HCV genotype profile in Brazil of mono-infected and HIV co-infected individuals: A survey representative of an entire country

English version

Autoři: Mariana Fernanda Rodrigues Nutini ^aff001; James Hunter ^aff001; Leila Giron ^aff002; Ana Flavia Nacif Pinto Coelho Pires ^aff003; Igor Massaki Kohiyama ^aff004; Michelle Camargo ^aff001; Maria Cecilia Araripe Sucupira ^aff001; Adele Schwartz Benzaken ^aff005; Paulo Abrão Ferreira ^aff001; Hong-Ha M. Truong ^aff006; Ricardo Sobhie Diaz ^aff001
Působiště autorů: Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil ^aff001; Wistar Institute–Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America ^aff002; Universidade de Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil ^aff003; Abbott Molecular, São Paulo, Brazil ^aff004; AIDS Health Care Foundation, Global Program, Sao Paulo, Brazil ^aff005; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America ^aff006
Vyšlo v časopise: PLoS ONE 15(1)
Kategorie: Research Article
prolekare.web.journal.doi_sk: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227082

Souhrn

Introduction

To be eligible for government-provided treatment in Brazil, all HCV-infected individuals are required to be genotyped shortly after diagnosis. We describe the HCV genotype (G) profiles by geographic region, gender, age and HIV co-infection.

Methods

We assessed 29,071 genotypes collected from HCV-infected individuals from March 2016 to March 2018 (Abbott Real-Time HCV Genotype). We randomly selected 12,336 samples for HIV co-infection testing using an EIA rapid test kit (TR DPP HIV 1/2 Bio-Manguinhos). Descriptive statistical analyses were performed using R.

Results

Overall, HCV genotype distribution was 40.9% G1A, 30.2% G1B, 23.8% G3, 3.8% G2, 0.7% G4, 0.1% G5 and 0.6% with multiples genotypes. G1A prevalence was 44.4% among males and 35.8% among females. G1B and G2 were more prevalent in older individuals than G1A and G3. G3 was more prevalent in the South region. Of samples tested for HIV co-infection, 15% were HIV+. Median age among HCV/HIV co-infected individuals was 50 years old compared to 57 years old among mono-infected individuals. Distinct HCV genotype prevalence between HCV/HIV co-infected and HCV mono-infected individuals were respectively: G1A 60.6% versus 37.8%, G1B 15.2% versus 32.9%, and G3 18.9% versus 24.7%. G4 was detected among co-infected young men (3.5% versus 0.2% among mono-infected).

Conclusion

The increasing prevalence of G3, as inferred by the younger ages of the HCV-infected individuals, poses an extra challenge with regards to disease progression. Distinct genotypical profiles between HCV mono-infection and HCV/HIV co-infection warrant future research in order to better understand and help mitigate HCV chains of transmission.

Klíčová slova:

Viral pathogens – HIV – Hepatitis C virus – HIV diagnosis and management – Phylogeography – Brazil – Microbial genetics – Co-infections

Zdroje

1. Pereira LM, Martelli CM, Moreira RC, Merchan-Hamman E, Stein AT, Cardoso MR, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of Hepatitis C virus infection in Brazil, 2005 through 2009: a cross-sectional study. BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13(60). doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-13-60 23374914

2. Benhamou Y, Bochet M, Di Martino V, Charlotte F, Azria F, Coutellier A, et al. Liver fibrosis progression in human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus coinfected patients. The Multivirc Group. Hepatology. 1999;30(4):1054–8. doi: 10.1002/hep.510300409 10498659

3. Di Martino V, Rufat P, Boyer N, Renard P, Degos F, Martinot-Peignoux M, et al. The influence of human immunodeficiency virus coinfection on chronic hepatitis C in injection drug users: a long-term retrospective cohort study. Hepatology. 2001;34(6):1193–9. doi: 10.1053/jhep.2001.29201 11732009

4. Bräu N, Salvatore M, Ríos-Bedoya CF, Fernández-Carbia A, Paronetto F, Rodríguez-Orengo JF, et al. Slower fibrosis progression in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients with successful HIV suppression using antiretroviral therapy. J Hepatol. 2006;44(1):47–55. Epub 2005 Jul 27. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2005.07.006 16182404

5. Fishman SL, Branch AD.The Quasispecies Nature and Biological Implications of the Hepatitis C Virus. Infect Genet Evol. 2009; 9(6): 1158–1167. doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2009.07.011 19666142

6. Marlink R, Kanki P, Thior I, Travers K, Eisen G, Siby T, et al. Reduced rate of disease development after HIV-2 infection as compared to HIV-1. Science. 1994; 265(5178):1587–90. doi: 10.1126/science.7915856 7915856

7. Nakano T, Lau GM, Lau GM, Sugiyama M, Mizokami M. An updated analysis of hepatitis C virus genotypes and subtypes based on the complete coding region. Liver Int, 2012, 32: 339–345. doi: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2011.02684.x 22142261

8. Simmonds P. The origin of hepatitis C virus. Curr Top. Microbiol Immunol. 2013;369:1–15. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-27340-7_1 23463195

9. Jeannel D, Fretz C, Traore Y, Kohdjo N, Bigot A, Pê Gamy E, et al. Evidence for high genetic diversity and long-term endemicity of hepatitis C virus genotypes 1 and 2 in West Africa. J Med Virol. 1998;55:92–7. 9598927

10. Candotti D, Temple J, Sarkodie F, Allain JP. Frequent recovery and broad genotype 2 diversity characterize hepatitis C virus infection in Ghana, West Africa. J Virol. 2003;77:7914–23. doi: 10.1128/JVI.77.14.7914-7923.2003 12829831

11. Ndjomou J, Pybus OG, Matz B. Phylogenetic analysis of hepatitis C virus isolates indicates a unique pattern of endemic infection in Cameroon. J Gen Virol. 2003;84 Pt 9:2333–41. doi: 10.1099/vir.0.19240-0 12917453

12. Gower E, Estes C, Blach S, Razavi-Shearer K, Razavi H. Global epidemiology and genotype distribution of the hepatitis C virus infection. J Hepatol. 2014; 61(1 Suppl):S45–57. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.07.027 25086286

13. Pybus OG, Markov PV, Wu A, Tatem AJ. Investigating the endemic transmission of the hepatitis C virus. Int J Parasitol. 2007; 37:839–49. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2007.04.009 17521655

14. Hauri AM, Armstrong GL, Hutin YJ. The global burden of disease attributable to contaminated injections given in health care settings. Int J STD AIDS. 2004;15:7–16. doi: 10.1258/095646204322637182 14769164

15. Magiorkinis G, Magiorkinis E, Paraskevis D, Ho SY, Shapiro B, Pybus OG, et al. The global spread of hepatitis C virus 1a and 1b: a phylodynamic and phylogeographic analysis. PLoS Med. 2009; 6:e1000198. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000198 20041120

16. Wyles DL, Luetkemeyer AF. Understanding Hepatitis C Virus Drug Resistance: Clinical Implications for Current and Future Regimens. 2017 (Volume 25, Issue 3).

17. Kwo P, Gitlin N, Nahass R, Bernstein D, Etzkorn K, Rojter S, et al. Simeprevir plus sofosbuvir (12 and 8 weeks) in hepatitis C virus genotype 1-infected patients without cirrhosis: OPTIMIST-1, a phase 3, randomized study. Hepatology. 2016; 64(2):370–80. doi: 10.1002/hep.28467 26799692

18. Lawitz E, Matusow G, DeJesus E, Yoshida EM, Felizarta F, Ghalib R, et al. Simeprevir plus sofosbuvir in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection and cirrhosis: A phase 3 study (OPTIMIST-2). Hepatology. 2016;64(2):360–9. doi: 10.1002/hep.28422 Epub 2016 Feb 19. 26704148

19. Nelson DR, Cooper JN, Lalezari JP, Lawitz E, Pockros PJ, Gitlin N, et al. ALLY-3 Study Team. All-oral 12-week treatment with daclatasvir plus sofosbuvir in patients with hepatitis C virus genotype 3 infection: ALLY-3 phase III study. Hepatology. 2015;61(4):1127–35. Epub 2015 Mar 10. doi: 10.1002/hep.27726 25614962

20. Sato PA, Maskill WJ, Tamashiro H, Heymann DL. Strategies for laboratory HIV testing: an examination of alternative approaches not requiring Western blot. Bull World Health Organ. 1994;72(1):129–34. 8131248

21. Cappello JM, Gunasekera A, Gunasekera D, Esfandiari J, Ippolito T. A multicenter performance evaluation of the DPP HIV-1/2 assay for the detection of HIV antibodies in various HIV testing algorithms. J Clin Virol. 2013; 58 Suppl 1:e59–64.

22. R Core Team. (2018) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria

23. Wickham H. tidyverse: Easily Install and Load the 'Tidyverse'. R package version 1.2.1. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=tidyverse. 2017.

24. Signorell A. Tools for descriptive statistics. R package version 0.99.25. https://cran.r-project.org/package=DescTools, 2018

25. Warnes GR, Bolker B, Lumley T, Johnson RC. Various R Programming Tools for Model Fitting. R package version 2.18.1. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=gmodels, 2018.

26. Gower E, Estes C, Blach S, Razavi-Shearer K, Razavi H. Global epidemiology and genotype distribution of the hepatitis C virus infection. J Hepatol. 2014; 61(1 Suppl):S45–57. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.07.027 25086286

27. Campiotto S1, Pinho JR, Carrilho FJ, Da Silva LC, Souto FJ, Spinelli V, et al. Geographic distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes in Brazil. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2005;38(1):41–9. doi: 10.1590/s0100-879x2005000100007 15665987

28. Nishiya AS, Almeida-Neto Cd, Romano CM, Alencar CS, Ferreira SC, Di-Lorenzo-Oliveira C, et al. Phylogenetic analysis of the emergence of main hepatitis C virus subtypes in São Paulo, Brazil. Braz J Infect Dis. 2015;19(5):473–8. doi: 10.1016/j.bjid.2015.06.010 26296325

29. Alves K, Shafe KP, Caseiro M, Rutherford G, Falcao ME, Sucupira MC, et al. Risk factors for incident HIV infection among anonymous HIV testing site clients in Santos, Brazil: 1996–1999. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2003; 32(5):551–9. doi: 10.1097/00126334-200304150-00014 12679709

30. Braun DL, Hampel B, Martin E, Kouyos R, Kusejko K, Grube C, et al. High Number of Potential Transmitters Revealed in a Population-based Systematic Hepatitis C Virus RNA Screening Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus-infected Men Who Have Sex With Men. Clin Infect Dis. 2018.

31. Ingiliz P, Wehmeyer MH, Boesecke C, Schulze Zur Wiesch J, Schewe K, Lutz T, et al Reinfection with the hepatitis C virus in men who have sex with men after successful treatment with direct-acting antivirals in Germany: Current incidence rates compared with rates during the interferon era. Clin Infect Dis. 2019 Sep 28. pii: ciz949. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciz949 31562816.

32. Rubbia-Brandt L, Quadri R, Abid K, Giostra E, Malé PJ, Mentha G, et al. Hepatocyte steatosis is a cytopathic effect of hepatitis C virus genotype 3. J Hepatol. 2000;33(1):106–15. doi: 10.1016/s0168-8278(00)80166-x 10905593

33. Nkontchou G, Ziol M, Aout M, Lhabadie M, Baazia Y, Mahmoudi A, et al. HCV genotype 3 is associated with a higher hepatocellular carcinoma incidence in patients with ongoing viral C cirrhosis. J Viral Hepat. 2011;18(10):e516–22. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2011.01441.x 21914071

34. Kanwal F, Kramer JR, Ilyas J, Duan Z, El-Serag HB. HCV genotype 3 is associated with an increased risk of cirrhosis and hepatocellular cancer in a national sample of U.S. Veterans with HCV. Hepatology. 2014; 60(1):98–105. doi: 10.1002/hep.27095 Epub 2014. 24615981

35. Ferenci P, Brunner H, Laferl H, Scherzer TM, Maieron A, Strasser M, et al. A randomized, prospective trial of ribavirin 400 mg/day versus 800 mg/day in combination with peginterferon alfa-2a in hepatitis C virus genotypes 2 and 3. Hepatology. 2008; 47(6):1816–23. doi: 10.1002/hep.22262 18454510

36. Manns M, Zeuzem S, Sood A, Lurie Y, Cornberg M, Klinker H, et al. Reduced dose and duration of peginterferon alfa-2b and weight-based ribavirin in patients with genotype 2 and 3 chronic hepatitis C. J Hepatol. 2011; 55(3):554–563. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2010.12.024 21237227

37. Foster GR, Hézode C, Bronowicki JP, Carosi G, Weiland O, Verlinden L, et al. Telaprevir alone or with peginterferon and ribavirin reduces HCV RNA in patients with chronic genotype 2 but not genotype 3 infections. Gastroenterology. 2011;141(3):881–889.e1. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.05.046 21699786

38. Curry MP, O'Leary JG, Bzowej N, Muir AJ, Korenblat KM, Fenkel JM, et al. Sofosbuvir and Velpatasvir for HCV in Patients with Decompensated Cirrhosis. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(27):2618–28. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1512614 26569658

39. McHutchison JG, Everson GT, Gordon SC, Jacobson IM, Sulkowski M, Kauffman R, et al. Telaprevir with peginterferon and ribavirin for chronic HCV genotype 1 infection. N Engl J Med. 2009; 360(18):1827–38. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0806104 19403902