Sexual risk classes among youth experiencing homelessness: Relation to childhood adversities, current mental symptoms, substance use, and HIV testing
Autoři:
Diane Santa Maria aff001; Saumali S. Daundasekara aff002; Daphne C. Hernandez aff001; Wei Zhang aff003; Sarah C. Narendorf aff004
Působiště autorů:
Department of Research, Cizik School of Nursing, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States of America
aff001; Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States of America
aff002; Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States of America
aff003; University of Houston, Graduate College of Social Work, Houston, TX, United States of America
aff004
Vyšlo v časopise:
PLoS ONE 15(1)
Kategorie:
Research Article
prolekare.web.journal.doi_sk:
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227331
Souhrn
The aim of this study was to determine whether there are meaningful subgroups with different types of sexual risk behaviors among youth experiencing homelessness and examine the associations between potential classes and other risk variables. A latent class analysis was used to identify classes of youth according to sexual risk behaviors and sexual assault. A two-class solution was found to be the best fit for the data–Lower and Higher Risk groups. The Higher Risk class had significantly higher levels of synthetic marijuana and alcohol use, mental health diagnoses, and were more likely to have been tested for HIV than the Lower Risk group. Youth were more likely to be in the Higher Risk group if they were cisgender female or lesbian, gay, bisexual, or questioning (LGBQ). Nearly all youth (10/11) who reported having HIV infection were in the Higher Risk group. The Lower Risk group were sexually active but had lower rates of risk behaviors and sexual assault. Youth who were not sexually active had the lowest rates of marijuana and alcohol use as well as HIV testing. Health and social service providers should be aware of the added risks for stress, mental distress, mental health diagnoses, and substance use among youth who also report higher risk sexual behaviors and treat as needed.
Klíčová slova:
HIV – HIV diagnosis and management – HIV infections – Mental health and psychiatry – Depression – Post-traumatic stress disorder – Human sexual behavior – Marijuana
Zdroje
1. Rotheram-Borus MJ, Song J, Gwadz M, Lee M, Van Rossem R, Koopman C. Reductions in HIV risk among runaway youth. Prevention Science. 2003;4(3):173–87. doi: 10.1023/a:1024697706033 12940468
2. Muthén L, Muthén B. Mplus. The comprehensive modelling program for applied researchers: user’s guide. 2015;5.
3. Pfeifer RW, Oliver J. A study of HIV seroprevalence in a group of homeless youth in Hollywood, California. Journal of Adolescent Health. 1997;20(5):339–42. doi: 10.1016/S1054-139X(97)00038-4 9168380
4. Satterwhite CL, Torrone E, Meites E, Dunne EF, Mahajan R, Ocfemia MCB, et al. Sexually transmitted infections among US women and men: prevalence and incidence estimates, 2008. Sexually transmitted diseases. 2013;40(3):187–93. doi: 10.1097/OLQ.0b013e318286bb53 23403598
5. Caccamo A, Kachur R, Williams SP. Narrative Review: Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Homeless Youth—What Do We Know About Sexually Transmitted Disease Prevalence and Risk? Sex Transm Dis. 2017;44(8):466–76. doi: 10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000633 28703725
6. Dermen KH, Thomas SN. Randomized controlled trial of brief interventions to reduce college students' drinking and risky sex. Psychology of addictive behaviors. 2011;25(4):583. doi: 10.1037/a0025472 21928866
7. Parsons JT, Lelutiu-Weinberger C, Botsko M, Golub SA. Predictors of day-level sexual risk for young gay and bisexual men. AIDS and Behavior. 2013;17(4):1465–77. doi: 10.1007/s10461-012-0206-1 22614745
8. Beech BM, Myers L, Beech DJ, Kernick NS, editors. Human immunodeficiency syndrome and hepatitis B and C infections among homeless adolescents. Seminars in pediatric infectious diseases; 2003: Elsevier.
9. Thompson SJ, Pillai VK. Determinants of runaway episodes among adolescents using crisis shelter services. International Journal of Social Welfare. 2006;15(2):142–9.
10. Edidin JP, Ganim Z, Hunter SJ, Karnik NS. The mental and physical health of homeless youth: a literature review. Child Psychiatry & Human Development. 2012;43(3):354–75.
11. Hudson A, Nandy K. Comparisons of substance abuse, high-risk sexual behavior and depressive symptoms among homeless youth with and without a history of foster care placement. Contemporary nurse. 2012;42(2):178–86. doi: 10.5172/conu.2012.42.2.178 23181370
12. Tevendale HD, Lightfoot M, Slocum SL. Individual and environmental protective factors for risky sexual behavior among homeless youth: An exploration of gender differences. AIDS and Behavior. 2009;13(1):154–64. doi: 10.1007/s10461-008-9395-z 18535902
13. Walls NE, Bell S. Correlates of engaging in survival sex among homeless youth and young adults. Journal of sex research. 2011;48(5):423–36. doi: 10.1080/00224499.2010.501916 20799134
14. Halcón LL, Lifson AR. Prevalence and predictors of sexual risks among homeless youth. Journal of youth and adolescence. 2004;33(1):71–80.
15. Whitbeck LB, Chen X, Hoyt DR, Tyler KA, Johnson KD. Mental disorder, subsistence strategies, and victimization among gay, lesbian, and bisexual homeless and runaway adolescents. Journal of sex research. 2004;41(4):329–42. doi: 10.1080/00224490409552240 15765273
16. Ringwalt CL, Greene JM, Robertson MJ. Familial backgrounds and risk behaviors of youth with thrownaway experiences. Journal of adolescence. 1998;21(3):241–52. doi: 10.1006/jado.1998.0150 9657892
17. Ray N. Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Youth: An epidemic of homelessness. New York: National Gay and Lesbian Task Force Policy Institute and the National Coalition for the Homeless. 2006.
18. Gangamma R, Slesnick N, Toviessi P, Serovich J. Comparison of HIV risks among gay, lesbian, bisexual and heterosexual homeless youth. Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 2008;37(4):456–64. doi: 10.1007/s10964-007-9171-9 18607514
19. Homelessness NAtE. The State of Homelessness in America. 2016
20. Choi SK, Wilson BD, Shelton J, Gates GJ. Serving our youth 2015: The needs and experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning youth experiencing homelessness. 2015.
21. Abramovich A. Understanding how policy and culture create oppressive conditions for LGBTQ2S youth in the shelter system. Journal of homosexuality. 2017;64(11):1484–501. doi: 10.1080/00918369.2016.1244449 27691779
22. Begun S, Kattari SK. Conforming for survival: Associations between transgender visual conformity/passing and homelessness experiences. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services. 2016;28(1):54–66.
23. Kattari SK, Begun S. On the margins of marginalized: Transgender homelessness and survival sex. Affilia. 2017;32(1):92–103.
24. Kattari SK, Walls NE, Speer SR. Differences in experiences of discrimination in accessing social services among transgender/gender nonconforming individuals by (Dis) ability. Journal of social work in disability & rehabilitation. 2017;16(2):116–40.
25. Gattis MN, Larson A. Perceived racial, sexual identity, and homeless status-related discrimination among Black adolescents and young adults experiencing homelessness: Relations with depressive symptoms and suicidality. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 2016;86(1):79. doi: 10.1037/ort0000096 26460699
26. Olivet J, Dones M. Intersectionality and race. At the Intersections: A collaborative report on LGBTQyouth homelessness, Price C, Wheeler C, Shelton J, & Maury M(Eds) True Colors Fund and the National LGBTQTask Force. 2016.
27. Santa Maria D, Flash CA, Narendorf S, Barman-Adhikari A, Petering R, Hsu H-T, et al. Knowledge and Attitudes about Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis among Young Adults Experiencing Homelessness in Seven US Cities. Journal of Adolescent Health. 2018.
28. Green KM, Matson PA, Reboussin BA, Milam AJ, Furr-Holden D, Rabinowitz JA, et al. Individual and Neighborhood Factors Associated with Sexual Behavior Classes in an Urban Longitudinal Sample. Sexually transmitted diseases. 2018.
29. Whitbeck LB, Hoyt DR. Nowhere to grow: Homeless and runaway adolescents and their families: Transaction Publishers; 1999.
30. McMorris BJ, Tyler K, Whitbeck LB, Hoyt DR. Familial and “on-the-street” risk factors associated with alcohol use among homeless and runaway adolescents. 2002.
31. Whitbeck LB, Hoyt DR, Bao WN. Depressive symptoms and co‐occurring depressive symptoms, substance abuse, and conduct problems among runaway and homeless adolescents. Child development. 2000;71(3):721–32. doi: 10.1111/1467-8624.00181 10953939
32. Whitbeck LB, Hoyt DR, Yoder KA. A risk-amplification model of victimization and depressive symptoms among runaway and homeless adolescents. American Journal of Community Psychology. 1999;27(2):273–96. doi: 10.1023/A:1022891802943 10425702
33. Tyler KA, Hoyt DR, Whitbeck LB. The effects of early sexual abuse on later sexual victimization among female homeless and runaway adolescents. Journal of interpersonal violence. 2000;15(3):235–50.
34. Robinson AC, Knowlton AR, Gielen AC, Gallo JJ. Substance use, mental illness, and familial conflict non-negotiation among HIV-positive African-Americans: latent class regression and a new syndemic framework. Journal of behavioral medicine. 2016;39(1):1–12. doi: 10.1007/s10865-015-9670-1 26296521
35. Bender K, Thompson S, Ferguson K, Langenderfer L. Substance use predictors of victimization profiles among homeless youth: A latent class analysis. Journal of adolescence. 2014;37(2):155–64. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.11.007 24439621
36. James S, McField ES, Montgomery SB. Risk factor profiles among intravenous drug using young adults: A latent class analysis (LCA) approach. Addictive behaviors. 2013;38(3):1804–11. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.09.002 23254231
37. Brezing C, Ferrara M, Freudenreich O. The syndemic illness of HIV and trauma: implications for a trauma-informed model of care. Psychosomatics. 2015;56(2):107–18. doi: 10.1016/j.psym.2014.10.006 25597836
38. Krause KD, Kapadia F, Ompad DC, D’Avanzo PA, Duncan DT, Halkitis PN. Early life psychosocial stressors and housing instability among young sexual minority men: the P18 cohort study. Journal of Urban Health. 2016;93(3):511–25. doi: 10.1007/s11524-016-0049-6 27169631
39. Rew L, Taylor‐Seehafer M, Thomas NY, Yockey RD. Correlates of resilience in homeless adolescents. Journal of Nursing Scholarship. 2001;33(1):33–40. doi: 10.1111/j.1547-5069.2001.00033.x 11253578
40. Delker BC, Freyd JJ. From betrayal to the bottle: Investigating possible pathways from trauma to problematic substance use. Journal of traumatic stress. 2014;27(5):576–84. doi: 10.1002/jts.21959 25322887
41. Patterson ML, Moniruzzaman A, Somers JM. History of foster care among homeless adults with mental illness in Vancouver, British Columbia: a precursor to trajectories of risk. BMC psychiatry. 2015;15(1):32.
42. Buttram ME, Pagano ME, Kurtz SP. Foster care, syndemic health disparities and associations with HIV/STI diagnoses among young adult substance users. Sex Transm Infect. 2018:sextrans-2017-053490.
43. Hall KS, Moreau C, Trussell J, Barber J. Young women’s consistency of contraceptive use–Does depression or stress matter? Contraception. 2013.
44. Hall KS, Kusunoki Y, Gatny H, Barber J. Stress Symptoms and Frequency of Sexual Intercourse Among Young Women. The Journal of Sexual Medicine. 2014.
45. Hulland EN, Brown JL, Swartzendruber AL, Sales JM, Rose ES, DiClemente RJ. The association between stress, coping, and sexual risk behaviors over 24 months among African-American female adolescents. Psychology, health & medicine. 2014(ahead-of-print):1–14.
46. Parsons JT, Lelutiu-Weinberger C, Botsko M, Golub SA. Predictors of day-level sexual risk for young gay and bisexual men. AIDS and Behavior. 2012:1–13. doi: 10.1007/s10461-011-9920-3
47. Wong CF, Kipke MD, Weiss G, McDavitt B. The impact of recent stressful experiences on HIV-risk related behaviors. Journal of adolescence. 2010;33(3):463–75. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2009.06.004 19608264
48. Hill TD, Ross CE, Angel RJ. Neighborhood disorder, psychophysiological distress, and health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 2005;46(2):170–86. doi: 10.1177/002214650504600204 16028456
49. Cutrona CE, Wallace G, Wesner KA. Neighborhood characteristics and depression an examination of stress processes. Current directions in psychological science. 2006;15(4):188–92. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8721.2006.00433.x 18185846
50. Sandro Galea Md D, Ahern J, Vlahov D. Contextual determinants of drug use risk behavior: a theoretic framework. Journal of Urban Health. 2003;80(3):iii50–iii8.
51. Kotchick BA, Shaffer A, Miller KS, Forehand R. Adolescent sexual risk behavior: A multi-system perspective. Clinical psychology review. 2001;21(4):493–519. doi: 10.1016/s0272-7358(99)00070-7 11413865
52. Roy É, Haley N, Leclerc P, Sochanski B, Boudreau J-F, Boivin J-F. Mortality in a cohort of street youth in Montreal. Jama. 2004;292(5):569–74. doi: 10.1001/jama.292.5.569 15292082
53. Kulik DM, Gaetz S, Crowe C, Ford-Jones EL. Homeless youth’s overwhelming health burden: A review of the literature. Paediatrics & child health. 2011;16(6):e43.
54. Santa Maria D, Padhye N, Yang Y, Gallardo K, Businelle M. Predicting Sexual Behaviors Among Homeless Young Adults: Ecological Momentary Assessment Study. JMIR public health and surveillance. 2018;4(2):e39. doi: 10.2196/publichealth.9020 29636318
55. Hudson AL, Nandy K. Comparisons of substance abuse, high-risk sexual behavior and depressive symptoms among homeless youth with and without a history of foster care placement. Contemporary nurse. 2012;42(2):178–86. doi: 10.5172/conu.2012.42.2.178 23181370
56. Avenevoli S, Swendsen J, He J-P, Burstein M, Merikangas KR. Major Depression in the National Comorbidity Survey–Adolescent Supplement: Prevalence, Correlates, and Treatment. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2015;54(1):37–44. e2.
57. Khurana S, Sharma N, Jena S, Saha R, Ingle G. Mental health status of runaway adolescents. The Indian Journal of Pediatrics. 2004;71(5):405–9. doi: 10.1007/bf02725627 15163868
58. Votta E, Farrell S. Predictors of psychological adjustment among homeless and housed female youth. Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2009;18(2):126. 19495433
59. Slesnick N, Prestopnik J. Dual and Multiple Diagnosis Among Substance Using Runaway Youth#. The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse. 2005;31(1):179–201. doi: 10.1081/ADA-200047916 15768577
60. Bender K, Ferguson K, Thompson S, Komlo C, Pollio D. Factors associated with trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder among homeless youth in three US cities: The importance of transience. Journal of traumatic stress. 2010;23(1):161–8. doi: 10.1002/jts.20501 20146399
61. Kidd SA. Factors Precipitating Suicidality among Homeless Youth A Quantitative Follow-Up. Youth & Society. 2006;37(4):393–422.
62. Rohde P, Noell J, Ochs L, Seeley JR. Depression, suicidal ideation and STD-related risk in homeless older adolescents. Journal of Adolescence. 2001;24(4):447–60. doi: 10.1006/jado.2001.0382 11549325
63. Tucker JS, Hu J, Golinelli D, Kennedy DP, Green HD Jr, Wenzel SL. Social network and individual correlates of sexual risk behavior among homeless young men who have sex with men. Journal of Adolescent Health. 2012;51(4):386–92. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.01.015 22999840
64. Castro AL, Gustafson EL, Ford AE, Edidin JP, Smith DL, Hunter SJ, et al. Psychiatric Disorders, High-Risk Behaviors, and Chronicity of Episodes Among Predominantly African American Homeless Chicago Youth. Journal of health care for the poor and underserved. 2014;25(3):1201. doi: 10.1353/hpu.2014.0124 25130234
65. Marshall BD, Kerr T, Shoveller JA, Patterson TL, Buxton JA, Wood E. Homelessness and unstable housing associated with an increased risk of HIV and STI transmission among street-involved youth. Health & place. 2009;15(3):783–90.
66. Carmona J, Slesnick N, Guo X, Letcher A. Reducing High Risk Behaviors among Street Living Youth: Outcomes of an Integrated Prevention Intervention. Children and Youth Services Review. 2014.
67. Oei N, Everaerd W, Elzinga B, Van Well S, Bermond B. Psychosocial stress impairs working memory at high loads: an association with cortisol levels and memory retrieval. Stress: The International Journal on the Biology of Stress. 2006;9(3):133–41.
68. Liston C, McEwen B, Casey B. Psychosocial stress reversibly disrupts prefrontal processing and attentional control. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2009;106(3):912–7.
69. Plessow F, Kiesel A, Kirschbaum C. The stressed prefrontal cortex and goal-directed behaviour: acute psychosocial stress impairs the flexible implementation of task goals. Experimental brain research. 2012;216(3):397–408. doi: 10.1007/s00221-011-2943-1 22101494
70. Scholz U, La Marca R, Nater UM, Aberle I, Ehlert U, Hornung R, et al. Go no-go performance under psychosocial stress: Beneficial effects of implementation intentions. Neurobiology of learning and memory. 2009;91(1):89–92. doi: 10.1016/j.nlm.2008.09.002 18817886
71. Pabst S, Brand M, Wolf OT. Stress and decision making: A few minutes make all the difference. Behavioural brain research. 2013.
72. Starcke K, Brand M. Decision making under stress: a selective review. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 2012;36(4):1228–48.
73. Goldberg SK, Halpern CT. Sexual Initiation Patterns of US Sexual Minority Youth: A Latent Class Analysis. Perspectives on sexual and reproductive health. 2017;49(1):55–67. doi: 10.1363/psrh.12020 28253427
74. Dembo R, Wareham J, Krupa J, Winters KC. Sexual risk behavior among male and female truant youths: Exploratory, multi-group latent class analysis. Journal of alcoholism and drug dependence. 2015;3(6).
75. Rebbe R, Nurius PS, Courtney ME, Ahrens KR. Adverse Childhood Experiences and Young Adult Health Outcomes Among Youth Aging Out of Foster Care. Academic pediatrics. 2018;18(5):502–9. doi: 10.1016/j.acap.2018.04.011 29709622
76. Narendorf SC, Santa Maria DM, Ha Y, Cooper J, Schieszler C. Counting and Surveying Homeless Youth: Recommendations from YouthCount 2.0!, a Community–Academic Partnership. Journal of community health. 2016:1–8. doi: 10.1007/s10900-015-0055-8
77. Kann L, Kinchen S, Shanklin SL, Flint KH, Kawkins J, Harris WA, et al. Youth risk behavior surveillance—United States, 2013. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2014;63(Suppl 4):1–168.
78. Dube SR, Felitti VJ, Dong M, Chapman DP, Giles WH, Anda RF. Childhood abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction and the risk of illicit drug use: the adverse childhood experiences study. Pediatrics. 2003;111(3):564–72. doi: 10.1542/peds.111.3.564 12612237
79. Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein R. A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of health and social behavior. 1983:385–96. 6668417
80. Warttig SL, Forshaw MJ, South J, White AK. New, normative, English-sample data for the short form perceived stress scale (PSS-4). Journal of health psychology. 2013;18(12):1617–28. doi: 10.1177/1359105313508346 24155195
81. Cohen S. Perceived stress in a probability sample of the United States. 1988.
82. Kessler RC, Barker PR, Colpe LJ, Epstein JF, Gfroerer JC, Hiripi E, et al. Screening for serious mental illness in the general population. Archives of general psychiatry. 2003;60(2):184–9. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.60.2.184 12578436
83. Anda RF, Felitti VJ, Bremner JD, Walker JD, Whitfield C, Perry BD, et al. The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood. European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience. 2006;256(3):174–86. doi: 10.1007/s00406-005-0624-4 16311898
84. Johnston LD, Miech RA, O'Malley PM, Bachman JG, Schulenberg JE, Patrick ME. Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use, 1975–2017: Overview, key findings on adolescent drug use. 2018.
85. Nylund-Gibson K, Choi AY. Ten frequently asked questions about latent class analysis. Translational Issues in Psychological Science. 2018;4(4):440.
86. Goodman LA. The Analysis of Systems of Qualitative Variables When Some of the Variables Are Unobservable. Part I-A Modified Latent Structure Approach. American Journal of Sociology. 1974;79(5):1179–259.
87. Goodman LA. ON THE ASSIGNMENT OF INDIVIDUALS TO LATENT CLASSES. 2007;37(1):1–22.
88. Goodman LA. Exploratory Latent Structure Analysis Using Both Identifiable and Unidentifiable Models. Biometrika. 1974;61(2):215–31.
89. Vermunt JK. Latent Class Modeling with Covariates: Two Improved Three-Step Approaches. Political Analysis. 2010;18(4):450–69.
90. Yu V. Shelter and transitional housing for transgender youth. Journal of gay & lesbian mental health. 2010;14(4):340–5.
91. Heerde JA, Hemphill SA. Sexual Risk Behaviors, Sexual Offenses, and Sexual Victimization Among Homeless Youth A Systematic Review of Associations With Substance Use. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse. 2015:1524838015584371.
92. Heerde JA, Hemphill SA. The role of risk and protective factors in the modification of risk for sexual victimization, sexual risk behaviors, and survival sex among homeless youth: A meta‐analysis. Journal of investigative psychology and offender profiling. 2017;14(2):150–74.
93. Pabst S, Brand M, Wolf OT. Stress effects on framed decisions: there are differences for gains and losses. Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience. 2013;7. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00007
94. Gwadz MV, Cleland CM, Quiles R, Nish D, Welch J, Michaels LS, et al. CDC HIV testing guidelines and the rapid and conventional testing practices of homeless youth. AIDS Education and Prevention. 2010;22(4):312–27. doi: 10.1521/aeap.2010.22.4.312 20707692
95. Rew L, Powell T, Thompson S. Stress on the streets: Validation of a measurement. journal of social distress and the homeless. 2016:1–13. doi: 10.1179/1573658X15Y.0000000004
96. Shiffman S. Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) in studies of substance use. Psychological assessment. 2009;21(4):486. doi: 10.1037/a0017074 19947783
97. Stone A, Shiffman S, Atienza A, Nebeling L. The science of real-time data capture: Self-reports in health research: Oxford University Press; 2007.
Článok vyšiel v časopise
PLOS One
2020 Číslo 1
- Metamizol jako analgetikum první volby: kdy, pro koho, jak a proč?
- Nejasný stín na plicích – kazuistika
- Masturbační chování žen v ČR − dotazníková studie
- Úspěšná resuscitativní thorakotomie v přednemocniční neodkladné péči
- Fixní kombinace paracetamol/kodein nabízí synergické analgetické účinky
Najčítanejšie v tomto čísle
- Psychometric validation of Czech version of the Sport Motivation Scale
- Comparison of Monocyte Distribution Width (MDW) and Procalcitonin for early recognition of sepsis
- Effects of supplemental creatine and guanidinoacetic acid on spatial memory and the brain of weaned Yucatan miniature pigs
- Accelerated sparsity based reconstruction of compressively sensed multichannel EEG signals