Saver JL, Chang KH, Liao HW, Chang SC, et al. (2010) Low glomerular filtration rate and risk of stroke: meta-analysis. BMJ 341: c4249. doi: 10.1136/bmj.c4249 20884696

15. Mocroft A, Ryom L, Begovac J, Monforte AD, Vassilenko A, et al. (2014) Deteriorating renal function and clinical outcomes in HIV-positive persons. AIDS 28: 727–737. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000000134 24983543

16. Thakkinstian A, Ingsathit A, Chaiprasert A, Rattanasiri S, Sangthawan P, et al. (2011) A simplified clinical prediction score of chronic kidney disease: a cross-sectional-survey study. BMC Nephrol 12: 45. doi: 10.1186/1471-2369-12-45 21943205

17. Chien KL, Lin HJ, Lee BC, Hsu HC, Lee YT, et al. (2010) A prediction model for the risk of incident chronic kidney disease. Am J Med 123: 836–846. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2010.05.010 20800153

18. Ando M, Yanagisawa N, Ajisawa A, Tsuchiya K, Nitta K (2011) A simple model for predicting incidence of chronic kidney disease in HIV-infected patients. Clin Exp Nephrol 15: 242–247. doi: 10.1007/s10157-010-0393-x 21246239

19. Scherzer R, Gandhi M, Estrella MM, Tien PC, Deeks SG, et al. (2014) A chronic kidney disease risk score to determine tenofovir safety in a prospective cohort of HIV-positive male veterans. AIDS 28: 1289–1295. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000000258 24922479

20. Collins GS, Omar O, Shanyinde M, Yu LM (2013) A systematic review finds prediction models for chronic kidney disease were poorly reported and often developed using inappropriate methods. J Clin Epidemiol 66: 268–277. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2012.06.020 23116690

21. Friis-Moller N, Weber R, Reiss P, Thiebaut R, Kirk O, et al. (2003) Cardiovascular disease risk factors in HIV patients—association with antiretroviral therapy. Results from the DAD study. AIDS 17: 1179–1193. 12819520

22. Cockcroft DW, Gault MH (1976) Prediction of creatinine clearance from serum creatinine. Nephron 16: 31–41. 1244564

23. Gupta SK, Eustace JA, Winston JA, Boydstun II, Ahuja TS, et al. (2005) Guidelines for the management of chronic kidney disease in HIV-infected patients: recommendations of the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 40: 1559–1585. 15889353

24. Ryom L, Mocroft A, Lundgren JD (2014) Antiretroviral therapy, immune suppression and renal impairment in HIV-positive persons. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 9: 41–47. doi: 10.1097/COH.0000000000000023 24225381

25. ) Manual of operations: MOOP—Data Collection on Adverse Events of Anti-HIV Drugs, version 1.4. Available: http://www.cphiv.dk/Portals/0/files/Study%20documents/DAD_MOOP_revised2013.pdf. Accessed 5 March 2015.

26. Sabin CA, Smith CJ, Youle M, Lampe FC, Bell DR, et al. (2006) Deaths in the era of HAART: contribution of late presentation, treatment exposure, resistance and abnormal laboratory markers. AIDS 20: 67–71. 16327321

27. Abrams D, Levy Y, Losso MH, Babiker A, Collins G, et al. (2009) Interleukin-2 therapy in patients with HIV infection. N Engl J Med 361: 1548–1559. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0903175 19828532

28. El-Sadr WM, Lundgren JD, Neaton JD, Gordin F, Abrams D, et al. (2006) CD4+ count-guided interruption of antiretroviral treatment. N Engl J Med 355: 2283–2296. 17135583

29. Levey AS, Stevens LA, Schmid CH, Zhang YL, Castro AF 3rd, et al. (2009) A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate. Ann Intern Med 150: 604–612. 19414839

30. Ryom L, Mocroft A, Kirk O, Ross M, Reiss P, et al. (2014) Predictors of advanced chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease in HIV-positive persons. AIDS 28: 187–199. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000000042 24361680

31. de Boer IH (2012) Chronic kidney disease—a challenge for all ages. JAMA 308: 2401–2402. 23111858

32. Stohr W, Reid A, Walker AS, Ssali F, Munderi P, et al. (2011) Glomerular dysfunction and associated risk factors over 4–5 years following antiretroviral therapy initiation in Africa. Antivir Ther 16: 1011–1020. doi: 10.3851/IMP1832 22024517

33. Mocroft A, Ryom L, Reiss P, Furrer H, d’Arminio MA, et al. (2014) A comparison of estimated glomerular filtration rates using Cockcroft-Gault and the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration estimating equations in HIV infection. HIV Med 15: 144–152. doi: 10.1111/hiv.12095 24118916

34. World Health Organization (2013) Consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection. Recommendations for a public health approach. Geneva: World Health Organization.