-
Články
- Časopisy
- Kurzy
- Témy
- Kongresy
- Videa
- Podcasty
An Model of Latency and Reactivation of Varicella Zoster Virus in Human Stem Cell-Derived Neurons
Most adults worldwide harbor latent VZV in their ganglia, and reactivation from it causes herpes zoster. This painful disease is frequently complicated by long-term pain, neurological sequelae, or vision loss that require improved prevention and treatment strategies. Study of VZV latency and reactivation has been severely hampered by the inability to reproduce a persistent state in vitro or in vivo that can be experimentally reactivated. Our study establishes a system using human neurons derived from embryonic stem cells where multiple stimuli can induce reactivation from long term experimental latency. A potential role for temperature in VZV reactivation has been revealed with this system, which can now be used to study the latent/lytic switch of VZV for the first time.
Vyšlo v časopise: An Model of Latency and Reactivation of Varicella Zoster Virus in Human Stem Cell-Derived Neurons. PLoS Pathog 11(6): e32767. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1004885
Kategorie: Research Article
prolekare.web.journal.doi_sk: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004885Souhrn
Most adults worldwide harbor latent VZV in their ganglia, and reactivation from it causes herpes zoster. This painful disease is frequently complicated by long-term pain, neurological sequelae, or vision loss that require improved prevention and treatment strategies. Study of VZV latency and reactivation has been severely hampered by the inability to reproduce a persistent state in vitro or in vivo that can be experimentally reactivated. Our study establishes a system using human neurons derived from embryonic stem cells where multiple stimuli can induce reactivation from long term experimental latency. A potential role for temperature in VZV reactivation has been revealed with this system, which can now be used to study the latent/lytic switch of VZV for the first time.
Zdroje
1. Kennedy PG, Cohrs RJ. Varicella-zoster virus human ganglionic latency: a current summary. J Neurovirol. 2010;16 : 411–418. doi: 10.3109/13550284.2010.515652 20874010
2. Ouwendijk WJD, Choe A, Nagel MA, Gilden D, Osterhaus ADME, Cohrs RJ, et al. Restricted varicella-zoster virus transcription in human trigeminal ganglia obtained soon after death. J Virol. 2012;86 : 10203–10206. doi: 10.1128/JVI.01331-12 22740396
3. Cohrs RJ, Gilden DH, Kinchington PR, Grinfeld E, Kennedy PGE. Varicella-zoster virus gene 66 transcription and translation in latently infected human Ganglia. J Virol. 2003;77 : 6660–6665. 12767985
4. Lungu O, Panagiotidis CA, Annunziato PW, Gershon AA, Silverstein SJ. Aberrant intracellular localization of Varicella-Zoster virus regulatory proteins during latency. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998;95 : 7080–7085. 9618542
5. Zerboni L, Sobel RA, Lai M, Triglia R, Steain M, Abendroth A, et al. Apparent expression of varicella-zoster virus proteins in latency resulting from reactivity of murine and rabbit antibodies with human blood group A determinants in sensory neurons. J Virol. 2012;86 : 576–83.
6. Baird NL, Bowlin JL, Cohrs RJ, Gilden D, Jones KL. Comparison of VZV RNA sequences in human neurons and fibroblasts. J Virol. 2014.
7. Cohrs RJ, Gilden DH. Prevalence and abundance of latently transcribed varicella-zoster virus genes in human ganglia. J Virol. 2007;81 : 2950–2956. 17192313
8. Debrus S, Sadzot-Delvaux C, Nikkels AF, Piette J, Rentier B. Varicella-zoster virus gene 63 encodes an immediate-early protein that is abundantly expressed during latency. J Virol. 1995;69 : 3240–3245. 7707559
9. Hood C, Cunningham AL, Slobedman B, Arvin AM, Sommer MH, Kinchington PR, et al. Varicella-zoster virus ORF63 inhibits apoptosis of primary human neurons. J Virol. 2006;80 : 1025–1031. 16379003
10. Ambagala AP, Bosma T, Ali MA, Poustovoitov M, Chen JJ, Gershon MD, et al. Varicella-zoster virus immediate-early 63 protein interacts with human antisilencing function 1 protein and alters its ability to bind histones h3.1 and h3.3. J Virol. 2009;83 : 200–209. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00645-08 18971269
11. Chen JJ, Gershon AA, Li ZS, Lungu O, Gershon MD. Latent and lytic infection of isolated guinea pig enteric ganglia by varicella zoster virus. J Med Virol. 2003;70: S71–S78. 12627492
12. Gan L, Wang M, Chen JJ, Gershon MD, Gershon AA. Infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells transmit latent varicella zoster virus infection to the guinea pig enteric nervous system. J Neurovirol. 2014;20 : 442–456. doi: 10.1007/s13365-014-0259-1 24965252
13. Zerboni L, Reichelt M, Arvin A. Varicella-zoster virus neurotropism in SCID mouse-human dorsal root ganglia xenografts. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2010;342 : 255–276. doi: 10.1007/82_2009_8 20225014
14. Zerboni L, Sen N, Oliver SL, Arvin AM. Molecular mechanisms of varicella zoster virus pathogenesis. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2014;12 : 197–210. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro3215 24509782
15. Christensen J, Steain M, Slobedman B, Abendroth A. Differentiated neuroblastoma cells provide a highly efficient model for studies of productive varicella-zoster virus infection of neuronal cells. J Virol. 2011;85 : 8436–42. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00515-11 21632750
16. Markus A, Grigoryan S, Sloutskin A, Yee MB, Zhu H, Yang IH, et al. Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection of neurons derived from human embryonic stem cells: direct demonstration of axonal infection, transport of VZV, and productive neuronal infection. J Virol. 2011;85 : 6220–6233. doi: 10.1128/JVI.02396-10 21525353
17. Lee KS, Zhou W, Scott-McKean JJ, Emmerling KL, Cai G-Y, Krah DL, et al. Human sensory neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells support varicella-zoster virus infection. PloS One. 2012;7: e53010. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053010 23285249
18. Pugazhenthi S, Nair S, Velmurugan K, Liang Q, Mahalingam R, Cohrs RJ, et al. Varicella-zoster virus infection of differentiated human neural stem cells. J Virol. 2011;85 : 6678–6686. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00445-11 21525352
19. Goodwin TJ, McCarthy M, Osterrieder N, Cohrs RJ, Kaufer BB. Three-dimensional normal human neural progenitor tissue-like assemblies: a model of persistent varicella-zoster virus infection. PLoS Pathog. 2013;9: e1003512. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003512 23935496
20. Baird NL, Bowlin JL, Yu X, Jonjić S, Haas J, Cohrs RJ, et al. Varicella zoster virus DNA does not accumulate in infected human neurons. Virology. 2014;458–459 : 1–3. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.03.021 24928051
21. Sloutskin A, Kinchington PR, Goldstein RS. Productive vs non-productive infection by cell-free varicella zoster virus of human neurons derived from embryonic stem cells is dependent upon infectious viral dose. Virology. 2013;443 : 285–293. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.05.021 23769240
22. Eisfeld AJ, Yee MB, Erazo A, Abendroth A, Kinchington PR. Downregulation of class I major histocompatibility complex surface expression by varicella-zoster virus involves open reading frame 66 protein kinase-dependent and-independent mechanisms. J Virol. 2007;81 : 9034–9049. 17567702
23. Catez F, Picard C, Held K, Gross S, Rousseau A, Theil D, et al. HSV-1 genome subnuclear positioning and associations with host-cell PML-NBs and centromeres regulate LAT locus transcription during latency in neurons. PLoS Pathog. 2012;8: e1002852. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002852 22912575
24. Kim JY, Shiflett LA, Linderman JA, Mohr I, Wilson AC. Using homogeneous primary neuron cultures to study fundamental aspects of HSV-1 latency and reactivation. Methods Mol Biol Clifton NJ. 2014;1144 : 167–179. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0428-0_11 24671683
25. Wilcox CL, Smith RL, Freed CR, Johnson EM. Nerve growth factor-dependence of herpes simplex virus latency in peripheral sympathetic and sensory neurons in vitro. J Neurosci Off J Soc Neurosci. 1990;10 : 1268–1275.
26. Du T, Zhou G, Roizman B. HSV-1 gene expression from reactivated ganglia is disordered and concurrent with suppression of latency-associated transcript and miRNAs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011;108 : 18820–18824. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1117203108 22065742
27. Du T, Han Z, Zhou G, Roizman B. Patterns of accumulation of miRNAs encoded by herpes simplex virus during productive infection, latency, and on reactivation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015;112: E49–55. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1422657112 25535379
28. Penkert RR, Kalejta RF. Tegument protein control of latent herpesvirus establishment and animation. Herpesviridae. 2011;2 : 3. doi: 10.1186/2042-4280-2-3 21429246
29. Camarena V, Kobayashi M, Kim JY, Roehm P, Perez R, Gardner J, et al. Nature and duration of growth factor signaling through receptor tyrosine kinases regulates HSV-1 latency in neurons. Cell Host Microbe. 2010;8 : 320–330. doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2010.09.007 20951966
30. Gomi Y, Sunamachi H, Mori Y, Nagaike K, Takahashi M, Yamanishi K. Comparison of the complete DNA sequences of the Oka varicella vaccine and its parental virus. J Virol. 2002;76 : 11447–11459. 12388706
31. Cox E, Reddy S, Iofin I, Cohen JI. Varicella-Zoster Virus ORF57, Unlike Its Pseudorabies Virus UL3.5 Homolog, Is Dispensable for Viral Replication in Cell Culture. Virology. 1998;250 : 205–209. 9770434
32. Ouwendijk WJD, Mahalingam R, de Swart RL, Haagmans BL, van Amerongen G, Getu S, et al. T-Cell Tropism of Simian Varicella Virus during Primary Infection. PLoS Pathog. 2013;9: e1003368. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003368 23675304
33. Ku C-C, Zerboni L, Ito H, Graham BS, Wallace M, Arvin AM. Varicella-zoster virus transfer to skin by T Cells and modulation of viral replication by epidermal cell interferon-alpha. J Exp Med. 2004;200 : 917–925. 15452178
34. Hafezi W, Lorentzen EU, Eing BR, Müller M, King NJC, Klupp B, et al. Entry of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV-1) into the Distal Axons of Trigeminal Neurons Favors the Onset of Nonproductive, Silent Infection. PLoS Pathog. 2012;8: e1002679. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002679 22589716
35. Kinchington PR, Leger AJS, Guedon J-MG, Hendricks RL. Herpes simplex virus and varicella zoster virus, the house guests who never leave. Herpesviridae. 2012;3. doi: 10.1186/2042-4280-3-6 23062757
36. Wilson AC, Mohr I. A cultured affair: HSV latency and reactivation in neurons. Trends Microbiol. 2012;20 : 604–611. doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2012.08.005 22963857
37. Wroblewska Z, Valyi-Nagy T, Otte J, Dillner A, Jackson A, Sole DP, et al. A mouse model for varicella-zoster virus latency. Microb Pathog. 1993;15 : 141–151. 8255207
38. Sato H, Pesnicak L, Cohen JI. Use of a rodent model to show that varicella-zoster virus ORF61 is dispensable for establishment of latency. J Med Virol. 2003;70 Suppl 1: S79–81. 12627493
39. Gershon AA, Chen J, Gershon MD. A model of lytic, latent, and reactivating varicella-zoster virus infections in isolated enteric neurons. J Infect Dis. 2008;197 Suppl 2: S61–65. doi: 10.1086/522149 18419411
40. Zerboni L, Arvin A. Investigation of varicella-zoster virus neurotropism and neurovirulence using SCID mouse-human DRG xenografts. J Neurovirol. 2011;17 : 570–577. doi: 10.1007/s13365-011-0066-x 22161683
41. Wilcox CL, Johnson EM. Nerve growth factor deprivation results in the reactivation of latent herpes simplex virus in vitro. J Virol. 1987;61 : 2311–2315. 3035230
42. Grigoryan S, Kinchington PR, Yang IH, Selariu A, Zhu H, Yee M, et al. Retrograde axonal transport of VZV: kinetic studies in hESC-derived neurons. J Neurovirol. 2012;18 : 462–470. doi: 10.1007/s13365-012-0124-z 22918852
43. Selariu A, Cheng T, Tang Q, Silver B, Yang L, Liu C, et al. ORF7 of Varicella Zoster Virus is a Neurotropic Factor. J Virol. 2012;86 : 8614–24. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00128-12 22674980
44. Reichelt M, Zerboni L, Arvin AM. Mechanisms of varicella-zoster virus neuropathogenesis in human dorsal root ganglia. J Virol. 2008;82 : 3971–3983. doi: 10.1128/JVI.02592-07 18256143
45. Bertke AS, Swanson SM, Chen J, Imai Y, Kinchington PR, Margolis TP. A5-positive primary sensory neurons are nonpermissive for productive infection with herpes simplex virus 1 in vitro. J Virol. 2011;85 : 6669–6677. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00204-11 21507969
46. Nicoll MP, Proença JT, Efstathiou S. The molecular basis of herpes simplex virus latency. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2012;36 : 684–705. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2011.00320.x 22150699
47. Grose C, Brunel PA. Varicella-zoster virus: isolation and propagation in human melanoma cells at 36 and 32 degrees C. Infect Immun. 1978;19 : 199–203. 203532
48. Kinchington PR, Bookey D, Turse SE. The transcriptional regulatory proteins encoded by varicella-zoster virus open reading frames (ORFs) 4 and 63, but not ORF 61, are associated with purified virus particles. J Virol. 1995;69 : 4274–4282. 7769688
49. Prasad A, Remick J, Zeichner SL. Activation of human herpesvirus replication by apoptosis. J Virol. 2013;87 : 10641–10650. doi: 10.1128/JVI.01178-13 23885073
50. Peng W, Vitvitskaia O, Carpenter D, Wechsler SL, Jones C. Identification of two small RNAs within the first 1.5-kb of the herpes simplex virus type 1-encoded latency-associated transcript. J Neurovirol. 2008;14 : 41–52. doi: 10.1080/13550280701793957 18300074
51. Umbach JL, Kramer MF, Jurak I, Karnowski HW, Coen DM, Cullen BR. MicroRNAs expressed by herpes simplex virus 1 during latent infection regulate viral mRNAs. Nature. 2008;454 : 780–783. doi: 10.1038/nature07103 18596690
52. Umbach JL, Nagel MA, Cohrs RJ, Gilden DH, Cullen BR. Analysis of human alphaherpesvirus microRNA expression in latently infected human trigeminal ganglia. J Virol. 2009;83 : 10677–10683. doi: 10.1128/JVI.01185-09 19656888
53. Szpara ML, Kobiler O, Enquist LW. A common neuronal response to alphaherpesvirus infection. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol Off J Soc NeuroImmune Pharmacol. 2010;5 : 418–427.
54. Jones M, Dry IR, Frampton D, Singh M, Kanda RK, Yee MB, et al. RNA-seq Analysis of Host and Viral Gene Expression Highlights Interaction between Varicella Zoster Virus and Keratinocyte Differentiation. PLoS Pathog. 2014;10: e1003896. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003896 24497829
55. Harkness JM, Kader M, DeLuca NA. Transcription of the herpes simplex virus 1 genome during productive and quiescent infection of neuronal and nonneuronal cells. J Virol. 2014;88 : 6847–6861. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00516-14 24719411
56. Sloutskin A, Goldstein RS. Laboratory preparation of Varicella-Zoster Virus: Concentration of virus-containing supernatant, use of a debris fraction and magnetofection for consistent cell-free VZV infections. J Virol Methods. 2014;206 : 128–132. doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.05.027 24925132
57. Taylor AM, Blurton-Jones M, Rhee SW, Cribbs DH, Cotman CW, Jeon NL. A microfluidic culture platform for CNS axonal injury, regeneration and transport. NatMethods. 2005;2 : 599–605. 16094385
58. Watson S, Mercier S, Bye C, Wilkinson J, Cunningham AL, Harman AN. Determination of suitable housekeeping genes for normalisation of quantitative real time PCR analysis of cells infected with human immunodeficiency virus and herpes viruses. Virol J. 2007;4 : 130. 18053162
Štítky
Hygiena a epidemiológia Infekčné lekárstvo Laboratórium
Článek Clearance of Pneumococcal Colonization in Infants Is Delayed through Altered Macrophage TraffickingČlánek Protective mAbs and Cross-Reactive mAbs Raised by Immunization with Engineered Marburg Virus GPsČlánek Specific Cell Targeting Therapy Bypasses Drug Resistance Mechanisms in African TrypanosomiasisČlánek Peptidoglycan Branched Stem Peptides Contribute to Virulence by Inhibiting Pneumolysin ReleaseČlánek HIV Latency Is Established Directly and Early in Both Resting and Activated Primary CD4 T CellsČlánek Sequence-Specific Fidelity Alterations Associated with West Nile Virus Attenuation in Mosquitoes
Článok vyšiel v časopisePLOS Pathogens
Najčítanejšie tento týždeň
2015 Číslo 6- Parazitičtí červi v terapii Crohnovy choroby a dalších zánětlivých autoimunitních onemocnění
- Očkování proti virové hemoragické horečce Ebola experimentální vakcínou rVSVDG-ZEBOV-GP
- Koronavirus hýbe světem: Víte jak se chránit a jak postupovat v případě podezření?
-
Všetky články tohto čísla
- Introducing “Research Matters”
- Exploring Host–Pathogen Interactions through Biological Control
- Analysis of Bottlenecks in Experimental Models of Infection
- Expected and Unexpected Features of the Newly Discovered Bat Influenza A-like Viruses
- Clearance of Pneumococcal Colonization in Infants Is Delayed through Altered Macrophage Trafficking
- Recombinant Murine Gamma Herpesvirus 68 Carrying KSHV G Protein-Coupled Receptor Induces Angiogenic Lesions in Mice
- TRIM30α Is a Negative-Feedback Regulator of the Intracellular DNA and DNA Virus-Triggered Response by Targeting STING
- Targeting Human Transmission Biology for Malaria Elimination
- Two Cdc2 Kinase Genes with Distinct Functions in Vegetative and Infectious Hyphae in
- An Model of Latency and Reactivation of Varicella Zoster Virus in Human Stem Cell-Derived Neurons
- Protective mAbs and Cross-Reactive mAbs Raised by Immunization with Engineered Marburg Virus GPs
- Virulence Factors of Induce Both the Unfolded Protein and Integrated Stress Responses in Airway Epithelial Cells
- Peptide-MHC-I from Endogenous Antigen Outnumber Those from Exogenous Antigen, Irrespective of APC Phenotype or Activation
- Specific Cell Targeting Therapy Bypasses Drug Resistance Mechanisms in African Trypanosomiasis
- An Ultrasensitive Mechanism Regulates Influenza Virus-Induced Inflammation
- The Role of Human Transportation Networks in Mediating the Genetic Structure of Seasonal Influenza in the United States
- Host Delivery of Favorite Meals for Intracellular Pathogens
- Complement-Opsonized HIV-1 Overcomes Restriction in Dendritic Cells
- Inter-Seasonal Influenza is Characterized by Extended Virus Transmission and Persistence
- A Critical Role for CLSP2 in the Modulation of Antifungal Immune Response in Mosquitoes
- Twilight, a Novel Circadian-Regulated Gene, Integrates Phototropism with Nutrient and Redox Homeostasis during Fungal Development
- Surface-Associated Lipoproteins Link Virulence to Colitogenic Activity in IL-10-Deficient Mice Independent of Their Expression Levels
- Latent Membrane Protein LMP2A Impairs Recognition of EBV-Infected Cells by CD8+ T Cells
- Bank Vole Prion Protein As an Apparently Universal Substrate for RT-QuIC-Based Detection and Discrimination of Prion Strains
- Neuronal Subtype and Satellite Cell Tropism Are Determinants of Varicella-Zoster Virus Virulence in Human Dorsal Root Ganglia Xenografts
- Molecular Basis for the Selective Inhibition of Respiratory Syncytial Virus RNA Polymerase by 2'-Fluoro-4'-Chloromethyl-Cytidine Triphosphate
- Structure of the Virulence Factor, SidC Reveals a Unique PI(4)P-Specific Binding Domain Essential for Its Targeting to the Bacterial Phagosome
- Activated Brain Endothelial Cells Cross-Present Malaria Antigen
- Fungal Morphology, Iron Homeostasis, and Lipid Metabolism Regulated by a GATA Transcription Factor in
- Peptidoglycan Branched Stem Peptides Contribute to Virulence by Inhibiting Pneumolysin Release
- A Macrophage Subversion Factor Is Shared by Intracellular and Extracellular Pathogens
- A Novel AT-Rich DNA Recognition Mechanism for Bacterial Xenogeneic Silencer MvaT
- Reovirus FAST Proteins Drive Pore Formation and Syncytiogenesis Using a Novel Helix-Loop-Helix Fusion-Inducing Lipid Packing Sensor
- The Role of ExoS in Dissemination of during Pneumonia
- IRF-5-Mediated Inflammation Limits CD8 T Cell Expansion by Inducing HIF-1α and Impairing Dendritic Cell Functions during Infection
- Discordant Impact of HLA on Viral Replicative Capacity and Disease Progression in Pediatric and Adult HIV Infection
- Crystal Structure of USP7 Ubiquitin-like Domains with an ICP0 Peptide Reveals a Novel Mechanism Used by Viral and Cellular Proteins to Target USP7
- HIV Latency Is Established Directly and Early in Both Resting and Activated Primary CD4 T Cells
- HPV16 Down-Regulates the Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 2 to Promote Epithelial Invasion in Organotypic Cultures
- The νSaα Specific Lipoprotein Like Cluster () of . USA300 Contributes to Immune Stimulation and Invasion in Human Cells
- RSV-Induced H3K4 Demethylase KDM5B Leads to Regulation of Dendritic Cell-Derived Innate Cytokines and Exacerbates Pathogenesis
- Leukocidin A/B (LukAB) Kills Human Monocytes via Host NLRP3 and ASC when Extracellular, but Not Intracellular
- Border Patrol Gone Awry: Lung NKT Cell Activation by Exacerbates Tularemia-Like Disease
- The Curious Road from Basic Pathogen Research to Clinical Translation
- From Cell and Organismal Biology to Drugs
- Adenovirus Tales: From the Cell Surface to the Nuclear Pore Complex
- A 21st Century Perspective of Poliovirus Replication
- Is Development of a Vaccine against Feasible?
- Waterborne Viruses: A Barrier to Safe Drinking Water
- Battling Phages: How Bacteria Defend against Viral Attack
- Archaea in and on the Human Body: Health Implications and Future Directions
- Degradation of Human PDZ-Proteins by Human Alphapapillomaviruses Represents an Evolutionary Adaptation to a Novel Cellular Niche
- Natural Variants of the KPC-2 Carbapenemase have Evolved Increased Catalytic Efficiency for Ceftazidime Hydrolysis at the Cost of Enzyme Stability
- Potent Cell-Intrinsic Immune Responses in Dendritic Cells Facilitate HIV-1-Specific T Cell Immunity in HIV-1 Elite Controllers
- The Mammalian Cell Cycle Regulates Parvovirus Nuclear Capsid Assembly
- Host Reticulocytes Provide Metabolic Reservoirs That Can Be Exploited by Malaria Parasites
- The Proteome of the Isolated Containing Vacuole Reveals a Complex Trafficking Platform Enriched for Retromer Components
- NK-, NKT- and CD8-Derived IFNγ Drives Myeloid Cell Activation and Erythrophagocytosis, Resulting in Trypanosomosis-Associated Acute Anemia
- Successes and Challenges on the Road to Cure Hepatitis C
- BRCA1 Regulates IFI16 Mediated Nuclear Innate Sensing of Herpes Viral DNA and Subsequent Induction of the Innate Inflammasome and Interferon-β Responses
- A Structural and Functional Comparison Between Infectious and Non-Infectious Autocatalytic Recombinant PrP Conformers
- Phosphorylation of the Peptidoglycan Synthase PonA1 Governs the Rate of Polar Elongation in Mycobacteria
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Nef Inhibits Autophagy through Transcription Factor EB Sequestration
- Sequence-Specific Fidelity Alterations Associated with West Nile Virus Attenuation in Mosquitoes
- EBV BART MicroRNAs Target Multiple Pro-apoptotic Cellular Genes to Promote Epithelial Cell Survival
- Single-Cell and Single-Cycle Analysis of HIV-1 Replication
- TRIM32 Senses and Restricts Influenza A Virus by Ubiquitination of PB1 Polymerase
- The Herpes Simplex Virus Protein pUL31 Escorts Nucleocapsids to Sites of Nuclear Egress, a Process Coordinated by Its N-Terminal Domain
- Host Transcriptional Response to Influenza and Other Acute Respiratory Viral Infections – A Prospective Cohort Study
- PLOS Pathogens
- Archív čísel
- Aktuálne číslo
- Informácie o časopise
Najčítanejšie v tomto čísle- HIV Latency Is Established Directly and Early in Both Resting and Activated Primary CD4 T Cells
- Battling Phages: How Bacteria Defend against Viral Attack
- A 21st Century Perspective of Poliovirus Replication
- Adenovirus Tales: From the Cell Surface to the Nuclear Pore Complex
Prihlásenie#ADS_BOTTOM_SCRIPTS#Zabudnuté hesloZadajte e-mailovú adresu, s ktorou ste vytvárali účet. Budú Vám na ňu zasielané informácie k nastaveniu nového hesla.
- Časopisy