Infections in Humans and Animals: Pathophysiology, Detection, and Treatment

1. FindleyK, OhJ, YangJ, ConlanS, DemingC, et al. (2013) Topographic diversity of fungal and bacterial communities in human skin. Nature 498: 367–370.

2. WangQ-M, TheelenB, GroenewaldM, BaiF-Y, BoekhoutT (2014) Moniliellomycetes and Malasseziomycetes, two new classes in Ustilaginomycotina. Persoonia 33: 41–47.

3. McGinleyKJ, LeydenJJ, MarplesRR, KligmanAM (1975) Quantitative microbiology of the scalp in non-dandruff, dandruff, and seborrheic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 64: 401–405.

4. GemmerCM, De AngelisYM, TheelenB, BoekhoutT, DawsonTLJr, Jr (2002) Fast, noninvasive method for molecular detection and differentiation of Malassezia yeast species on human skin and application of the method to dandruff microbiology. J Clin Microbiol 40: 3350–3357.

5. AmendA (2014) From dandruff to deep-sea vents: Malassezia-like fungi are ecologically hyper-diverse. PLOS Pathog 10: e1004277.

6. RenkerC, AlpheiJ, BuscotF (2003) Soil nematodes associated with the mammal pathogenic fungal genus Malassezia (Basidiomycota: Ustilaginomycetes) in Central European forests. Biol Fertil Soils 37: 70–72.

7. GaoZ, LiB, ZhengC, WangG (2008) Molecular detection of fungal communities in the Hawaiian marine sponges Suberites zeteki and Mycale armata. Appl Environ Microbiol 74: 6091–6101.

8. BjellandT, EkmanS (2005) Fungal diversity in rock beneath a crustose lichen as revealed by molecular markers. Microb Ecol 49: 598–603.

9. XuJ, SaundersCW, HuP, GrantRA, BoekhoutT, et al. (2007) Dandruff-associated Malassezia genomes reveal convergent and divergent virulence traits shared with plant and human fungal pathogens. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104: 18730–18735.

10. Sun S, Hagen F, Xu J, Dawson T, Heitman J, et al.. (2013) Ecogenomics of human and animal Basidiomycetous yeast pathogens. In: The Ecological Genomics of Fungi (Ed. F. Martin). Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, UK, pp. 215–242.

11. GaitanisG, MagiatisP, StathopoulouK, BassukasID, AlexopoulosEC, et al. (2008) AhR ligands, malassezin, and indolo [3,2-b] carbazole are selectively produced by Malassezia furfur strains isolated from seborrheic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 128: 1620–1625.

12. AkazaN, AkamatsuH, TakeokaS, SasakiY, MizutaniH, et al. (2012) Malassezia globosa tends to grow actively in summer conditions more than other cutaneous Malassezia species. J Dermatol 39: 613–616.

13. PassiS, PicardoM, MorroneA, De LucaC, IppolitoF (1991) Skin surface lipids in HIV sero-positive and HIV sero-negative patients affected with seborrheic dermatitis. J Dermatol Sci 2: 84–91.

14. DawsonTLJr (2007) Malassezia globosa and restricta: breakthrough understanding of the etiology and treatment of dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis through whole-genome analysis. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 12: 15–19.

15. Patiño-UzcáteguiA, AmadoY, Cepero de GarcíaM, ChavesD, TabimaJ, et al. (2011) Virulence gene expression in Malassezia spp. from individuals with seborrheic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 131: 2134–2136.

16. LiC, RanY, SugitaT, ZhangE, XieZ, et al. (2014) Malassezia associated hyperkeratosis of the nipple in young females: Report of three cases. Ind J Derm Ven Lepr 80: 78–80.

17. CafarchiaC, OtrantoD (2004) Association between phospholipase production by Malassezia pachydermatis and skin lesions. J Clin Microbiol 42: 4868–4869.

18. VlachosC, GaitanisG, AlexopoulosEC, PapadopoulouC, BassukasID (2013) Phospholipase activity after β-endorphin exposure discriminates Malassezia strains isolated from healthy and seborrhoeic dermatitis skin. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 27: 1575–1578.

19. MagiatisP, PappasP, GaitanisG, MexiaN, MelliouE, et al. (2013) Malassezia yeasts produce a collection of exceptionally potent activators of the Ah (dioxin) receptor detected in diseased human skin. J Invest Dermatol 133: 2023–2030.

20. GaitanisG, VelegrakiA, MagiatisP, PappasP, BassukasID (2011) Could Malassezia yeasts be implicated in skin carcinogenesis through the production of aryl-hydrocarbon receptor ligands? Med Hypotheses 77: 47–51.

21. IattaR, CafarchiaC, CunaT, MontagnaO, LaforgiaN, et al. (2014) Bloodstream infections by Malassezia and Candida species in critical care patients. Med Mycol 52: 264–269.

22. NagataR, NaganoH, OgishimaD, NakamuraY, HirumaM, et al. (2012) Transmission of the major skin microbiota, Malassezia, from mother to neonate. Pediatr Int 54: 350–355.

23. GaitanisG, MagiatisP, HantschkeM, BassukasID, VelegrakiA (2012) The Malassezia genus in skin and systemic diseases. Clin Microbiol Rev 25: 106–141.

24. KanekoT, MurotaniM, OhkusuK, SugitaT, MakimuraK (2012) Genetic and biological features of catheter-associated Malassezia furfur from hospitalized adults. Med Mycol 50: 74–80.

25. CafarchiaC, GalloS, DanesiP, CapelliG, ParadiesP, et al. (2008) Assessing the relationship between Malassezia and leishmaniasis in dogs with or without skin lesions. Acta Trop 107: 25–29.

26. MachadoML, CafarchiaC, OtrantoD, FerreiraRR, BianchiSP, et al. (2010) Genetic variability and phospholipase production of Malassezia pachydermatis isolated from dogs with diverse grades of skin lesions. Med Mycol 48: 889–892.

27. CafarchiaC, GalloS, RomitoD, CapelliG, ChermetteR, et al. (2005) Frequency, body distribution, and population size of Malassezia species in healthy dogs and in dogs with localized cutaneous lesions. J Vet Diagn Invest 17: 316–322.

28. CafarchiaC, GasserRB, LatrofaMS, ParisiA, CampbellBE, et al. (2008) Genetic variants of Malassezia pachydermatis from canine skin: body distribution and phospholipase activity. FEMS Yeast Res 8: 451–459.

29. CafarchiaC, Dell'AquilaME, CapelliG, MinoiaP, OtrantoD (2007) Role of beta-endorphin on phospholipase production in Malassezia pachydermatis in dogs: new insights into the pathogenesis of this yeast. Med Mycol 45: 11–15.

30. CafarchiaC, Dell'AquilaME, TraversaD, AlbrizioM, GuaricciAC, et al. (2010) Expression of the micro-opioid receptor on Malassezia pachydermatis and its effect in modulating phospholipase production. Med Mycol 48: 73–78.

31. StalhbergerTh, SimenelC, ClavaudC, EijsinkVGH, JourdainR, et al. (2014) Chemical organization of the cell wall polysaccharide core of Malassezia restricta. J Biol Chem 289: 12647–12656.

32. BaronEJ, MillerJM, WeinsteinMP, RichterSS, GilliganPH, et al. (2013) A guide to utilization of the microbiology laboratory for diagnosis of infectious diseases: 2013 recommendations by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and the American Society for Microbiology (ASM). Clin Infect Dis. 57: e22–e121.

33. Guého-Kellermann E, Boekhout T, Begerow D. (2010) Biodiversity phylogeny and ultrastructure In: Malassezia and the Skin: Science and Clinical Practice. Berlin: Springer. Boekhout T, Guého E, Mayser P, Velegraki A (Editors), pp 17–63.

34. BoekhoutT, KampM, GuéhoE (1998) Molecular typing of Malassezia species with PFGE and RAPD. Med Mycol 36: 365–372.

35. Sugita T, Boekhout T, Velegraki A, Guillot J, Hadina S, et al.. (2010). Epidemiology of Malassezia-related skin diseases. In: Malassezia and the Skin: Science and Clinical Practice. Berlin: Springer. Boekhout T, Gueho E, Mayser P, Velegraki A (Editors), pp 65–119.

36. Bond R, Guillot J, Cabañes FJ (2010) Malassezia yeasts in animal disease. In: Malassezia and the Skin: Science and Clinical Practice. Berlin: Springer. Boekhout T, Gueho E, Mayser P, Velegraki A (Editors), pp 271–299.

37. BondR (2010) Superficial veterinary mycoses. Clin Dermatol 28: 226–236.

38. NegreA, BensignorE, GuillotJ (2009) Evidence-based veterinary dermatology: a systematic review of interventions for Malassezia dermatitis in dogs. Vet Dermatol 20: 1–12.

39. CabañesFJ (2014) Malassezia yeasts: how many species infect humans and animals? PLOS Pathogens 10: e1003892.

40. CafarchiaC, GasserRB, FigueredoLA, LatrofaMS, OtrantoD (2011a) Advances in the identification of Malassezia. Mol Cell Probes 25: 1–7.

41. GuptaAK, BoekhoutT, TheelenB, SummerbellR, BatraR (2004) Identification and typing of Malassezia species by amplified fragment length polymorphism and sequence analyses of the internal transcribed spacer and large-subunit regions of ribosomal DNA. J Clin Microbiol 42: 4253–4260.

42. KoleckaA, KhayhanK, ArabatzisM, VelegrakiA, KostrzewaM, et al. (2014) Efficient identification of Malassezia yeasts by matrix-assisted laser desorptionionization-time off light mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Br J Dermatol 170: 332–341.

43. YamamotoM, UmedaY, YoA, YamauraM, MakimuraK (2014) Utilization of matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry for identification of infantile seborrheic dermatitis-causing Malassezia and incidence of culture-based cutaneous Malassezia microbiota of 1-month-old infants. J Dermatol. 41: 117–123.

44. SugitaT, TajimaM, TsubukuH, TsuboiR, NishikawaA (2006) Quantitative analysis of cutaneous Malassezia in atopic dermatitis patients using real-time PCR. Microbiol Immunol 50: 549–552.

45. GuéhoE, MidgleyG, GuillotJ (1996) The genus Malassezia with description of four new species. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 69: 337–355.

46. GaitanisG, VelegrakiA, AlexopoulosEC, Kapsanaki-GotsiE, ZisovaL, et al. (2009b) Malassezia furfur fingerprints as possible markers for human phylogeography. ISME J 3: 498–502.

47. GiusianoG, Sosa MdeL, RojasF, VanacoreST, MangiaterraM (2010) Prevalence of Malassezia species in pityriasis versicolor lesions in northeast Argentina. Rev Iberoam Micol 27: 71–74.

48. RudramurthySM, HonnavarP, ChakrabartiA, DograS, PankajS, et al. (2014) Association of Malassezia species with psoriatic lesions. Mycoses 57: 483–488.

49. KobayashiT, KanoR, NagataM, HasegawaA, KamataH (2011) Genotyping of Malassezia pachydermatis isolates from canine healthy skin and atopic dermatitis by internal spacer 1 (IGS1) region analysis. Vet Dermatol 22: 401–405.

50. CafarchiaC, FigueredoLA, IattaR, ColaoV, MontagnaMT, OtrantoD (2012) In vitro evaluation of Malassezia pachydermatis susceptibility to azole compounds using E-test and CLSI microdilution methods. Med Mycol 50: 795–801.

51. MidreuilF, GuillotJ, GuéhoE, RenaudF, MalliéM, et al. (1999) Genetic diversity in the yeast species Malassezia pachydermatis analysed by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis. Int J Syst Bacteriol 49: 1287–1294.

52. GiotiA, NystedtB, LiW, XuJ, AnderssonA, et al. (2013) Genomics insights into the atopic eczema-associated skin commensal yeast Malassezia sympodialis. MBio 4: e00572–e00612.

53. ArendrupMC, BoekhoutT, AkovaM, MeisJF, CornelyOA, et al. (2014) ESCMID/ECMM Joint Clinical Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Rare Invasive Yeast Infections. Clin Microbiol Infect 20: 76–98.

54. HaldM, ArendrupMC, SvejgaardEL, LindskovR, FogedEK, et al. (2014) Evidence-based Danish guidelines for the treatment of Malassezia-related skin diseases. Acta Derm Venereol E-pub ahead of print. doi:–10.2340/00015555–1825

55. KaffenbergerBH, MathisJ, ZirwasMJ (2014) A retrospective descriptive study of oral azole antifungal agents in patients with patch test-negative head and neck predominant atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 71: 480–483.

56. VelegrakiA, AlexopoulosEC, KritikouS, GaitanisG (2004) Use of fatty acid RPMI 1640 media for testing susceptibilities of eight Malassezia species to the new triazole posaconazole and to six established antifungal agents by a modified NCCLS M27-A2 microdilution method and Etest. J Clin Microbiol 42: 3589–3593.

57. NijimaM, KanoR, NagataM, HasegawaA, KamataH (2011) An azole resistant isolate of Malassezia pachydermatis. Vet Microbiol 149: 288–290.

58. Al-SweihN, AhmadS, JosephL, KhanS, KhanZ (2014) Malassezia pachydermatis fungemia in a preterm neonate resistant to fluconazole and flucytosine. Med Mycol Case Rep. 5: 9–11.

59. CafarchiaC, FigueredoLA, IattaR, MontagnaMT, OtrantoD (2012) In vitro antifungal susceptibility of Malassezia pachydermatis from dogs with and without skin lesions. Vet Microbiol 155: 395–398.

60. CafarchiaC, ImmediatoD, Di PaolaG, MaglianiW, CiociolaT, et al. (2014) In vitro and in vivo activity of a killer peptide against Malassezia pachydermatis causing otitis in dogs. Med Mycol 52: 350–355.

61. GaitanisG, BassukasID, VelegrakiA (2009) The range of molecular methods for typing Malassezia. Curr Opin Infect Dis 22: 119–125.

62. CastelláG, CoutinhoSD, CabañesFJ (2014) Phylogenetic relationships of Malassezia species based on multilocus sequence analysis. Med Mycol 52: 99–105.

63. SaundersCW, ScheyniusA, HeitmanJ (2012) Malassezia fungi are specialized to live on skin and associated with dandruff, eczema, and other skin diseases. PLoS Pathog 8: e1002701.