The Urgent Need for Robust Coral Disease Diagnostics

1. GardenerTCoteIMGillJAGrantAWatkinsonAR 2003 Long-term region-wide declines in Caribbean corals. Science 301 958 960

2. BrunoJFSeligER 2007 Regional decline of coral cover in the Indo-Pacific: timing, extent, and subregional comparisons. PLoS ONE 2 e711 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000711

3. WalkerDIOrmandRFG 1982 Coral death from sewage and phosphate pollution at Aqaba, Red Sea. Mar Pollut Bull 13 21 25

4. BryantDBurkeLMcManusJSpaldingM 1998 Reefs at risk: a map-based indicator of threats to the world's coral reefs. Washington (D.C.) World Resources Institute

5. BellwoodDRHughesTPFolkeCNystromM 2004 Confronting the coral reef crisis. Nature 429 827 833

6. RosenbergEKelloffCARohwerF 2007 Coral microbiology. Oceanography 20 146 154

7. BourneDGGarrenMWorkTMRosenbergESmithGW 2009 Microbial disease and the coral holobiont. Trends Microbiol 17 554 562

8. WeilE 2004 Coral reef diseases in the wider Caribbean. RosenbergELoyaY Coral health and disease Heidelberg Springer 35 68

9. AronsonRBPrechtWF 2001 White-band disease and the changing face of Caribbean coral reefs. Hydrobiologia 460 25 38

10. PattersonKLPorterJWRitchieKBPolsonSWMuellerE 2002 The etiology of white pox, a lethal disease of the Caribbean elkhorn coral, Acropora palmata. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99 8725 8730

11. WillisBEPageCADinsdaleEA 2004 Coral disease on the Great Barrier Reef. Coral health and disease. Berlin Springer-Verlag Publishing 69 104

12. WeilESmithGGil-AgudeloDL 2006 Status and progress in coral reef disease research. Dis Aquat Organ 69 1 7

13. HarvellDJordán-DahlgrenEMerkelSRosenbergERaymundoL 2007 Coral disease, environmental drivers, and the balance between coral and microbial associates. Oceanography 20 172 195

14. MouchkaMEHewsonIHarvellCD 2010 Coral-associated bacterial assemblages: current knowledge and the potential for climate-driven impacts. Integr Comp Biol 50 1 13

15. PorterJDustanPJaapWPattersonKKosmyninV 2001 Patterns of spread of coral disease in the Florida Keys. Hydrobiologia 460 1 24

16. SutherlandKPPorterJWTorresC 2004 Disease and immunity in Caribbean and Indo-Pacific zooxanthellate corals. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 266 273 302

17. MillerJMullerERogersCWaaraRAtkinsonA 2009 Coral disease following massive bleaching in 2005 causes 60% decline in coral cover on reefs in the US Virgin Islands. Coral Reefs 28 925 937

18. WorkTMRichardsonLLReynoldsTLWillisBL 2008 Biomedical and veterinary science can increase our understanding of coral disease. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 362 63 70

19. AntoniusA 1977 Coral mortality in reefs: a problem for science and management. Proc 3rd Int Coral Reef Symp Miami 617 623

20. AntoniusA 1981 Coral reef pathology: a review Proc 4th Int Coral Reef Symp. Manila 3 6

21. LoyaYBullGPichonM 1984 Tumor formations in scleractinian corals. Helgol Mar Res 37 99 112

22. RichardsonLL 1998 Coral diseases: what is really known? Trends Ecol Evol 13 438 443

23. BrucknerAWBrucknerRJ 2002 Coral predation by Sparisima viride and lack of relationship with coral disease Bali 1245 1249

24. KushmaroARosenbergEFineMLoyaY 1997 Bleaching of the coral Oculina patagonica by Vibrio AK-1. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 147 159 165

25. SussmanMWillisBLVictorSBourneDG 2008 Coral pathogens identified for White Syndrome (WS) epizootics in the Indo-Pacific. PLoS ONE 3 e2393 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002393

26. LesserMPBythellJCGatesRDJohnstoneRWHoegh-GuldbergO 2007 Are infectious diseases really killing corals? Alternative interpretations of the experimental and ecological data. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 346 36 44

27. AinsworthTDFineMRoffGHoegh-GuldbergO 2008 Bacteria are not the primary cause of bleaching in the Mediterranean coral Oculina patagonica. ISME J 2 67 73

28. WobeserGA 2006 Essentials of disease in wild animals. Ames (Iowa) Blackwell Pub 243

29. JubbKVFKennedyPCPalmerN 1993 Pathology of domestic animals. San Diego Academic Press Inc 653

30. MuscatineLMcCloskeyLRMarianRE 1981 Estimating the daily contribution of carbon from zooxanthellae to coral animal respiration. Limnol Oceanogr 26 601 611

31. RowherFSeguritanVAzamFKnowltonN 2002 Diversity and distribution of coral-associated bacteria. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 243 1 10

32. KelloggCA 2004 Tropical Archaea: diversity associated with the surface microlayer of corals. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 273 81 88

33. WegleyLYuYBreitbartMCasasVKlineDI 2004 Coral-associated Archaea. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 273 89 96

34. WilsonWHDaleALDavyJEDavySK 2005 An enemy within? Observations of virus-like particles in reef corals. Coral Reefs 24 145 148

35. ShasharNBanaszakATLesserMPAmramiD 1997 Coral endolithic algae: Life in a protected environment. Pac Sci 51 167 173

36. BentisCJKaufmanLGolubicS 2000 Endolithic fungi in reef-building corals (Order: Scleractinia) are common, cosmopolitan, and potentially pathogenic. Biol Bull 198 254 260

37. PantosOCooneyRPLe TissierMDBarerMRO'DonnellAG 2003 The bacterial ecology of a plague-like disease affecting the Caribbean coral Montastrea annularis. Environ Microbiol 5 370 382

38. BourneDIidaYUthickeSSmith-KeuneC 2008 Changes in coral-associated microbial communities during a bleaching event. ISME J 2 350 363

39. Vega-ThurberRWillner-HallDRodriguez-MuellerBDesnuesCEdwardsRA 2009 Metagenomic analysis of stressed coral holobionts. Environ Microbiol 11 2148 2163

40. KimesNEVan NostrandJDWeilEZhouJMorrisPJ 2010 Microbial functional structure of Montastraea faveolata, an important Caribbean reef-building coral, differs between healthy and yellow-band diseased colonies. Environ Microbiol 12 541 556

41. TeplitskiMRitchieK 2009 How feasible is the biological control of coral diseases? Trends Ecol Evol 24 378 385

42. ReshefLKorenOLoyaYZilber-RosenbergIRosenbergE 2006 The coral probiotic hypothesis. Environ Microbiol 8 2068 2073

43. RosenbergEKushmaroAKramarsky-WinterEBaninEYossiL 2009 The role of microorganisms in coral bleaching. ISME J 3 139 146

44. Toledo-HernándezCZuluaga-MonteroABones-GonzálezARodríguezJASabatAM 2008 Fungi in healthy and diseased sea fans (Gorgonia ventalina): is Aspergillus sydowii always the pathogen? Coral Reefs 27 707 714

45. BaninEIsraelyTKushmaroALoyaYOrrE 2000 Penetration of the coral-bleaching bacterium Vibrio shiloi into Oculina patagonica. Appl Environ Microbiol 66 3031 3036

46. SussmanMLoyaYFineMRosenbergE 2003 The marine fireworm Hermodice carunculata is a winter reservoir and spring-summer vector for the coral-bleaching pathogen Vibrio shiloi. Environ Microbiol 5 250 255

47. VezzulliLPreviatiMPruzzoCMarcheseABourneDG 2010 Vibrio infections triggering mass mortality events in a warming Mediterranean Sea. Environ Microbiol 12 2007 2019

48. BrucknerAW 2002 Priorities for effective management of coral diseases. Commerce USDo National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 57

49. EfronyRAtadIRosenbergE 2009 Phage therapy of coral white plague disease: properties of phage BA3. Curr Microbiol 58 139 145

50. LazckaODel CampoFJMunozFX 2007 Pathogen detection: a perspective of traditional methods and biosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 22 1205 1217

51. RitchieKBPolsonSWSmithGW 2001 Microbial disease causation in marine invertebrates: problems, practices, and future prospects. Hydrobiologia 460 131 139

52. BrooksBWDevenishJLutze-WallaceCLMilnesDRobertsonRH 2004 Evaluation of a monoclonal antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Campylobacter fetus in bovine preputial washing and vaginal mucus samples. Vet Microbiol 103 77 84

53. Gomez-DiazE 2009 Linking questions to practices in the study of microbial pathogens: sampling bias and typing methods. Infect Genet Evol 9 1418 1423

54. RitchieKB 2006 Regulation of microbial populations by coral surface mucus and mucus-associated bacteria. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 322 1 14

55. SutherlandKPPorterJWTurnerJWThomasBJLooneyEE 2010 Human sewage identified as likely source of white pox disease of the threatened Caribbean elkhorn coral, Acropora palmata. Environ Microbiol 12 1122 1131

56. IsraelyTBaninERosenbergE 2001 Growth, differentiation and death of Vibrio shiloi in coral tissue as a function of seawater temperature. Aquat Microb Ecol 24 1 8

57. MichaudGASalciusMZhouFBanghamRBoninJ 2003 Analyzing antibody specificity with whole proteome microarrays. Nat Biotechnol 21 1509 1512

58. ArmstrongEGEhrlichPHBirkenSSchlattererJPSirisE 1984 Use of a highly sensitive and specific immunoradiometric assay for detection of human chorionic gonadotropin in urine of normal, nonpregnant, and pregnant individuals. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 59 867 874

59. BandiZLSchoenIDeLaraM 1987 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent urine pregnancy tests. Clinical specificity studies. Am J Clin Pathol 87 236 242

60. MoterAGobelUB 2000 Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for direct visualization of microorganisms. J Microbiol Methods 41 85 112

61. AinsworthTDFineMBlackallLLHoegh-GuldbergO 2006 Fluorescence in situ hybridization and spectral imaging of coral-associated bacterial communities. Appl Environ Microbiol 72 3016 3020

62. AinsworthTDKramasky-WinterELoyaYHoegh-GuldbergOFineM 2007 Coral disease diagnostics: what's between a plague and a band? Appl Environ Microbiol 73 981 992

63. PolsonSHigginsJWoodleyC 2008 PCR-based assay for detection of four coral pathogens. Proc 11th Int Coral Reef Symp. Ft. Lauderdale 247 251

64. GoarantCMerienF 2006 Quantification of Vibrio penaeicida, the etiological agent of Syndrome 93 in New Caledonian shrimp, by real-time PCR using SYBR Green I chemistry. J Microbiol Methods 67 27 35

65. LunaGMBiavascoFDanovaroR 2007 Bacteria associated with the rapid tissue necrosis of stony corals. Environ Microbiol 9 1851 1857

66. SatoYWillisBLBourneDG 2009 Successional changes in bacterial communities during the development of black band disease on the reef coral, Montipora hispida. ISME J 4 203 214

67. DanielsCAZeifmanAHeymKRitchieKBWatsonCA 2011 Spatial heterogeneity of bacterial communities in the mucus of Montastraea annularis. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 426 29 40

68. SunagawaSDeSantisTZPicenoYMBrodieELDeSalvoMK 2009 Bacterial diversity and White Plague Disease-associated community changes in the Caribbean coral Montastraea faveolata. ISME J 3 512 521

69. EspyMJUhlJRSloanLMBuckwalterSPJonesMF 2006 Real-time PCR in clinical microbiology: applications for routine laboratory testing. Clin Microbiol Rev 19 165 256

70. HoughAJHarbisonSASavillMGMeltonLDFletcherG 2002 Rapid enumeration of Listeria monocytogenes in artificially contaminated cabbage using real-time polymerase chain reaction. J Food Prot 65 1329 1332

71. RuzsovicsAMolnaBUngerZTulassayZLaszloP 2002 Determination of Helicobacter pylori cagA, vacA genotypes with real-time PCR melting curve analysis. J Physiol 95 369 377

72. TondellaMLTalkingtonDFHollowayBPDowellSFCowleyK 2002 Development and evaluation of real-time PCR-based fluorescence assays for detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae. J Clin Microbiol 40 575 583

73. PanickerGBejAK 2005 Real-time PCR detection of Vibrio vulnificus in oysters: comparison of oligonucleotide primers and probes targeting vvhA. Appl Environ Microbiol 71 5702 5709

74. GubalaAJ 2006 Multiplex real-time PCR detection of Vibrio cholerae. J Microbiol Methods 65 278 293

75. HauglandRAVarmaMWymerLJVesperSJ 2004 Quantitative PCR analysis of selected Aspergillus, Penicillium and Paecilomyces species. Syst Appl Microbiol 27 198 210

76. ButlerSLHansenMSBushmanFD 2001 A quantitative assay for HIV DNA integration in vivo. Nat Med 7 631 634

77. PollockFJMorrisPJWillisBLBourneDG 2010 Detection and quantification of the coral pathogen Vibrio coralliilyticus by real-time PCR with TaqMan fluorescent probes. Appl Environ Microbiol 76 5282 5286

78. MorrisonTBWeisJJWittwerCT 1998 Quantification of low-copy transcripts by continuous SYBR Green I monitoring during amplification. Biotechniques 24

79. WoeseCR 1987 Bacterial evolution. Microbiol Rev 51 221 271

80. ThompsonFLGeversDThompsonCCDawyndtPNaserS 2005 Phylogeny and molecular identification of vibrios on the basis of multilocus sequence analysis. Appl Environ Microbiol 71 5107 5115

81. PollockFJWilsonBJohnsonWRMorrisPJWillisBL 2010 Phylogeny of the cosmopolitan coral pathogen Vibrio coralliilyticus. Environ Microbiol Rep 2 172 178

82. BlackstoneGMNordstromJLVickeryMCBowenMDMeyerRF 2003 Detection of pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus in oyster enrichments by real time PCR. J Microbiol Methods 53 149 155

83. BaninEKhareSKNaiderFRosenbergE 2001 Proline-rich peptide from the coral pathogen Vibrio shiloi that inhibits photosynthesis of Zooxanthellae. Appl Environ Microbiol 67 1536 1541

84. SussmanMMieogJCDoyleJVictorSWillisBL 2009 Vibrio zinc-metalloprotease causes photoinactivation of coral endosymbionts and coral tissue lesions. PLoS ONE 4 e4511 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004511

85. Frias-LopezJBonheyoGTFoukeBW 2004 Identification of differential gene expression in bacteria associated with coral black band disease by using RNA-arbitrarily primed PCR. Appl Environ Microbiol 70 3687 3694

86. GowdaGAZhangSGuHAsiagoVShanaiahN 2008 Metabolomics-based methods for early disease diagnostics. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 8 617 633

87. BoroujerdiAFBVizcainoMIMeyersAPollockECHuynhSL 2009 NMR-based microbial metabolomics and the temperature-dependent coral pathogen Vibrio coralliilyticus. Environ Sci Technol 43 7658 7664

88. BaumsIBMillerMWHellbergME 2005 Regionally isolated populations of an imperiled Caribbean coral, Acropora palmata. Mol Ecol 14 1377 1390

89. Smith-KeuneCvan OppenM 2006 Genetic structure of a reef-building coral from thermally distinct environments on the Great Barrier Reef. Coral Reefs 25 493 502

90. BakRPM 1983 Neoplasia, regeneration and growth in the reef-building coral Acropora palmata. Mar Biol 77 221 227

91. HumphreyCWeberMLottCCooperTFabriciusK 2008 Effects of suspended sediments, dissolved inorganic nutrients and salinity on fertilisation and embryo development in the coral Acropora millepora (Ehrenberg, 1834). Coral Reefs 27 837 850

92. GladfelterWB 1982 White-band disease in Acropora palmata: implications for the structure and growth of shallow reefs. Bull Mar Sci 32 639 643

93. KvenneforsECELeggatWHoegh-GuldbergODegnanBMBarnesAC 2008 An ancient and variable mannose-binding lectin from the coral Acropora millepora binds both pathogens and symbionts. Dev Comp Immunol 32 1582 1592

94. WeisVMDavySKHoegh-GuldbergORodriguez-LanettyMPringleJR 2008 Cell biology in model systems as the key to understanding corals. Trends Ecol Evol 23 369 376

95. AronsonRBrucknerAMooreJPrechtBWeilE 2008 Acropora palmata. IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.4

96. Belda-BaillieCABaillieBKMaruyamaT 2002 Specificity of a model cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbiosis. Biol Bull 202 74

97. FrauneSBoschTCG 2007 Long-term maintenance of species-specific bacterial microbiota in the basal metazoan Hydra. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104 13146

98. GatesRDBaghdasarianGMuscatineL 1992 Temperature stress causes host cell detachment in symbiotic cnidarians: implications for coral bleaching. Biol Bull 182 324

99. DunnSRBythellJCLe TissierMDABurnettWJThomasonJC 2002 Programmed cell death and cell necrosis activity during hyperthermic stress-induced bleaching of the symbiotic sea anemone Aiptasia sp. J Exp Mar Bio Ecol 272 29 53

100. BairdAHGuestJRWillisBL 2009 Systematic and biogeographical patterns in the reproductive biology of scleractinian corals. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 40 551 571

101. HarrisonPLWallaceCC 1990 Ecosystems of the world: coral reefs. Coral reproduction Amsterdam Elsevier 133 208

102. AbregoDUlstrupKEWillisBLvan OppenMJH 2008 Species–specific interactions between algal endosymbionts and coral hosts define their bleaching response to heat and light stress. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 275 2273 2282

103. PalmerCVBythellJCWillisBL 2010 Levels of immunity parameters underpin bleaching and disease susceptibility of reef corals. FASEB J 24 1935 1946

104. MydlarzLDJonesLEHarvellCD 2006 Innate immunity, environmental drivers, and disease ecology of marine and freshwater invertebrates. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 37 251 288

105. RochP 1999 Defense mechanisms and disease prevention in farmed marine invertebrates. Aquaculture 172 125 145

106. StedmanTL 2000 Stedman's medical dictionary. 27th edition Baltimore Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

107. MydlarzLDHolthouseSFPetersECHarvellCD 2008 Cellular responses in sea fan corals: granular amoebocytes react to pathogen and climate stressors. PLoS ONE 3 e1811 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001811

108. PalmerCVMydlarzLDWillisBL 2008 Evidence of an inflammatory-like response in non-normally pigmented tissues of two scleractinian corals. Proc Biol Sci 275 2687 2693

109. SindermannCJ 1990 Principal diseases of marine fish and shellfish.Volume 2. Diseases of marine shellfish. San Diego Academic Press

110. PetersEC 1997 Diseases of coral-reef organisms.Life and death of coral reefs. New York Chapman & Hall 114 139

111. Vargas-ÁngelBPetersECKramarsky-WinterEGilliamDSDodgeRE 2007 Cellular reactions to sedimentation and temperature stress in the Caribbean coral Montastraea cavernosa. J Invert Path 95 140 145

112. Domart-CoulonIJTraylor-KnowlesNPetersEElbertDDownsCA 2006 Comprehensive characterization of skeletal tissue growth anomalies of the finger coral Porites compressa. Coral Reefs 25 531 543

113. KimKHarvellCDKimPDSmithGWMerkelSM 2000 Fungal disease resistance of Caribbean sea fan corals (Gorgonia spp.). Mar Biol 136 259 267

114. DubeDKimKAlkerAPHarvellCD 2002 Size structure and geographic variation in chemical resistance of sea fan corals Gorgonia ventalina to a fungal pathogen. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 231 139 150

115. GochfeldDJAebyGS 2008 Antibacterial chemical defenses in Hawaiian corals provide possible protection from disease. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 362 119 128

116. MydlarzLDCouchCSWeilESmithGHarvellCD 2009 Immune defenses of healthy, bleached and diseased Montastraea faveolata during a natural bleaching event. Dis Aquat Org 87 67 78

117. PikkemaatMGDijkSOSchoutenJRapalliniMVan EgmondHJ 2008 A new microbial screening method for the detection of antimicrobial residues in slaughter animals: The Nouws antibiotic test (NAT-screening). Food Control 19 781 789