#PAGE_PARAMS# #ADS_HEAD_SCRIPTS# #MICRODATA#

Genomics of Cancer and a New Era for Cancer Prevention


A primary justification for dedicating substantial amounts of research funding to large-scale cancer genomics projects of both somatic and germline DNA is that the biological insights will lead to new treatment targets and strategies for cancer therapy. While it is too early to judge the success of these projects in terms of clinical breakthroughs, an alternative rationale is that new genomics techniques can be used to reduce the overall burden of cancer by prevention of new cases occurring and also by detecting them earlier. In particular, it is now becoming apparent that studying the genomic profile of tumors can help to identify new carcinogens and may subsequently result in implementing strategies that limit exposure. In parallel, it may be feasible to utilize genomic biomarkers to identify cancers at an earlier and more treatable stage using screening or other early detection approaches based on prediagnostic biospecimens. While the potential for these techniques is large, their successful outcome will depend on international collaboration and planning similar to that of recent sequencing initiatives.


Vyšlo v časopise: Genomics of Cancer and a New Era for Cancer Prevention. PLoS Genet 11(11): e32767. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005522
Kategorie: Review
prolekare.web.journal.doi_sk: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1005522

Souhrn

A primary justification for dedicating substantial amounts of research funding to large-scale cancer genomics projects of both somatic and germline DNA is that the biological insights will lead to new treatment targets and strategies for cancer therapy. While it is too early to judge the success of these projects in terms of clinical breakthroughs, an alternative rationale is that new genomics techniques can be used to reduce the overall burden of cancer by prevention of new cases occurring and also by detecting them earlier. In particular, it is now becoming apparent that studying the genomic profile of tumors can help to identify new carcinogens and may subsequently result in implementing strategies that limit exposure. In parallel, it may be feasible to utilize genomic biomarkers to identify cancers at an earlier and more treatable stage using screening or other early detection approaches based on prediagnostic biospecimens. While the potential for these techniques is large, their successful outcome will depend on international collaboration and planning similar to that of recent sequencing initiatives.


Zdroje

1. Wetterstrand K. DNA Sequencing Costs: Data from the NHGRI Genome Sequencing Program (GSP). www.genome.gov/sequencingcosts. Accessed 05-Mar-2015.

2. Hudson TJ, Anderson W, Artez A, Barker AD, Bell C, Bernabe RR, et al. International network of cancer genome projects. Nature. 2010;464(7291):993–8. doi: 10.1038/nature08987 20393554

3. Vogelstein B, Papadopoulos N, Velculescu VE, Zhou S, Diaz LA Jr., Kinzler KW. Cancer genome landscapes. Science (New York, NY). 2013;339(6127):1546–58.

4. Groenendijk FH, Bernards R. Drug resistance to targeted therapies: deja vu all over again. Molecular oncology. 2014;8(6):1067–83. doi: 10.1016/j.molonc.2014.05.004 24910388

5. Kreimer AR, Johansson M, Waterboer T, Kaaks R, Chang-Claude J, Drogen D, et al. Evaluation of human papillomavirus antibodies and risk of subsequent head and neck cancer. Journal of clinical oncology: official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2013;31(21):2708–15.

6. Riley JL. Combination checkpoint blockade—taking melanoma immunotherapy to the next level. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(2):187–9. doi: 10.1056/NEJMe1305484 23724866

7. Bozic I, Nowak MA. Cancer. Unwanted evolution. Science (New York, NY). 2013;342(6161):938–9.

8. Greaves M, Maley CC. Clonal evolution in cancer. Nature. 2012;481(7381):306–13. doi: 10.1038/nature10762 22258609

9. Colditz GA, Wolin KY, Gehlert S. Applying what we know to accelerate cancer prevention. Science translational medicine. 2012;4(127):127rv4. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3003218 22461645

10. Doll R, Peto R, Boreham J, Sutherland I. Mortality in relation to smoking: 50 years' observations on male British doctors. BMJ. 2004;328(7455):1519. 15213107

11. IARC. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Vol 100, A Review of Human Carcinogens. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2011. http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/PDFs/index.php Accessed 05-Mar-2015.

12. Huang LM, Lu CY, Chen DS. Hepatitis B virus infection, its sequelae, and prevention by vaccination. Current opinion in immunology. 2011;23(2):237–43. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2010.12.013 21257300

13. Schiffman M, Castle PE, Jeronimo J, Rodriguez AC, Wacholder S. Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer. Lancet. 2007;370(9590):890–907. 17826171

14. Peto J. Cancer epidemiology in the last century and the next decade. Nature. 2001;411(6835):390–5. 11357148

15. Parkin DM, Boyd L, Walker LC. 16. The fraction of cancer attributable to lifestyle and environmental factors in the UK in 2010. Br J Cancer. 2011;105 Suppl 2:S77–81. doi: 10.1038/bjc.2011.489 22158327

16. Forman D BF, Brewster DH, Gombe Mbalawa C, Kohler B, Piñeros M, Steliarova-Foucher E, Swaminathan R and Ferlay J. eds (2013) Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol. X (electronic version) Lyon, IARC. http://ci5.iarc.fr last accessed on 05-Mar-2015. (The printed version of this volume: IARC Scientific Publication No. 164, will be available in 2014)

17. Pfeifer GP. Environmental exposures and mutational patterns of cancer genomes. Genome medicine. 2010;2(8):54. doi: 10.1186/gm175 20707934

18. Petitjean A ME, Kato S, Ishioka C, Tavtigian SV, Hainaut P, Olivier M. Impact of mutant p53 functional properties on TP53 mutation patterns and tumor phenotype: lessons from recent developments in the IARC TP53 database. Hum Mutat. 2007;28(6):622–9 (Version R17, November 2013). 17311302

19. Pleasance ED, Stephens PJ, O'Meara S, McBride DJ, Meynert A, Jones D, et al. A small-cell lung cancer genome with complex signatures of tobacco exposure. Nature. 2010;463(7278):184–90. doi: 10.1038/nature08629 20016488

20. Pfeifer GP. How the environment shapes cancer genomes. Current opinion in oncology. 2015;27(1):71–7. doi: 10.1097/CCO.0000000000000152 25402978

21. Scelo G, Riazalhosseini Y, Greger L, Letourneau L, Gonzalez-Porta M, Wozniak MB, et al. Variation in genomic landscape of clear cell renal cell carcinoma across Europe. Nature communications. 2014;5:5135. doi: 10.1038/ncomms6135 25351205

22. Poon SL, Pang ST, McPherson JR, Yu W, Huang KK, Guan P, et al. Genome-wide mutational signatures of aristolochic acid and its application as a screening tool. Science translational medicine. 2013;5(197):197ra01.

23. Alexandrov LB, Nik-Zainal S, Wedge DC, Aparicio SA, Behjati S, Biankin AV, et al. Signatures of mutational processes in human cancer. Nature. 2013;500(7463):415–21. doi: 10.1038/nature12477 23945592

24. Olivier M, Weninger A, Ardin M, Huskova H, Castells X, Vallee MP, et al. Modelling mutational landscapes of human cancers in vitro. Sci Rep. 2014;4:4482. doi: 10.1038/srep04482 24670820

25. Korte JE, Brennan P, Henley SJ, Boffetta P. Dose-specific meta-analysis and sensitivity analysis of the relation between alcohol consumption and lung cancer risk. Am J Epidemiol. 2002;155(6):496–506. 11882523

26. Peto R, Doll R, Buckley JD, Sporn MB. Can dietary beta-carotene materially reduce human cancer rates? Nature. 1981;290(5803):201–8. 7010181

27. Goralczyk R. Beta-carotene and lung cancer in smokers: review of hypotheses and status of research. Nutr Cancer. 2009;61(6):767–74. doi: 10.1080/01635580903285155 20155614

28. Lawlor DA, Davey Smith G, Kundu D, Bruckdorfer KR, Ebrahim S. Those confounded vitamins: what can we learn from the differences between observational versus randomised trial evidence? Lancet. 2004;363(9422):1724–7. 15158637

29. Smith GD, Ebrahim S. 'Mendelian randomization': can genetic epidemiology contribute to understanding environmental determinants of disease? Int J Epidemiol. 2003;32(1):1–22. 12689998

30. Chen L, Smith GD, Harbord RM, Lewis SJ. Alcohol intake and blood pressure: a systematic review implementing a Mendelian randomization approach. PLoS Med. 2008;5(3):e52. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0050052 18318597

31. Thrift AP, Shaheen NJ, Gammon MD, Bernstein L, Reid BJ, Onstad L, et al. Obesity and risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma and Barrett's esophagus: a mendelian randomization study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2014;106(11).

32. Nead KT, Sharp SJ, Thompson DJ, Painter JN, Savage DB, Semple RK, et al. Evidence of a Causal Association Between Insulinemia and Endometrial Cancer: A Mendelian Randomization Analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2015;107(9).

33. Trummer O, Pilz S, Hoffmann MM, Winkelmann BR, Boehm BO, Marz W, et al. Vitamin D and mortality: a Mendelian randomization study. Clinical chemistry. 2013;59(5):793–7. doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2012.193185 23319826

34. Voight BF, Peloso GM, Orho-Melander M, Frikke-Schmidt R, Barbalic M, Jensen MK, et al. Plasma HDL cholesterol and risk of myocardial infarction: a mendelian randomisation study. Lancet. 2012;380(9841):572–80. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60312-2 22607825

35. Ridker PM. LDL cholesterol: controversies and future therapeutic directions. Lancet. 2014;384(9943):607–17. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61009-6 25131980

36. Nordestgaard BG, Varbo A. Triglycerides and cardiovascular disease. Lancet. 2014;384(9943):626–35. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61177-6 25131982

37. Sudlow C, Gallacher J, Allen N, Beral V, Burton P, Danesh J, et al. UK Biobank: An Open Access Resource for Identifying the Causes of a Wide Range of Complex Diseases of Middle and Old Age. PLoS Med. 2015;12(3):e1001779. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779 25826379

38. Davey Smith G, Hemani G. Mendelian randomization: genetic anchors for causal inference in epidemiological studies. Hum Mol Genet. 2014;23(R1):R89–98. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddu328 25064373

39. Ebrahim S, Davey Smith G. Mendelian randomization: can genetic epidemiology help redress the failures of observational epidemiology? Hum Genet. 2008;123(1):15–33. 18038153

40. Burgess S, Thompson SG. Avoiding bias from weak instruments in Mendelian randomization studies. Int J Epidemiol. 2011;40(3):755–64. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyr036 21414999

41. VanderWeele TJ, Tchetgen Tchetgen EJ, Cornelis M, Kraft P. Methodological challenges in mendelian randomization. Epidemiology. 2014;25(3):427–35. doi: 10.1097/EDE.0000000000000081 24681576

42. Ferlay J SI, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D, Bray F. GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.0, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2013 http://globocaniarcfr, accessed on 05-Mar-2015.

43. Allemani C, Weir HK, Carreira H, Harewood R, Spika D, Wang XS, et al. Global surveillance of cancer survival 1995–2009: analysis of individual data for 25,676,887 patients from 279 population-based registries in 67 countries (CONCORD-2). Lancet. 2015;385(9972):977–1010. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62038-9 25467588

44. Easton DF, Pharoah PD, Antoniou AC, Tischkowitz M, Tavtigian SV, Nathanson KL, et al. Gene-panel sequencing and the prediction of breast-cancer risk. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(23):2243–57. doi: 10.1056/NEJMsr1501341 26014596

45. Jervis S, Song H, Lee A, Dicks E, Harrington P, Baynes C, et al. A risk prediction algorithm for ovarian cancer incorporating BRCA1, BRCA2, common alleles and other familial effects. J Med Genet. 2015;52(7):465–75. doi: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2015-103077 26025000

46. Szulkin R, Whitington T, Eklund M, Aly M, Eeles RA, Easton D, et al. Prediction of individual genetic risk to prostate cancer using a polygenic score. Prostate. 2015.

47. Kreimer AR, Brennan P, Lang Kuhs KA, Waterboer T, Clifford G, Franceschi S, et al. Human papillomavirus antibodies and future risk of anogenital cancer: a nested case-control study in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition study. Journal of clinical oncology: official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2015;33(8):877–84.

48. Diehl F, Schmidt K, Choti MA, Romans K, Goodman S, Li M, et al. Circulating mutant DNA to assess tumor dynamics. Nature medicine. 2008;14(9):985–90. doi: 10.1038/nm.1789 18670422

49. Bettegowda C, Sausen M, Leary RJ, Kinde I, Wang Y, Agrawal N, et al. Detection of circulating tumor DNA in early- and late-stage human malignancies. Science translational medicine. 2014;6(224):224ra24. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3007094 24553385

50. Iorio MV, Croce CM. microRNA involvement in human cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2012;33(6):1126–33. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgs140 22491715

51. Sozzi G, Boeri M, Rossi M, Verri C, Suatoni P, Bravi F, et al. Clinical utility of a plasma-based miRNA signature classifier within computed tomography lung cancer screening: a correlative MILD trial study. Journal of clinical oncology: official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2014;32(8):768–73.

52. Bianchi F, Nicassio F, Marzi M, Belloni E, Dall'olio V, Bernard L, et al. A serum circulating miRNA diagnostic test to identify asymptomatic high-risk individuals with early stage lung cancer. EMBO molecular medicine. 2011;3(8):495–503. doi: 10.1002/emmm.201100154 21744498

53. Bray F, Jemal A, Grey N, Ferlay J, Forman D. Global cancer transitions according to the Human Development Index (2008–2030): a population-based study. Lancet Oncol. 2012;13(8):790–801. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(12)70211-5 22658655

54. Wild CP, Bucher JR, de Jong BW, Dillner J, von Gertten C, Groopman JD, et al. Translational cancer research: balancing prevention and treatment to combat cancer globally. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2015;107(1):353. doi: 10.1093/jnci/dju353 25515230

Štítky
Genetika Reprodukčná medicína

Článok vyšiel v časopise

PLOS Genetics


2015 Číslo 11
Najčítanejšie tento týždeň
Najčítanejšie v tomto čísle
Kurzy

Zvýšte si kvalifikáciu online z pohodlia domova

Aktuální možnosti diagnostiky a léčby litiáz
nový kurz
Autori: MUDr. Tomáš Ürge, PhD.

Všetky kurzy
Prihlásenie
Zabudnuté heslo

Zadajte e-mailovú adresu, s ktorou ste vytvárali účet. Budú Vám na ňu zasielané informácie k nastaveniu nového hesla.

Prihlásenie

Nemáte účet?  Registrujte sa

#ADS_BOTTOM_SCRIPTS#