#PAGE_PARAMS# #ADS_HEAD_SCRIPTS# #MICRODATA#

, and Reprogram Thymocytes into Self-Renewing Cells


Deciphering the initiating events in lymphoid leukemia is important for the development of new therapeutic strategies. In this manuscript, we define oncogenic reprogramming as the process through which non-self-renewing progenitors are converted into pre-leukemic stem cells with sustained self-renewal capacities. We provide strong genetic evidence that this step is rate-limiting in leukemogenesis and requires the activation of a self-renewal program by oncogenic transcription factors, as exemplified by SCL and LMO1. Furthermore, NOTCH1 is a pathway that drives cell fate in the thymus. We demonstrate that homeostatic NOTCH1 levels that are highest in specific thymocyte subsets determine their susceptibilities to oncogenic reprogramming by SCL and LMO1. Our data provide novel insight into the acquisition of self-renewal as a critical first step in lymphoid cell transformation, requiring the synergistic interaction of oncogenic transcription factors with a cellular context controlled by high physiological NOTCH1.


Vyšlo v časopise: , and Reprogram Thymocytes into Self-Renewing Cells. PLoS Genet 10(12): e32767. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004768
Kategorie: Research Article
prolekare.web.journal.doi_sk: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1004768

Souhrn

Deciphering the initiating events in lymphoid leukemia is important for the development of new therapeutic strategies. In this manuscript, we define oncogenic reprogramming as the process through which non-self-renewing progenitors are converted into pre-leukemic stem cells with sustained self-renewal capacities. We provide strong genetic evidence that this step is rate-limiting in leukemogenesis and requires the activation of a self-renewal program by oncogenic transcription factors, as exemplified by SCL and LMO1. Furthermore, NOTCH1 is a pathway that drives cell fate in the thymus. We demonstrate that homeostatic NOTCH1 levels that are highest in specific thymocyte subsets determine their susceptibilities to oncogenic reprogramming by SCL and LMO1. Our data provide novel insight into the acquisition of self-renewal as a critical first step in lymphoid cell transformation, requiring the synergistic interaction of oncogenic transcription factors with a cellular context controlled by high physiological NOTCH1.


Zdroje

1. LapidotT, SirardC, VormoorJ, MurdochB, HoangT, et al. (1994) A cell initiating human acute myeloid leukaemia after transplantation into SCID mice. Nature 367: 645–648.

2. ValentP, BonnetD, WohrerS, AndreeffM, CoplandM, et al. (2013) Heterogeneity of neoplastic stem cells: theoretical, functional, and clinical implications. Cancer Res 73: 1037–1045.

3. BonnetD, DickJE (1997) Human acute myeloid leukemia is organized as a hierarchy that originates from a primitive hematopoietic cell. Nat Med 3: 730–737.

4. JordanCT (2009) Cancer stem cells: controversial or just misunderstood? Cell Stem Cell 4: 203–205.

5. Vicente-DuenasC, Romero-CamareroI, CobaledaC, Sanchez-GarciaI (2013) Function of oncogenes in cancer development: a changing paradigm. EMBO J 32: 1502–1513.

6. NguyenLV, VannerR, DirksP, EavesCJ (2012) Cancer stem cells: an evolving concept. Nat Rev Cancer 12: 133–143.

7. GreavesM, MaleyCC (2012) Clonal evolution in cancer. Nature 481: 306–313.

8. KrivtsovAV, TwomeyD, FengZ, StubbsMC, WangY, et al. (2006) Transformation from committed progenitor to leukaemia stem cell initiated by MLL-AF9. Nature 442: 818–822.

9. McCormackMP, YoungLF, VasudevanS, de GraafCA, CodringtonR, et al. (2010) The Lmo2 oncogene initiates leukemia in mice by inducing thymocyte self-renewal. Science 327: 879–883.

10. HongD, GuptaR, AncliffP, AtzbergerA, BrownJ, et al. (2008) Initiating and cancer-propagating cells in TEL-AML1-associated childhood leukemia. Science 319: 336–339.

11. BhandoolaA, SambandamA (2006) From stem cell to T cell: one route or many? Nat Rev Immunol 6: 117–126.

12. MartinsVC, RuggieroE, SchlennerSM, MadanV, SchmidtM, et al. (2012) Thymus-autonomous T cell development in the absence of progenitor import. J Exp Med 209: 1409–1417.

13. ZhangJA, MortazaviA, WilliamsBA, WoldBJ, RothenbergEV (2012) Dynamic transformations of genome-wide epigenetic marking and transcriptional control establish T cell identity. Cell 149: 467–482.

14. CiofaniM, SchmittTM, CiofaniA, MichieAM, CuburuN, et al. (2004) Obligatory role for cooperative signaling by pre-TCR and Notch during thymocyte differentiation. J Immunol 172: 5230–5239.

15. WengAP, FerrandoAA, LeeW, MorrisJPt, SilvermanLB, et al. (2004) Activating mutations of NOTCH1 in human T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Science 306: 269–271.

16. O'NeilJ, CalvoJ, McKennaK, KrishnamoorthyV, AsterJC, et al. (2006) Activating Notch1 mutations in mouse models of T-ALL. Blood 107: 781–785.

17. TremblayM, TremblayCS, HerblotS, AplanPD, HebertJ, et al. (2010) Modeling T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia induced by the SCL and LMO1 oncogenes. Genes Dev 24: 1093–1105.

18. BigasA, EspinosaL (2012) Hematopoietic stem cells: to be or Notch to be. Blood 119: 3226–3235.

19. KochU, LehalR, RadtkeF (2013) Stem cells living with a Notch. Development 140: 689–704.

20. Chiang MY, Shestova O, Xu L, Aster JC, Pear WS (2012) Divergent effects of supraphysiological Notch signals on leukemia stem cells and hematopoietic stem cells. Blood.

21. ArmstrongF, de la GrangePB, GerbyB, RouyezMC, CalvoJ, et al. (2009) NOTCH is a key regulator of human T-cell acute leukemia initiating cell activity. Blood 113: 1730–1740.

22. GerbyB, ClappierE, ArmstrongF, DeswarteC, CalvoJ, et al. (2011) Expression of CD34 and CD7 on human T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia discriminates functionally heterogeneous cell populations. Leukemia 25: 1249–1258.

23. TatarekJ, CullionK, AshworthT, GersteinR, AsterJC, et al. (2011) Notch1 inhibition targets the leukemia-initiating cells in a Tal1/Lmo2 mouse model of T-ALL. Blood 118: 1579–1590.

24. WendorffAA, KochU, WunderlichFT, WirthS, DubeyC, et al. (2010) Hes1 is a critical but context-dependent mediator of canonical Notch signaling in lymphocyte development and transformation. Immunity 33: 671–684.

25. DudleyDD, WangHC, SunXH (2009) Hes1 potentiates T cell lymphomagenesis by up-regulating a subset of notch target genes. PLoS One 4: e6678.

26. D'AltriT, GonzalezJ, AifantisI, EspinosaL, BigasA (2011) Hes1 expression and CYLD repression are essential events downstream of Notch1 in T-cell leukemia. Cell Cycle 10: 1031–1036.

27. WengAP, MillhollandJM, Yashiro-OhtaniY, ArcangeliML, LauA, et al. (2006) c-Myc is an important direct target of Notch1 in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma. Genes Dev 20: 2096–2109.

28. SteiningerA, MobsM, UllmannR, KochertK, KreherS, et al. (2011) Genomic loss of the putative tumor suppressor gene E2A in human lymphoma. J Exp Med 208: 1585–1593.

29. PalomeroT, LimWK, OdomDT, SulisML, RealPJ, et al. (2006) NOTCH1 directly regulates c-MYC and activates a feed-forward-loop transcriptional network promoting leukemic cell growth. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103: 18261–18266.

30. ChiangMY, XuL, ShestovaO, HistenG, L'HeureuxS, et al. (2008) Leukemia-associated NOTCH1 alleles are weak tumor initiators but accelerate K-ras-initiated leukemia. J Clin Invest 118: 3181–3194.

31. SwiersG, PatientR, LooseM (2006) Genetic regulatory networks programming hematopoietic stem cells and erythroid lineage specification. Dev Biol 294: 525–540.

32. ReynaudD, RavetE, TiteuxM, MazurierF, ReniaL, et al. (2005) SCL/TAL1 expression level regulates human hematopoietic stem cell self-renewal and engraftment. Blood 106: 2318–2328.

33. LacombeJ, HerblotS, Rojas-SutterlinS, HamanA, BarakatS, et al. (2010) Scl regulates the quiescence and the long-term competence of hematopoietic stem cells. Blood 115: 792–803.

34. SouroullasGP, SalmonJM, SablitzkyF, CurtisDJ, GoodellMA (2009) Adult hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells require either Lyl1 or Scl for survival. Cell Stem Cell 4: 180–186.

35. PorcherC, SwatW, RockwellK, FujiwaraY, AltFW, et al. (1996) The T cell leukemia oncoprotein SCL/tal-1 is essential for development of all hematopoietic lineages. Cell 86: 47–57.

36. SchlaegerTM, SchuhA, FlitterS, FisherA, MikkolaH, et al. (2004) Decoding hematopoietic specificity in the helix-loop-helix domain of the transcription factor SCL/Tal-1. Mol Cell Biol 24: 7491–7502.

37. LecuyerE, LariviereS, SincennesMC, HamanA, LahlilR, et al. (2007) Protein stability and transcription factor complex assembly determined by the SCL-LMO2 interaction. J Biol Chem 282: 33649–33658.

38. FerrandoAA, NeubergDS, StauntonJ, LohML, HuardC, et al. (2002) Gene expression signatures define novel oncogenic pathways in T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer Cell 1: 75–87.

39. McGuireEA, RintoulCE, SclarGM, KorsmeyerSJ (1992) Thymic overexpression of Ttg-1 in transgenic mice results in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma. Mol Cell Biol 12: 4186–4196.

40. AplanPD, JonesCA, ChervinskyDS, ZhaoX, EllsworthM, et al. (1997) An scl gene product lacking the transactivation domain induces bony abnormalities and cooperates with LMO1 to generate T-cell malignancies in transgenic mice. EMBO J 16: 2408–2419.

41. LarsonRC, LavenirI, LarsonTA, BaerR, WarrenAJ, et al. (1996) Protein dimerization between Lmo2 (Rbtn2) and Tal1 alters thymocyte development and potentiates T cell tumorigenesis in transgenic mice. Embo J 15: 1021–1027.

42. HsuHL, WadmanI, TsanJT, BaerR (1994) Positive and negative transcriptional control by the TAL1 helix-loop-helix protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 91: 5947–5951.

43. ParkST, SunXH (1998) The Tal1 oncoprotein inhibits E47-mediated transcription. Mechanism of inhibition. J Biol Chem 273: 7030–7037.

44. ChervinskyDS, ZhaoXF, LamDH, EllsworthM, GrossKW, et al. (1999) Disordered T-cell development and T-cell malignancies in SCL LMO1 double-transgenic mice: parallels with E2A-deficient mice. Mol Cell Biol 19: 5025–5035.

45. YanW, YoungAZ, SoaresVC, KelleyR, BenezraR, et al. (1997) High incidence of T-cell tumors in E2A-null mice and E2A/Id1 double-knockout mice. Mol Cell Biol 17: 7317–7327.

46. HerblotS, SteffAM, HugoP, AplanPD, HoangT (2000) SCL and LMO1 alter thymocyte differentiation: inhibition of E2A-HEB function and pre-T alpha chain expression. Nat Immunol 1: 138–144.

47. O'NeilJ, ShankJ, CussonN, MurreC, KelliherM (2004) TAL1/SCL induces leukemia by inhibiting the transcriptional activity of E47/HEB. Cancer Cell 5: 587–596.

48. MurreC (2005) Helix-loop-helix proteins and lymphocyte development. Nat Immunol 6: 1079–1086.

49. KeeBL (2009) E and ID proteins branch out. Nat Rev Immunol 9: 175–184.

50. HerblotS, AplanPD, HoangT (2002) Gradient of E2A activity in B-cell development. Mol Cell Biol 22: 886–900.

51. GoardonN, SchuhA, HajarI, MaX, JouaultH, et al. (2002) Ectopic expression of TAL-1 protein in Ly-6E.1-htal-1 transgenic mice induces defects in B- and T-lymphoid differentiation. Blood 100: 491–500.

52. RobbL, RaskoJE, BathML, StrasserA, BegleyCG (1995) scl, a gene frequently activated in human T cell leukaemia, does not induce lymphomas in transgenic mice. Oncogene 10: 205–209.

53. KelliherMA, SeldinDC, LederP (1996) Tal-1 induces T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia accelerated by casein kinase IIalpha. Embo J 15: 5160–5166.

54. AifantisI, RaetzE, BuonamiciS (2008) Molecular pathogenesis of T-cell leukaemia and lymphoma. Nat Rev Immunol 8: 380–390.

55. KimD, PengXC, SunXH (1999) Massive apoptosis of thymocytes in T-cell-deficient Id1 transgenic mice. Mol Cell Biol 19: 8240–8253.

56. Van VlierbergheP, FerrandoA (2012) The molecular basis of T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Invest 122: 3398–3406.

57. OnoY, FukuharaN, YoshieO (1998) TAL1 and LIM-only proteins synergistically induce retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 2 expression in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia by acting as cofactors for GATA3. Mol Cell Biol 18: 6939–6950.

58. LecuyerE, HerblotS, Saint-DenisM, MartinR, BegleyCG, et al. (2002) The SCL complex regulates c-kit expression in hematopoietic cells through functional interaction with Sp1. Blood 100: 2430–2440.

59. KusyS, GerbyB, GoardonN, GaultN, FerriF, et al. (2010) NKX3.1 is a direct TAL1 target gene that mediates proliferation of TAL1-expressing human T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Exp Med 207: 2141–2156.

60. SandaT, LawtonLN, BarrasaMI, FanZP, KohlhammerH, et al. (2012) Core transcriptional regulatory circuit controlled by the TAL1 complex in human T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer Cell 22: 209–221.

61. McCormack MP, Shields BJ, Jackson JT, Nasa C, Shi W, et al.. (2013) Requirement for Lyl1 in a model of Lmo2-driven early T-cell precursor ALL. Blood.

62. McMurrayHR, SampsonER, CompitelloG, KinseyC, NewmanL, et al. (2008) Synergistic response to oncogenic mutations defines gene class critical to cancer phenotype. Nature 453: 1112–1116.

63. AshtonJM, BalysM, NeeringSJ, HassaneDC, CowleyG, et al. (2012) Gene sets identified with oncogene cooperativity analysis regulate in vivo growth and survival of leukemia stem cells. Cell Stem Cell 11: 359–372.

64. Cancer Genome Atlas Research N (2013) Genomic and epigenomic landscapes of adult de novo acute myeloid leukemia. N Engl J Med 368: 2059–2074.

65. Kalender AtakZ, GianfeliciV, HulselmansG, De KeersmaeckerK, DevasiaAG, et al. (2013) Comprehensive analysis of transcriptome variation uncovers known and novel driver events in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. PLoS Genet 9: e1003997.

66. SchmittTM, Zuniga-PfluckerJC (2002) Induction of T cell development from hematopoietic progenitor cells by delta-like-1 in vitro. Immunity 17: 749–756.

67. TanJB, VisanI, YuanJS, GuidosCJ (2005) Requirement for Notch1 signals at sequential early stages of intrathymic T cell development. Nat Immunol 6: 671–679.

68. WangH, ZouJ, ZhaoB, JohannsenE, AshworthT, et al. (2011) Genome-wide analysis reveals conserved and divergent features of Notch1/RBPJ binding in human and murine T-lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108: 14908–14913.

69. AsterJC, PearWS, BlacklowSC (2008) Notch signaling in leukemia. Annu Rev Pathol 3: 587–613.

70. DeneaultE, CellotS, FaubertA, LaverdureJP, FrechetteM, et al. (2009) A functional screen to identify novel effectors of hematopoietic stem cell activity. Cell 137: 369–379.

71. RossiL, LinKK, BolesNC, YangL, KingKY, et al. (2012) Less is more: unveiling the functional core of hematopoietic stem cells through knockout mice. Cell Stem Cell 11: 302–317.

72. SharmaVM, CalvoJA, DraheimKM, CunninghamLA, HermanceN, et al. (2006) Notch1 contributes to mouse T-cell leukemia by directly inducing the expression of c-myc. Mol Cell Biol 26: 8022–8031.

73. KunisatoA, ChibaS, Nakagami-YamaguchiE, KumanoK, SaitoT, et al. (2003) HES-1 preserves purified hematopoietic stem cells ex vivo and accumulates side population cells in vivo. Blood 101: 1777–1783.

74. HannahR, JoshiA, WilsonNK, KinstonS, GottgensB (2011) A compendium of genome-wide hematopoietic transcription factor maps supports the identification of gene regulatory control mechanisms. Exp Hematol 39: 531–541.

75. WilsonNK, FosterSD, WangX, KnezevicK, SchutteJ, et al. (2010) Combinatorial transcriptional control in blood stem/progenitor cells: genome-wide analysis of ten major transcriptional regulators. Cell Stem Cell 7: 532–544.

76. LecuyerE, HoangT (2004) SCL: from the origin of hematopoiesis to stem cells and leukemia. Exp Hematol 32: 11–24.

77. IkawaT, KawamotoH, GoldrathAW, MurreC (2006) E proteins and Notch signaling cooperate to promote T cell lineage specification and commitment. J Exp Med 203: 1329–1342.

78. MiyazakiK, MiyazakiM, MurreC (2014) The establishment of B versus T cell identity. Trends Immunol 35: 205–210.

79. BainG, QuongMW, SoloffRS, HedrickSM, MurreC (1999) Thymocyte maturation is regulated by the activity of the helix-loop-helix protein, E47. J Exp Med 190: 1605–1616.

80. ZhuangY, ChengP, WeintraubH (1996) B-lymphocyte development is regulated by the combined dosage of three basic helix-loop-helix genes, E2A, E2-2, and HEB. Mol Cell Biol 16: 2898–2905.

81. DeleuzeV, El-HajjR, ChalhoubE, DohetC, PinetV, et al. (2012) Angiopoietin-2 is a direct transcriptional target of TAL1, LYL1 and LMO2 in endothelial cells. PLoS One 7: e40484.

82. ZohrenF, SouroullasGP, LuoM, GerdemannU, ImperatoMR, et al. (2012) The transcription factor Lyl-1 regulates lymphoid specification and the maintenance of early T lineage progenitors. Nat Immunol 13: 761–769.

83. HommingaI, PietersR, LangerakAW, de RooiJJ, StubbsA, et al. (2011) Integrated transcript and genome analyses reveal NKX2-1 and MEF2C as potential oncogenes in T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer Cell 19: 484–497.

84. SmithS, TripathiR, GoodingsC, ClevelandS, MathiasE, et al. (2014) LIM Domain Only-2 (LMO2) Induces T-Cell Leukemia by Two Distinct Pathways. PLoS One 9: e85883.

85. HommingaI, VuerhardMJ, LangerakAW, Buijs-GladdinesJ, PietersR, et al. (2012) Characterization of a pediatric T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia patient with simultaneous LYL1 and LMO2 rearrangements. Haematologica 97: 258–261.

86. GiambraV, JenkinsCR, WangH, LamSH, ShevchukOO, et al. (2012) NOTCH1 promotes T cell leukemia-initiating activity by RUNX-mediated regulation of PKC-theta and reactive oxygen species. Nat Med 18: 1693–1698.

87. KingB, TrimarchiT, ReavieL, XuL, MullendersJ, et al. (2013) The ubiquitin ligase FBXW7 modulates leukemia-initiating cell activity by regulating MYC stability. Cell 153: 1552–1566.

88. MaillardI, KochU, DumortierA, ShestovaO, XuL, et al. (2008) Canonical notch signaling is dispensable for the maintenance of adult hematopoietic stem cells. Cell Stem Cell 2: 356–366.

89. YuanJS, KousisPC, SulimanS, VisanI, GuidosCJ (2010) Functions of notch signaling in the immune system: consensus and controversies. Annu Rev Immunol 28: 343–365.

90. PhelanJD, SabaI, ZengH, KosanC, MesserMS, et al. (2013) Growth factor independent-1 maintains Notch1-dependent transcriptional programming of lymphoid precursors. PLoS Genet 9: e1003713.

91. TzonevaG, FerrandoAA (2012) Recent advances on NOTCH signaling in T-ALL. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 360: 163–182.

92. De ObaldiaME, BellJJ, WangX, HarlyC, Yashiro-OhtaniY, et al. (2013) T cell development requires constraint of the myeloid regulator C/EBP-alpha by the Notch target and transcriptional repressor Hes1. Nat Immunol 14: 1277–1284.

93. LaurentiE, Varnum-FinneyB, WilsonA, FerreroI, Blanco-BoseWE, et al. (2008) Hematopoietic stem cell function and survival depend on c-Myc and N-Myc activity. Cell Stem Cell 3: 611–624.

94. BaenaE, OrtizM, MartinezAC, de AlboranIM (2007) c-Myc is essential for hematopoietic stem cell differentiation and regulates Lin(-)Sca-1(+)c-Kit(-) cell generation through p21. Exp Hematol 35: 1333–1343.

95. WilsonA, MurphyMJ, OskarssonT, KaloulisK, BettessMD, et al. (2004) c-Myc controls the balance between hematopoietic stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. Genes Dev 18: 2747–2763.

96. ReavieL, Della GattaG, CrusioK, Aranda-OrgillesB, BuckleySM, et al. (2010) Regulation of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation by a single ubiquitin ligase-substrate complex. Nat Immunol 11: 207–215.

97. O'NeilJ, GrimJ, StrackP, RaoS, TibbittsD, et al. (2007) FBW7 mutations in leukemic cells mediate NOTCH pathway activation and resistance to gamma-secretase inhibitors. J Exp Med 204: 1813–1824.

98. NakagawaM, TakizawaN, NaritaM, IchisakaT, YamanakaS (2010) Promotion of direct reprogramming by transformation-deficient Myc. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107: 14152–14157.

99. RoderickJE, TesellJ, ShultzLD, BrehmMA, GreinerDL, et al. (2014) c-Myc inhibition prevents leukemia initiation in mice and impairs the growth of relapsed and induction failure pediatric T-ALL cells. Blood 123: 1040–1050.

100. LoosveldM, CastellanoR, GonS, GoubardA, CrouzetT, et al. (2014) Therapeutic targeting of c-Myc in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, T-ALL. Oncotarget 5: 3168–3172.

101. SmithLJ, CurtisJE, MessnerHA, SennJS, FurthmayrH, et al. (1983) Lineage infidelity in acute leukemia. Blood 61: 1138–1145.

102. IschenkoI, ZhiJ, MollUM, NemajerovaA, PetrenkoO (2013) Direct reprogramming by oncogenic Ras and Myc. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110: 3937–3942.

103. ChiuPP, JiangH, DickJE (2010) Leukemia-initiating cells in human T-lymphoblastic leukemia exhibit glucocorticoid resistance. Blood 116: 5268–5279.

104. SoulierJ, ClappierE, CayuelaJM, RegnaultA, Garcia-PeydroM, et al. (2005) HOXA genes are included in genetic and biologic networks defining human acute T-cell leukemia (T-ALL). Blood 106: 274–286.

105. SimonC, ChagraouiJ, KroslJ, GendronP, WilhelmB, et al. (2012) A key role for EZH2 and associated genes in mouse and human adult T-cell acute leukemia. Genes Dev 26: 651–656.

106. NagelS, VenturiniL, MeyerC, KaufmannM, ScherrM, et al. (2010) Multiple mechanisms induce ectopic expression of LYL1 in subsets of T-ALL cell lines. Leuk Res 34: 521–528.

107. ZhuangY, KimCG, BartelmezS, ChengP, GroudineM, et al. (1992) Helix-loop-helix transcription factors E12 and E47 are not essential for skeletal or cardiac myogenesis, erythropoiesis, chondrogenesis, or neurogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 89: 12132–12136.

108. MalissenM, GilletA, ArdouinL, BouvierG, TrucyJ, et al. (1995) Altered T cell development in mice with a targeted mutation of the CD3-epsilon gene. EMBO J 14: 4641–4653.

109. ZhumabekovT, CorbellaP, TolainiM, KioussisD (1995) Improved version of a human CD2 minigene based vector for T cell-specific expression in transgenic mice. J Immunol Methods 185: 133–140.

110. GreavesDR, WilsonFD, LangG, KioussisD (1989) Human CD2 3'-flanking sequences confer high-level, T cell-specific, position-independent gene expression in transgenic mice. Cell 56: 979–986.

111. HarrisonDE, JordanCT, ZhongRK, AstleCM (1993) Primitive hemopoietic stem cells: direct assay of most productive populations by competitive repopulation with simple binomial, correlation and covariance calculations. Exp Hematol 21: 206–219.

112. EmaH, NakauchiH (2000) Expansion of hematopoietic stem cells in the developing liver of a mouse embryo. Blood 95: 2284–2288.

113. TanigawaT, ElwoodN, MetcalfD, CaryD, DeLucaE, et al. (1993) The SCL gene product is regulated by and differentially regulates cytokine responses during myeloid leukemic cell differentiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 90: 7864–7868.

114. TrickettA, KwanYL (2003) T cell stimulation and expansion using anti-CD3/CD28 beads. J Immunol Methods 275: 251–255.

115. GautierL, CopeL, BolstadBM, IrizarryRA (2004) affy—analysis of Affymetrix GeneChip data at the probe level. Bioinformatics 20: 307–315.

116. BreitlingR, ArmengaudP, AmtmannA, HerzykP (2004) Rank products: a simple, yet powerful, new method to detect differentially regulated genes in replicated microarray experiments. FEBS Lett 573: 83–92.

117. Salmon-DivonM, DvingeH, TammojaK, BertoneP (2010) PeakAnalyzer: genome-wide annotation of chromatin binding and modification loci. BMC Bioinformatics 11: 415.

118. TremblayM, HerblotS, LecuyerE, HoangT (2003) Regulation of pT alpha gene expression by a dosage of E2A, HEB, and SCL. J Biol Chem 278: 12680–12687.

119. LacombeJ, KroslG, TremblayM, GerbyB, MartinR, et al. (2013) Genetic interaction between Kit and Scl. Blood 122: 1150–1161.

120. LachmannA, XuH, KrishnanJ, BergerSI, MazloomAR, et al. (2010) ChEA: transcription factor regulation inferred from integrating genome-wide ChIP-X experiments. Bioinformatics 26: 2438–2444.

Štítky
Genetika Reprodukčná medicína

Článok vyšiel v časopise

PLOS Genetics


2014 Číslo 12
Najčítanejšie tento týždeň
Najčítanejšie v tomto čísle
Kurzy

Zvýšte si kvalifikáciu online z pohodlia domova

Aktuální možnosti diagnostiky a léčby litiáz
nový kurz
Autori: MUDr. Tomáš Ürge, PhD.

Všetky kurzy
Prihlásenie
Zabudnuté heslo

Zadajte e-mailovú adresu, s ktorou ste vytvárali účet. Budú Vám na ňu zasielané informácie k nastaveniu nového hesla.

Prihlásenie

Nemáte účet?  Registrujte sa

#ADS_BOTTOM_SCRIPTS#