#PAGE_PARAMS# #ADS_HEAD_SCRIPTS# #MICRODATA#

Transcriptomic Profiling of Reveals Reprogramming of the Crp Regulon by Temperature and Uncovers Crp as a Master Regulator of Small RNAs


Many bacterial pathogens cycle between environmental sources and mammalian hosts. Adaptation to the different natural habitats and host niches is achieved through complex regulatory networks which adjust synthesis of the large repertoire of crucial virulence factors and fitness determinants. To uncover underlying control circuits, we determined the first in-depth single-nucleotide resolution transcriptome of Yersinia. This revealed important novel genetic information, such as global locations of transcriptional start sites, non-coding RNAs, potential riboswitches and provided a set of virulence-relevant expression profiles, which constitute a valuable tool for the research community. The analysis further uncovered a temperature-induced global reprogramming of central metabolic functions, likely to support intestinal colonization of the pathogen. This is accompanied by a major reorganization of the CRP regulon, which involves a multitude of regulatory RNAs. The primary consequence is a fine-tuned, coordinated control of metabolism and virulence through a plethora of environmentally controlled regulatory RNAs allowing rapid adaptation and high flexibility during life-style changes.


Vyšlo v časopise: Transcriptomic Profiling of Reveals Reprogramming of the Crp Regulon by Temperature and Uncovers Crp as a Master Regulator of Small RNAs. PLoS Genet 11(3): e32767. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005087
Kategorie: Research Article
prolekare.web.journal.doi_sk: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1005087

Souhrn

Many bacterial pathogens cycle between environmental sources and mammalian hosts. Adaptation to the different natural habitats and host niches is achieved through complex regulatory networks which adjust synthesis of the large repertoire of crucial virulence factors and fitness determinants. To uncover underlying control circuits, we determined the first in-depth single-nucleotide resolution transcriptome of Yersinia. This revealed important novel genetic information, such as global locations of transcriptional start sites, non-coding RNAs, potential riboswitches and provided a set of virulence-relevant expression profiles, which constitute a valuable tool for the research community. The analysis further uncovered a temperature-induced global reprogramming of central metabolic functions, likely to support intestinal colonization of the pathogen. This is accompanied by a major reorganization of the CRP regulon, which involves a multitude of regulatory RNAs. The primary consequence is a fine-tuned, coordinated control of metabolism and virulence through a plethora of environmentally controlled regulatory RNAs allowing rapid adaptation and high flexibility during life-style changes.


Zdroje

1. Green J, Rolfe MD, Smith LJ (2014) Transcriptional regulation of bacterial virulence gene expression by molecular oxygen and nitric oxide. Virulence 5: 794–809. doi: 10.4161/viru.27794 25603427

2. Duprey A, Reverchon S, Nasser W (2014) Bacterial virulence and Fis: adapting regulatory networks to the host environment. Trends Microbiol 22: 92–99. doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2013.11.008 24370464

3. Miller JF, Mekalanos JJ, Falkow S (1989) Coordinate regulation and sensory transduction in the control of bacterial virulence. Science 243: 916–922. 2537530

4. Konkel ME, Tilly K (2000) Temperature-regulated expression of bacterial virulence genes. Microbes Infect 2: 157–166. 10742688

5. Geissmann T, Marzi S, Romby P (2009) The role of mRNA structure in translational control in bacteria. RNA Biol 6: 153–160. 19885993

6. Schiano CA, Lathem WW (2012) Post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression in Yersinia species. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2: 129. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2012.00129 23162797

7. Papenfort K, Vogel J (2014) Small RNA functions in carbon metabolism and virulence of enteric pathogens. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 4: 91. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00091 25077072

8. Heroven AK, Bohme K, Dersch P (2012) The Csr/Rsm system of Yersinia and related pathogens: A post-transcriptional strategy for managing virulence. RNA Biol 9.

9. Harris JF, Micheva-Viteva S, Li N, Hong-Geller E (2013) Small RNA-mediated regulation of host-pathogen interactions. Virulence 4: 785–795. doi: 10.4161/viru.26119 23958954

10. Henkin TM (2008) Riboswitch RNAs: using RNA to sense cellular metabolism. Genes Dev 22: 3383–3390. doi: 10.1101/gad.1747308 19141470

11. Breaker RR (2011) Prospects for riboswitch discovery and analysis. Mol Cell 43: 867–879. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2011.08.024 21925376

12. Kortmann J, Narberhaus F (2012) Bacterial RNA thermometers: molecular zippers and switches. Nat Rev Microbiol 10: 255–265. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro2730 22421878

13. Serganov A, Nudler E (2013) A decade of riboswitches. Cell 152: 17–24. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.12.024 23332744

14. Coppins RL, Hall KB, Groisman EA (2007) The intricate world of riboswitches. Curr Opin Microbiol 10: 176–181. 17383225

15. Chao Y, Vogel J (2010) The role of Hfq in bacterial pathogens. Curr Opin Microbiol 13: 24–33. doi: 10.1016/j.mib.2010.01.001 20080057

16. Koo JT, Alleyne TM, Schiano CA, Jafari N, Lathem WW (2011) Global discovery of small RNAs in Yersinia pseudotuberculosis identifies Yersinia-specific small, noncoding RNAs required for virulence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108: E709–717. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1101655108 21876162

17. Schiano CA, Koo JT, Schipma MJ, Caulfield AJ, Jafari N, et al. (2014) Genome-wide analysis of small RNAs expressed by Yersinia pestis identifies a regulator of the Yop-Ysc type III secretion system. J Bacteriol 196: 1659–1670. doi: 10.1128/JB.01456-13 24532772

18. Beauregard A, Smith EA, Petrone BL, Singh N, Karch C, et al. (2013) Identification and characterization of small RNAs in Yersinia pestis. RNA Biol 10: 397–405. doi: 10.4161/rna.23590 23324607

19. Qu Y, Bi L, Ji X, Deng Z, Zhang H, et al. (2012) Identification by cDNA cloning of abundant sRNAs in a human-avirulent Yersinia pestis strain grown under five different growth conditions. Future Microbiol 7: 535–547. doi: 10.2217/fmb.12.13 22439729

20. Yan Y, Su S, Meng X, Ji X, Qu Y, et al. (2013) Determination of sRNA expressions by RNA-seq in Yersinia pestis grown in vitro and during infection. PLoS One 8: e74495. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074495 24040259

21. Papenfort K, Vogel J (2010) Regulatory RNA in bacterial pathogens. Cell Host Microbe 8: 116–127. doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2010.06.008 20638647

22. Bockemuhl J, Roggentin P (2004) [Intestinal yersiniosis. Clinical importance, epidemiology, diagnosis, and prevention]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 47: 685–691. 15254824

23. Achtman M, Zurth K, Morelli G, Torrea G, Guiyoule A, et al. (1999) Yersinia pestis, the cause of plague, is a recently emerged clone of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96: 14043–14048. 10570195

24. Reuter S, Connor TR, Barquist L, Walker D, Feltwell T, et al. (2014) Parallel independent evolution of pathogenicity within the genus Yersinia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 111: 6768–6773. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1317161111 24753568

25. Chain PS, Carniel E, Larimer FW, Lamerdin J, Stoutland PO, et al. (2004) Insights into the evolution of Yersinia pestis through whole-genome comparison with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101: 13826–13831. 15358858

26. Wren BW (2003) The yersiniae—a model genus to study the rapid evolution of bacterial pathogens. Nature Reviews Microbiology 1: 55–64. 15040180

27. Koornhof HJ, Smego RA Jr., Nicol M (1999) Yersiniosis. II: The pathogenesis of Yersinia infections. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 18: 87–112. 10219574

28. Smego RA, Frean J, Koornhof H.J. (1999) Yersiniosis I: Microbiological and clinicoepidemiological aspects of plague and non-plague Yersinia infections. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 18: 1–15. 10192708

29. Kapperud G (1981) Survey on the reservoirs of Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia enterocolitica-like bacteria in Scandinavia. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand B 89: 29–35. 7020335

30. Straley SC, Perry RD (1995) Environmental modulation of gene expression and pathogenesis in Yersinia. Trends Microbiol 3: 310–317. 8528615

31. Saier MH Jr. (1998) Multiple mechanisms controlling carbon metabolism in bacteria. Biotechnol Bioeng 58: 170–174. 10191387

32. Zheng D, Constantinidou C, Hobman JL, Minchin SD (2004) Identification of the CRP regulon using in vitro and in vivo transcriptional profiling. Nucleic Acids Res 32: 5874–5893. 15520470

33. Zhan L, Han Y, Yang L, Geng J, Li Y, et al. (2008) The cyclic AMP receptor protein, CRP, is required for both virulence and expression of the minimal CRP regulon in Yersinia pestis biovar microtus. Infect Immun 76: 5028–5037. doi: 10.1128/IAI.00370-08 18710863

34. Heroven AK, Sest M, Pisano F, Scheb-Wetzel M, Steinmann R, et al. (2012) Crp induces switching of the CsrB and CsrC RNAs in Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and links nutritional status to virulence. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2: 158. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2012.00158 23251905

35. Avican K, Fahlgren A, Huss M, Heroven AK, Beckstette M, et al. (2015) Reprogramming of Yersinia from virulent to persistent mode revealed by complex in vivo RNA-seq analysis. PLoS Pathog 11: e1004600. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004600 25590628

36. Lathem WW, Schroeder JA, Bellows LE, Ritzert JT, Koo JT, et al. (2014) Posttranscriptional regulation of the Yersinia pestis cyclic AMP receptor protein Crp and impact on virulence. MBio 5: e01038–01013. doi: 10.1128/mBio.01038-13 24520064

37. Zhan L, Yang L, Zhou L, Li Y, Gao H, et al. (2009) Direct and negative regulation of the sycO-ypkA-ypoJ operon by cyclic AMP receptor protein (CRP) in Yersinia pestis. BMC Microbiol 9: 178. doi: 10.1186/1471-2180-9-178 19703315

38. Kim TJ, Chauhan S, Motin VL, Goh EB, Igo MM, et al. (2007) Direct transcriptional control of the plasminogen activator gene of Yersinia pestis by the cyclic AMP receptor protein. J Bacteriol 189: 8890–8900. 17933899

39. Bücker R, Heroven AK, Becker J, Dersch P, Wittmann C (2014) The pyruvate-tricarboxylic acid cycle node: a focal point of virulence control in the enteric pathogen Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. J Biol Chem 289: 30114–30132. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M114.581348 25164818

40. Davis KM, Mohammadi S, Isberg RR (2015) Community behavior and spatial regulation within a bacterial microcolony in deep tissue sites serves to protect against host attack. Cell Host Microbe 17: 21–31. doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2014.11.008 25500192

41. Nuss AM, Schuster F, Kathrin Heroven A, Heine W, Pisano F, et al. (2014) A direct link between the global regulator PhoP and the Csr regulon in Y. pseudotuberculosis through the small regulatory RNA CsrC. RNA Biol 11: 580–593. 24786463

42. Fahlgren A, Avican K, Westermark L, Nordfelth R, Fallman M (2014) Colonization of cecum is important for development of persistent infection by Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Infect Immun 82: 3471–3482. doi: 10.1128/IAI.01793-14 24891107

43. Durand EA, Maldonado-Arocho FJ, Castillo C, Walsh RL, Mecsas J (2010) The presence of professional phagocytes dictates the number of host cells targeted for Yop translocation during infection. Cell Microbiol 12: 1064–1082. doi: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2010.01451.x 20148898

44. Frost S, Ho O, Login FH, Weise CF, Wolf-Watz H, et al. (2012) Autoproteolysis and intramolecular dissociation of Yersinia YscU precedes secretion of its C-terminal polypeptide YscU(CC). PLoS One 7: e49349. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049349 23185318

45. Bolin I, Portnoy DA, Wolf-Watz H (1985) Expression of the temperature-inducible outer membrane proteins of yersiniae. Infect Immun 48: 234–240. 3980086

46. Sharma CM, Vogel J (2014) Differential RNA-seq: the approach behind and the biological insight gained. Curr Opin Microbiol 19: 97–105. doi: 10.1016/j.mib.2014.06.010 25024085

47. Rosinski-Chupin I, Soutourina O, Martin-Verstraete I (2014) Riboswitch discovery by combining RNA-seq and genome-wide identification of transcriptional start sites. Methods Enzymol 549: 3–27. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-801122-5.00001-5 25432742

48. Soutourina OA, Monot M, Boudry P, Saujet L, Pichon C, et al. (2013) Genome-wide identification of regulatory RNAs in the human pathogen Clostridium difficile. PLoS Genet 9: e1003493. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003493 23675309

49. Bolin I, Norlander I, Wolf-Watz H (1982) Temperature-inducible outer membrane protein of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Yersinia enterocolitica is associated with the virulence plasmid. Infect Immun 37: 506–512. 6749681

50. Hoe NP, Minion FC, Goguen JD (1992) Temperature sensing in Yersinia pestis: regulation of yopE transcription by lcrF. J Bacteriol 174: 4275–4286. 1624422

51. Skurnik M, Toivanen P (1992) LcrF is the temperature-regulated activator of the yadA gene of Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. J Bacteriol 174: 2047–2051. 1548243

52. Böhme K, Steinmann R, Kortmann J, Seekircher S, Heroven AK, et al. (2012) Concerted actions of a thermo-labile regulator and a unique intergenic RNA thermosensor control Yersinia virulence. PLoS Pathog 8: e1002518. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002518 22359501

53. Vogel J, Luisi BF (2011) Hfq and its constellation of RNA. Nat Rev Microbiol 9: 578–589. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro2615 21760622

54. Ali Azam T, Iwata A, Nishimura A, Ueda S, Ishihama A (1999) Growth phase-dependent variation in protein composition of the Escherichia coli nucleoid. J Bacteriol 181: 6361–6370. 10515926

55. Garcia E, Nedialkov YA, Elliott J, Motin VL, Brubaker RR (1999) Molecular characterization of KatY (antigen 5), a thermoregulated chromosomally encoded catalase-peroxidase of Yersinia pestis. J Bacteriol 181: 3114–3122. 10322012

56. Heroven A, Nagel G, Tran HJ, Parr S, Dersch P (2004) RovA is autoregulated and antagonizes H-NS-mediated silencing of invasin and rovA expression in Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Mol Microbiol 53: 871–888. 15255899

57. Lawrenz MB, Miller VL (2007) Comparative analysis of the regulation of rovA from the pathogenic yersiniae. J Bacteriol 189: 5963–5975. 17573476

58. Tsui H, Leung H, Winkler ME (1994) Characterization of broadly pleiotropic phenotypes caused by an hfq insertion mutation in Escherichia coli K-12. Molecular Microbiology 13: 35–49. 7984093

59. Bai G, Golubov A, Smith EA, McDonough KA (2010) The importance of the small RNA chaperone Hfq for growth of epidemic Yersinia pestis, but not Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, with implications for plague biology. J Bacteriol 192: 4239–4245. doi: 10.1128/JB.00504-10 20543069

60. Crooks GE, Hon G, Chandonia JM, Brenner SE (2004) WebLogo: a sequence logo generator. Genome Res 14: 1188–1190. 15173120

61. Kim D, Hong JS, Qiu Y, Nagarajan H, Seo JH, et al. (2012) Comparative analysis of regulatory elements between Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae by genome-wide transcription start site profiling. PLoS Genet 8: e1002867. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002867 22912590

62. Kröger C, Dillon SC, Cameron AD, Papenfort K, Sivasankaran SK, et al. (2012) The transcriptional landscape and small RNAs of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109: E1277–1286. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1201061109 22538806

63. Bailey TL, Elkan C (1994) Fitting a mixture model by expectation maximization to discover motifs in biopolymers. Proc Int Conf Intell Syst Mol Biol 2: 28–36. 7584402

64. Kröger C, Dillon SC, Cameron AD, Papenfort K, Sivasankaran SK, et al. (2012) The transcriptional landscape and small RNAs of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109: E1277–1286. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1201061109 22538806

65. Sharma CM, Hoffmann S, Darfeuille F, Reignier J, Findeiss S, et al. (2010) The primary transcriptome of the major human pathogen Helicobacter pylori. Nature 464: 250–255. doi: 10.1038/nature08756 20164839

66. Wurtzel O, Yoder-Himes DR, Han K, Dandekar AA, Edelheit S, et al. (2012) The single-nucleotide resolution transcriptome of Pseudomonas aeruginosa grown in body temperature. PLoS Pathog 8: e1002945. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002945 23028334

67. Abreu-Goodger C, Merino E (2005) RibEx: a web server for locating riboswitches and other conserved bacterial regulatory elements. Nucleic Acids Res 33: W690–692. 15980564

68. Regulski EE, Moy RH, Weinberg Z, Barrick JE, Yao Z, et al. (2008) A widespread riboswitch candidate that controls bacterial genes involved in molybdenum cofactor and tungsten cofactor metabolism. Mol Microbiol 68: 918–932. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2008.06208.x 18363797

69. Cromie MJ, Shi Y, Latifi T, Groisman EA (2006) An RNA sensor for intracellular Mg(2+). Cell 125: 71–84. 16615891

70. Groisman EA, Cromie MJ, Shi Y, Latifi T (2006) A Mg2+-responding RNA that controls the expression of a Mg2+ transporter. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 71: 251–258. 17381304

71. Brock JE, Pourshahian S, Giliberti J, Limbach PA, Janssen GR (2008) Ribosomes bind leaderless mRNA in Escherichia coli through recognition of their 5'-terminal AUG. RNA 14: 2159–2169. doi: 10.1261/rna.1089208 18755843

72. Thomason MK, Fontaine F, De Lay N, Storz G (2012) A small RNA that regulates motility and biofilm formation in response to changes in nutrient availability in Escherichia coli. Mol Microbiol 84: 17–35. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2012.07965.x 22289118

73. Anders S, Huber W (2010) Differential expression analysis for sequence count data. Genome Biol 11: R106. doi: 10.1186/gb-2010-11-10-r106 20979621

74. Isberg RR (1989) Determinants for thermoinducible cell binding and plasmid-encoded cellular penetration detected in the absence of the Yersinia pseudotuberculosis invasin protein. Infect Immun 57: 1998–2005. 2543628

75. Isberg RR, Swain A, Falkow S (1988) Analysis of expression and thermoregulation of the Yersinia pseudotuberculosis inv gene with hybrid proteins. Infect Immun 56: 2133–2138. 2840402

76. Kapatral V, Olson JW, Pepe JC, Miller VL, Minnich SA (1996) Temperature-dependent regulation of Yersinia enterocolitica Class III flagellar genes. Mol Microbiol 19: 1061–1071. 8830263

77. Motin VL, Georgescu AM, Fitch JP, Gu PP, Nelson DO, et al. (2004) Temporal global changes in gene expression during temperature transition in Yersinia pestis. J Bacteriol 186: 6298–6305. 15342600

78. Wolfe AJ (2005) The acetate switch. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 69: 12–50. 15755952

79. Cummings JH, Pomare EW, Branch WJ, Naylor CP, Macfarlane GT (1987) Short chain fatty acids in human large intestine, portal, hepatic and venous blood. Gut 28: 1221–1227. 3678950

80. Schiano CA, Bellows LE, Lathem WW (2010) The small RNA chaperone Hfq is required for the virulence of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Infect Immun 78: 2034–2044. doi: 10.1128/IAI.01046-09 20231416

81. Petersen S, Young GM (2002) Essential role for cyclic AMP and its receptor protein in Yersinia enterocolitica virulence. Infect Immun 70: 3665–3672. 12065508

82. Herbst K, Bujara M, Heroven AK, Opitz W, Weichert M, et al. (2009) Intrinsic thermal sensing controls proteolysis of Yersinia virulence regulator RovA. PLoS Pathog 5: e1000435. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000435 19468295

83. Nagel G, Heroven AK, Eitel J, Dersch P (2003) Function and regulation of the transcriptional activator RovA of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Adv Exp Med Biol 529: 285–287. 12756772

84. Gopel Y, Luttmann D, Heroven AK, Reichenbach B, Dersch P, et al. (2011) Common and divergent features in transcriptional control of the homologous small RNAs GlmY and GlmZ in Enterobacteriaceae. Nucleic Acids Res 39: 1294–1309. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkq986 20965974

85. Udekwu KI, Wagner EG (2007) Sigma E controls biogenesis of the antisense RNA MicA. Nucleic Acids Res 35: 1279–1288. 17267407

86. Johansen J, Rasmussen AA, Overgaard M, Valentin-Hansen P (2006) Conserved small non-coding RNAs that belong to the sigma E regulon: role in down-regulation of outer membrane proteins. J Mol Biol 364: 1–8. 17007876

87. Lin HH, Hsu CC, Yang CD, Ju YW, Chen YP, et al. (2011) Negative effect of glucose on ompA mRNA stability: a potential role of cyclic AMP in the repression of hfq in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 193: 5833–5840. doi: 10.1128/JB.05359-11 21840983

88. Bücker R, Heroven AK, Becker J, Dersch P, Wittmann C (2014) The pyruvate—tricarboxylic acid cycle node: a focal point of virulence control in the enteric pathogen Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. J Biol Chem. 289: 30114–32. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M114.581348 25164818

89. Sambrook J (2001) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual,: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratories, Cold Spring Harbor, NY.

90. Dötsch A, Eckweiler D, Schniederjans M, Zimmermann A, Jensen V, et al. (2012) The Pseudomonas aeruginosa transcriptome in planktonic cultures and static biofilms using RNA sequencing. PLoS One 7: e31092. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031092 22319605

91. Aronesty E (2011) ea-utils: Command-line tools for processing biological data. http://code.google.com/p/ea-utils.

92. Langmead B, Salzberg SL (2012) Fast gapped-read alignment with Bowtie 2. Nat Methods 9: 357–359. doi: 10.1038/nmeth.1923 22388286

93. Li H, Handsaker B, Wysoker A, Fennell T, Ruan J, et al. (2009) The sequence alignment/map format and SAMtools. Bioinformatics 25: 2078–2079. doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btp352 19505943

94. Schluter JP, Reinkensmeier J, Barnett MJ, Lang C, Krol E, et al. (2013) Global mapping of transcription start sites and promoter motifs in the symbiotic alpha-proteobacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti 1021. BMC Genomics 14: 156. doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-156 23497287

95. Schmidtke C, Findeiss S, Sharma CM, Kuhfuss J, Hoffmann S, et al. (2012) Genome-wide transcriptome analysis of the plant pathogen Xanthomonas identifies sRNAs with putative virulence functions. Nucleic Acids Res 40: 2020–2031. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkr904 22080557

96. Amman F, Wolfinger MT, Lorenz R, Hofacker IL, Stadler PF, et al. (2014) TSSAR: TSS annotation regime for dRNA-seq data. BMC Bioinformatics 15: 89. doi: 10.1186/1471-2105-15-89 24674136

97. Pfaffl MW (2001) A new mathematical model for relative quantification in real-time RT-PCR. Nucleic Acids Res 29: e45. 11328886

98. Heroven AK, Dersch P (2006) RovM, a novel LysR-type regulator of the virulence activator gene rovA, controls cell invasion, virulence and motility of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Mol Microbiol 62: 1469–1483. 17074075

Štítky
Genetika Reprodukčná medicína

Článok vyšiel v časopise

PLOS Genetics


2015 Číslo 3
Najčítanejšie tento týždeň
Najčítanejšie v tomto čísle
Kurzy

Zvýšte si kvalifikáciu online z pohodlia domova

Aktuální možnosti diagnostiky a léčby litiáz
nový kurz
Autori: MUDr. Tomáš Ürge, PhD.

Všetky kurzy
Prihlásenie
Zabudnuté heslo

Zadajte e-mailovú adresu, s ktorou ste vytvárali účet. Budú Vám na ňu zasielané informácie k nastaveniu nového hesla.

Prihlásenie

Nemáte účet?  Registrujte sa

#ADS_BOTTOM_SCRIPTS#