Forward Genetic Screening Identifies a Small Molecule That Blocks Growth by Inhibiting Both Host- and Parasite-Encoded Kinases
Understanding how a compound blocks growth of an intracellular pathogen is important not only for developing these compounds into drugs that can be prescribed to patients, but also because these data will likely provide novel insight into the biology of these pathogens. Forward genetic screens are one established approach towards defining these mechanisms. But performing these screens with intracellular parasites has been limited not only because of technical limitations but also because the compounds may have off-target effects in either the host or parasite. Here, we report the first compound that kills a pathogen by simultaneously inhibiting distinct host- and parasite-encoded targets. Because developing drug resistance simultaneously to two targets is less likely, this work may highlight a new approach to antimicrobial drug discovery.
Vyšlo v časopise:
Forward Genetic Screening Identifies a Small Molecule That Blocks Growth by Inhibiting Both Host- and Parasite-Encoded Kinases. PLoS Pathog 10(6): e32767. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1004180
Kategorie:
Research Article
prolekare.web.journal.doi_sk:
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004180
Souhrn
Understanding how a compound blocks growth of an intracellular pathogen is important not only for developing these compounds into drugs that can be prescribed to patients, but also because these data will likely provide novel insight into the biology of these pathogens. Forward genetic screens are one established approach towards defining these mechanisms. But performing these screens with intracellular parasites has been limited not only because of technical limitations but also because the compounds may have off-target effects in either the host or parasite. Here, we report the first compound that kills a pathogen by simultaneously inhibiting distinct host- and parasite-encoded targets. Because developing drug resistance simultaneously to two targets is less likely, this work may highlight a new approach to antimicrobial drug discovery.
Zdroje
1. Pereira-ChioccolaVL, VidalJE, SuC (2009) Toxoplasma gondii infection and cerebral toxoplasmosis in HIV-infected patients. Future Microbiol 4: 1363–1379.
2. HillD, DubeyJP (2002) Toxoplasma gondii: transmission, diagnosis and prevention. Clin Microbiol Infect 8: 634–640.
3. WeissLM, KimK (2000) The development and biology of bradyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii. Front Biosci 5: D391–405.
4. BohneW, HeesemannJ, GrossU (1994) Reduced replication of Toxoplasma gondii is necessary for induction of bradyzoite-specific antigens: a possible role for nitric oxide in triggering stage conversion. Infect Immun 62: 1761–1767.
5. FergusonDJ, HutchisonWM (1987) The host-parasite relationship of Toxoplasma gondii in the brains of chronically infected mice. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol 411: 39–43.
6. FaucherB, MoreauJ, ZaegelO, FranckJ, PiarrouxR (2011) Failure of conventional treatment with pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine for secondary prophylaxis of cerebral toxoplasmosis in a patient with AIDS. J Antimicrob Chemother 66: 1654–1656.
7. DunayIR, HeimesaatMM, BushrabFN, MullerRH, StockerH, et al. (2004) Atovaquone maintenance therapy prevents reactivation of toxoplasmic encephalitis in a murine model of reactivated toxoplasmosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 48: 4848–4854.
8. SchaefferM, HanSJ, ChtanovaT, van DoorenGG, HerzmarkP, et al. (2009) Dynamic imaging of T cell-parasite interactions in the brains of mice chronically infected with Toxoplasma gondii. J Immunol 182: 6379–6393.
9. MolestinaRE, PayneTM, CoppensI, SinaiAP (2003) Activation of NF-{kappa}B by Toxoplasma gondii correlates with increased expression of antiapoptotic genes and localization of phosphorylated I{kappa}B to the parasitophorous vacuole membrane. J Cell Sci 116: 4359–4371.
10. Del RioL, ButcherBA, BennounaS, HienyS, SherA, et al. (2004) Toxoplasma gondii triggers myeloid differentiation factor 88-dependent IL-12 and chemokine ligand 2 (monocyte chemoattractant protein 1) responses using distinct parasite molecules and host receptors. J Immunol 172: 6954–6960.
11. MasonNJ, FioreJ, KobayashiT, MasekKS, ChoiY, et al. (2004) TRAF6-dependent mitogen-activated protein kinase activation differentially regulates the production of interleukin-12 by macrophages in response to Toxoplasma gondii. Infect Immun 72: 5662–5667.
12. YamamotoM, MaJS, MuellerC, KamiyamaN, SaigaH, et al. (2011) ATF6{beta} is a host cellular target of the Toxoplasma gondii virulence factor ROP18. J Exp Med 208: 1533–1546.
13. YamamotoM, StandleyDM, TakashimaS, SaigaH, OkuyamaM, et al. (2009) A single polymorphic amino acid on Toxoplasma gondii kinase ROP16 determines the direct and strain-specific activation of Stat3. J Exp Med 206: 2747–2760.
14. BladerIJ, MangerID, BoothroydJC (2001) Microarray Analysis Reveals Previously Unknown Changes in Toxoplasma gondii-infected Human Cells. J Biol Chem 276: 24223–24231.
15. SaeijJP, CollerS, BoyleJP, JeromeME, WhiteMW, et al. (2007) Toxoplasma co-opts host gene expression by injection of a polymorphic kinase homologue. Nature 445: 324–327.
16. CoppensI, DunnJD, RomanoJD, PypaertM, ZhangH, et al. (2006) Toxoplasma gondii sequesters lysosomes from mammalian hosts in the vacuolar space. Cell 125: 261–274.
17. RomanoJD, SondaS, BergbowerE, SmithME, CoppensI (2013) Toxoplasma gondii salvages sphingolipids from the host Golgi through the rerouting of selected Rab vesicles to the parasitophorous vacuole. Molecular Biology of the Cell 24: 1974–1995.
18. SpearW, ChanD, CoppensI, JohnsonRS, GiacciaA, et al. (2006) The host cell transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor 1 is required for Toxoplasma gondii growth and survival at physiological oxygen levels. Cell Microbiol 8: 339–352.
19. BerraE, BenizriE, GinouvesA, VolmatV, RouxD, et al. (2003) HIF prolyl-hydroxylase 2 is the key oxygen sensor setting low steady-state levels of HIF-1alpha in normoxia. EMBO J 22: 4082–4090.
20. AppelhoffRJ, TianYM, RavalRR, TurleyH, HarrisAL, et al. (2004) Differential function of the prolyl hydroxylases PHD1, PHD2, and PHD3 in the regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor. J Biol Chem 279: 38458–38465.
21. WileyM, SweeneyKR, ChanDA, BrownKM, McMurtreyC, et al. (2010) Toxoplasma gondii activates hypoxia inducible factor by stabilizing the HIF-1 alpha subunit via type I activin like receptor kinase receptor signaling. J Biol Chem 285: 26976–26986.
22. DaCosta ByfieldS, MajorC, LapingNJ, RobertsAB (2004) SB-505124 is a selective inhibitor of transforming growth factor-beta type I receptors ALK4, ALK5, and ALK7. Mol Pharmacol 65: 744–752.
23. WeiS, MarchesF, DanielB, SondaS, HeidenreichK, et al. (2002) Pyridinylimidazole p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitors block intracellular Toxoplasma gondii replication. Int J Parasitol 32: 969–977.
24. BrumlikMJ, WeiS, FinstadK, NesbitJ, HymanLE, et al. (2004) Identification of a novel mitogen-activated protein kinase in Toxoplasma gondii. Int J Parasitol 34: 1245–1254.
25. SugiT, KobayashiK, TakemaeH, GongH, IshiwaA, et al. (2013) Identification of mutations in TgMAPK1 of Toxoplasma gondii conferring resistance to 1NM-PP1. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 3: 93–101.
26. BrumlikMJ, PandeswaraS, LudwigSM, JeansonneDP, LaceyMR, et al. (2013) TgMAPK1 is a Toxoplasma gondii MAP kinase that hijacks host MKK3 signals to regulate virulence and interferon-gamma-mediated nitric oxide production. Exp Parasitol 134: 389–399.
27. GumRJ, McLaughlinMM, KumarS, WangZ, BowerMJ, et al. (1998) Acquisition of sensitivity of stress-activated protein kinases to the p38 inhibitor, SB 203580, by alteration of one or more amino acids within the ATP binding pocket. J Biol Chem 273: 15605–15610.
28. WilsonKP, McCaffreyPG, HsiaoK, PazhanisamyS, GalulloV, et al. (1997) The structural basis for the specificity of pyridinylimidazole inhibitors of p38 MAP kinase. Chem Biol 4: 423–431.
29. TongL, PavS, WhiteDM, RogersS, CraneKM, et al. (1997) A highly specific inhibitor of human p38 MAP kinase binds in the ATP pocket. Nat Struct Biol 4: 311–316.
30. HunterCA, BermudezL, BeerninkH, WaegellW, RemingtonJS (1995) Transforming growth factor-beta inhibits interleukin-12-induced production of interferon-gamma by natural killer cells: a role for transforming growth factor-beta in the regulation of T cell-independent resistance to Toxoplasma gondii. Eur J Immunol 25: 994–1000.
31. LouridoS, ShumanJ, ZhangC, ShokatKM, HuiR, et al. (2010) Calcium-dependent protein kinase 1 is an essential regulator of exocytosis in Toxoplasma. Nature 465: 359–362.
32. SugiT, KatoK, KobayashiK, WatanabeS, KurokawaH, et al. (2010) Use of the kinase inhibitor analog 1NM-PP1 reveals a role for Toxoplasma gondii CDPK1 in the invasion step. Eukaryot Cell 9: 667–670.
33. NathanC (2012) Fresh Approaches to Anti-Infective Therapies. Science Translational Medicine 4: 140sr142.
34. RyanHE, LoJ, JohnsonRS (1998) HIF-1 alpha is required for solid tumor formation and embryonic vascularization. EMBO J 17: 3005–3015.
35. RadkeJR, GueriniMN, JeromeM, WhiteMW (2003) A change in the premitotic period of the cell cycle is associated with bradyzoite differentiation in Toxoplasma gondii. Mol Biochem Parasitol 131: 119–127.
36. RadkeJR, StriepenB, GueriniMN, JeromeME, RoosDS, et al. (2001) Defining the cell cycle for the tachyzoite stage of Toxoplasma gondii. Mol Biochem Parasitol 115: 165–175.
37. MacDonaldML, LamerdinJ, OwensS, KeonBH, BilterGK, et al. (2006) Identifying off-target effects and hidden phenotypes of drugs in human cells. Nat Chem Biol 2: 329–337.
38. WermuthCG (2006) Selective optimization of side activities: the SOSA approach. Drug Discov Today 11: 160–164.
39. ImperiF, MassaiF, FacchiniM, FrangipaniE, VisaggioD, et al. (2013) Repurposing the antimycotic drug flucytosine for suppression of Pseudomonas aeruginosa pathogenicity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110: 7458–7463.
40. DebnathA, ParsonageD, AndradeRM, HeC, CoboER, et al. (2012) A high-throughput drug screen for Entamoeba histolytica identifies a new lead and target. Nat Med 18: 956–960.
41. PatelG, KarverCE, BeheraR, GuyettP, SullenbergerC, et al. (2013) Kinase scaffold repurposing for neglected disease drug discovery: Discovery of an efficacious, lapatanib-derived lead compound for trypanosomiasis. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 56: 3820–3832.
42. PfefferkornER, PfefferkornLC (1977) Toxoplasma gondii: characterization of a mutant resistant to 5- fluorodeoxyuridine. Exp Parasitol 42: 44–55.
43. BlackMW, ArrizabalagaG, BoothroydJC (2000) Ionophore-resistant mutants of Toxoplasma gondii reveal host cell permeabilization as an early event in egress. Mol Cell Biol 20: 9399–9408.
44. SmithDR, QuinlanAR, PeckhamHE, MakowskyK, TaoW, et al. (2008) Rapid whole-genome mutational profiling using next-generation sequencing technologies. Genome Res 18: 1638–1642.
45. HillierLW, MarthGT, QuinlanAR, DoolingD, FewellG, et al. (2008) Whole-genome sequencing and variant discovery in C. elegans. Nat Methods 5: 183–188.
46. GarrisonE, MarthGT (2012) Haplotype-based variant detection from short-read sequencing. ARXIV eprint arXiv: 1207.3907 Available: http://arxiv.org/abs/1207.3907. Accessed 30 April 2014.
47. SoeteM, CamusD, DubremetzJF (1994) Experimental induction of bradyzoite-specific antigen expression and cyst formation by the RH strain of Toxoplasma gondii in vitro. Exp Parasitol 78: 361–370.
48. HuynhMH, CarruthersVB (2009) Tagging of endogenous genes in a Toxoplasma gondii strain lacking Ku80. Eukaryot Cell 8: 530–539.
49. SoldatiD, BoothroydJC (1993) Transient transfection and expression in the obligate intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Science 260: 349–352.
50. PhelpsE, SweeneyK, BladerIJ (2008) Toxoplasma gondii Rhoptry Discharge Correlates with Activation of the EGR2 Host Cell Transcription Factor. Infection and Immunity 76: 4703–4712.
Štítky
Hygiena a epidemiológia Infekčné lekárstvo LaboratóriumČlánok vyšiel v časopise
PLOS Pathogens
2014 Číslo 6
- Parazitičtí červi v terapii Crohnovy choroby a dalších zánětlivých autoimunitních onemocnění
- Očkování proti virové hemoragické horečce Ebola experimentální vakcínou rVSVDG-ZEBOV-GP
- Koronavirus hýbe světem: Víte jak se chránit a jak postupovat v případě podezření?
Najčítanejšie v tomto čísle
- Fungal Nail Infections (Onychomycosis): A Never-Ending Story?
- Profilin Promotes Recruitment of Ly6C CCR2 Inflammatory Monocytes That Can Confer Resistance to Bacterial Infection
- Cytoplasmic Viral RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase Disrupts the Intracellular Splicing Machinery by Entering the Nucleus and Interfering with Prp8
- HopW1 from Disrupts the Actin Cytoskeleton to Promote Virulence in Arabidopsis