#PAGE_PARAMS# #ADS_HEAD_SCRIPTS# #MICRODATA#
preLekára.sk / Odborné časopisy / PLOS One / 2020 - 1

Lesion of striatal patches disrupts habitual behaviors and increases behavioral variability

English version

Autoři: Jacob A. Nadel aff001;  Sean S. Pawelko aff001;  Della Copes-Finke aff001;  Maya Neidhart aff001;  Christopher D. Howard aff001
Působiště autorů: Neuroscience Department, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH, United States of America aff001;  Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, US National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America aff002
Vyšlo v časopise: PLoS ONE 15(1)
Kategorie: Research Article
prolekare.web.journal.doi_sk: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224715

Souhrn

Habits are automated behaviors that are insensitive to changes in behavioral outcomes. Habitual responding is thought to be mediated by the striatum, with medial striatum guiding goal-directed action and lateral striatum promoting habits. However, interspersed throughout the striatum are neurochemically differing subcompartments known as patches, which are characterized by distinct molecular profiles relative to the surrounding matrix tissue. These structures have been thoroughly characterized neurochemically and anatomically, but little is known regarding their function. Patches have been shown to be selectively activated during inflexible motor stereotypies elicited by stimulants, suggesting that patches may subserve habitual behaviors. To explore this possibility, we utilized transgenic mice (Sepw1 NP67) preferentially expressing Cre recombinase in striatal patch neurons to target these neurons for ablation with a virus driving Cre-dependent expression of caspase 3. Mice were then trained to press a lever for sucrose rewards on a variable interval schedule to elicit habitual responding. Mice were not impaired on the acquisition of this task, but lesioning striatal patches disrupted behavioral stability across training, and lesioned mice utilized a more goal-directed behavioral strategy during training. Similarly, when mice were forced to omit responses to receive sucrose rewards, habitual responding was impaired in lesioned mice. To rule out effects of lesion on motor behaviors, mice were then tested for impairments in motor learning on a rotarod and locomotion in an open field. We found that patch lesions partially impaired initial performance on the rotarod without modifying locomotor behaviors in open field. This work indicates that patches promote behavioral stability and habitual responding, adding to a growing literature implicating striatal patches in stimulus-response behaviors.

Klíčová slova:

Learning – Mice – Animal behavior – Neurons – Habits – Dopamine – Animal performance – Neostriatum

Zdroje

1. Dolan RJ, Dayan P. Goals and Habits in the Brain. Neuron. 2013;80: 312–325. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.09.007 24139036

2. Gillan CM, Papmeyer M, Morein-Zamir S, Sahakian BJ, Fineberg NA, Robbins TW, et al. Disruption in the balance between goal-directed behavior and habit learning in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2011;168: 718–726. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.10071062 21572165

3. Gillan CM, Robbins TW. Goal-directed learning and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci. 2014;369: 20130475–20130475. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0475 25267818

4. Voon V, Derbyshire K, Rück C, Irvine MA, Worbe Y, Enander J, et al. Disorders of compulsivity: a common bias towards learning habits. Mol Psychiatry. 2015;20: 345–352. doi: 10.1038/mp.2014.44 24840709

5. Nelson A, Killcross S. Amphetamine exposure enhances habit formation. J Neurosci Off J Soc Neurosci. 2006;26: 3805–3812. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4305-05.2006 16597734

6. Sjoerds Z, Luigjes J, van den Brink W, Denys D, Yücel M. The Role of Habits and Motivation in Human Drug Addiction: A Reflection. Front Psychiatry. 2014;5. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00008 24523702

7. Smith RJ, Laiks LS. Behavioral and neural mechanisms underlying habitual and compulsive drug seeking. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2018;87: 11–21. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.09.003 28887182

8. Delorme C, Salvador A, Valabrègue R, Roze E, Palminteri S, Vidailhet M, et al. Enhanced habit formation in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Brain. 2016;139: 605–615. doi: 10.1093/brain/awv307 26490329

9. Dickinson A, Nicholas DJ, Adams CD. The Effect of the Instrumental Training Contingency on Susceptibility to Reinforcer Devaluation. Q J Exp Psychol Sect B. 1983;35: 35–51. doi: 10.1080/14640748308400912

10. Adams CD, Dickinson A. Instrumental Responding following Reinforcer Devaluation. Q J Exp Psychol Sect B. 1981;33: 109–121. doi: 10.1080/14640748108400816

11. Yin HH, Knowlton BJ. The role of the basal ganglia in habit formation. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2006;7: 464–476. doi: 10.1038/nrn1919 16715055

12. Packard MG, Knowlton BJ. Learning and memory functions of the Basal Ganglia. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2002;25: 563–593. doi: 10.1146/annurev.neuro.25.112701.142937 12052921

13. Gremel CM, Costa RM. Orbitofrontal and striatal circuits dynamically encode the shift between goal-directed and habitual actions. Nat Commun. 2013;4. doi: 10.1038/ncomms3264 23921250

14. Gremel CM, Chancey JH, Atwood BK, Luo G, Neve R, Ramakrishnan C, et al. Endocannabinoid Modulation of Orbitostriatal Circuits Gates Habit Formation. Neuron. 2016;90: 1312–1324. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.04.043 27238866

15. Izquierdo A, Suda RK, Murray EA. Bilateral orbital prefrontal cortex lesions in rhesus monkeys disrupt choices guided by both reward value and reward contingency. J Neurosci Off J Soc Neurosci. 2004;24: 7540–7548. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1921-04.2004 15329401

16. Yin HH, Ostlund SB, Knowlton BJ, Balleine BW. The role of the dorsomedial striatum in instrumental conditioning: Striatum and instrumental conditioning. Eur J Neurosci. 2005;22: 513–523. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04218.x 16045504

17. Yin HH, Knowlton BJ, Balleine BW. Lesions of dorsolateral striatum preserve outcome expectancy but disrupt habit formation in instrumental learning. Eur J Neurosci. 2004;19: 181–189. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03095.x 14750976

18. McNamee D, Liljeholm M, Zika O, O’Doherty JP. Characterizing the associative content of brain structures involved in habitual and goal-directed actions in humans: a multivariate FMRI study. J Neurosci Off J Soc Neurosci. 2015;35: 3764–3771. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4677-14.2015 25740507

19. Tricomi E, Balleine BW, O’Doherty JP. A specific role for posterior dorsolateral striatum in human habit learning. Eur J Neurosci. 2009;29: 2225–2232. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06796.x 19490086

20. Malvaez M, Greenfield VY, Matheos DP, Angelillis NA, Murphy MD, Kennedy PJ, et al. Habits Are Negatively Regulated by Histone Deacetylase 3 in the Dorsal Striatum. Biol Psychiatry. 2018. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.01.025 29571524

21. Crittenden JR, Graybiel AM. Basal Ganglia Disorders Associated with Imbalances in the Striatal Striosome and Matrix Compartments. Front Neuroanat. 2011;5. doi: 10.3389/fnana.2011.00059 21941467

22. Gerfen CR. The neostriatal mosaic: multiple levels of compartmental organization. Trends Neurosci. 1992;15: 133–139. doi: 10.1016/0166-2236(92)90355-c 1374971

23. Kuhar MJ, Pert CB, Snyder SH. Regional distribution of opiate receptor binding in monkey and human brain. Nature. 1973;245: 447–450. doi: 10.1038/245447a0 4127185

24. Graybiel AM, Ragsdale CW. Histochemically distinct compartments in the striatum of human, monkeys, and cat demonstrated by acetylthiocholinesterase staining. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1978;75: 5723–5726. doi: 10.1073/pnas.75.11.5723 103101

25. Watabe-Uchida M, Zhu L, Ogawa SK, Vamanrao A, Uchida N. Whole-Brain Mapping of Direct Inputs to Midbrain Dopamine Neurons. Neuron. 2012;74: 858–873. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.03.017 22681690

26. Gerfen CR. The neostriatal mosaic. I. compartmental organization of projections from the striatum to the substantia nigra in the rat. J Comp Neurol. 1985;236: 454–476. doi: 10.1002/cne.902360404 2414339

27. Fujiyama F, Sohn J, Nakano T, Furuta T, Nakamura KC, Matsuda W, et al. Exclusive and common targets of neostriatofugal projections of rat striosome neurons: a single neuron-tracing study using a viral vector. Eur J Neurosci. 2011;33: 668–677. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07564.x 21314848

28. Smith JB, Klug JR, Ross DL, Howard CD, Hollon NG, Ko VI, et al. Genetic-Based Dissection Unveils the Inputs and Outputs of Striatal Patch and Matrix Compartments. Neuron. 2016;91: 1069–1084. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.07.046 27568516

29. Canales JJ, Graybiel AM. A measure of striatal function predicts motor stereotypy. Nat Neurosci. 2000;3: 377–383. doi: 10.1038/73949 10725928

30. Canales J. Stimulant-induced adaptations in neostriatal matrix and striosome systems: Transiting from instrumental responding to habitual behavior in drug addiction. Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2005;83: 93–103. doi: 10.1016/j.nlm.2004.10.006 15721792

31. Murray RC, Gilbert YE, Logan AS, Hebbard JC, Horner KA. Striatal patch compartment lesions alter methamphetamine-induced behavior and immediate early gene expression in the striatum, substantia nigra and frontal cortex. Brain Struct Funct. 2014;219: 1213–1229. doi: 10.1007/s00429-013-0559-x 23625147

32. Murray RC, Logan MC, Horner KA. Striatal patch compartment lesions reduce stereotypy following repeated cocaine administration. Brain Res. 2015;1618: 286–298. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.06.012 26100338

33. Jenrette TA, Logue JB, Horner KA. Lesions of the Patch Compartment of Dorsolateral Striatum Disrupt Stimulus–Response Learning. Neuroscience. 2019;415: 161–172. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.07.033 31356898

34. Gerfen CR, Paletzki R, Heintz N. GENSAT BAC cre-recombinase driver lines to study the functional organization of cerebral cortical and basal ganglia circuits. Neuron. 2013;80: 1368–1383. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.10.016 24360541

35. Rossi MA, Yin HH. Methods for Studying Habitual Behavior in Mice. In: Crawley JN, Gerfen CR, Rogawski MA, Sibley DR, Skolnick P, Wray S, editors. Current Protocols in Neuroscience. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2012. doi: 10.1002/0471142301.ns0829s60 22752897

36. Yang CF, Chiang MC, Gray DC, Prabhakaran M, Alvarado M, Juntti SA, et al. Sexually dimorphic neurons in the ventromedial hypothalamus govern mating in both sexes and aggression in males. Cell. 2013;153: 896–909. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.04.017 23663785

37. Davis J, Bitterman ME. Differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO): a yoked-control comparison. J Exp Anal Behav. 1971;15: 237–241. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1971.15-237 16811508

38. Durieux PF, Schiffmann SN, de Kerchove d’Exaerde A. Differential regulation of motor control and response to dopaminergic drugs by D1R and D2R neurons in distinct dorsal striatum subregions: Dorsal striatum D1R- and D2R-neuron motor functions. EMBO J. 2012;31: 640–653. doi: 10.1038/emboj.2011.400 22068054

39. O’Hare JK, Ade KK, Sukharnikova T, Van Hooser SD, Palmeri ML, Yin HH, et al. Pathway-Specific Striatal Substrates for Habitual Behavior. Neuron. 2016;89: 472–479. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.12.032 26804995

40. Dickinson A. Actions and Habits: The Development of Behavioural Autonomy. Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci. 1985;308: 67–78. doi: 10.1098/rstb.1985.0010

41. Yu C, Gupta J, Chen J-F, Yin HH. Genetic deletion of A2A adenosine receptors in the striatum selectively impairs habit formation. J Neurosci Off J Soc Neurosci. 2009;29: 15100–15103. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4215-09.2009 19955361

42. Garr E, Bushra B, Tu N, Delamater AR. Goal-directed control on interval schedules does not depend on the action-outcome correlation. J Exp Psychol Anim Learn Cogn. 2019. doi: 10.1037/xan0000229 31621353

43. Li Y, Pan X, He Y, Ruan Y, Huang L, Zhou Y, et al. Pharmacological Blockade of Adenosine A2A but Not A1 Receptors Enhances Goal-Directed Valuation in Satiety-Based Instrumental Behavior. Front Pharmacol. 2018;9. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00393 29740319

44. Bloem B, Huda R, Sur M, Graybiel AM. Two-photon imaging in mice shows striosomes and matrix have overlapping but differential reinforcement-related responses. eLife. 2017;6. doi: 10.7554/eLife.32353 29251596

45. Yoshizawa T, Ito M, Doya K. Reward-Predictive Neural Activities in Striatal Striosome Compartments. eneuro. 2018;5: ENEURO.0367–17.2018. doi: 10.1523/ENEURO.0367-17.2018 29430520

46. White NM, Hiroi N. Preferential localization of self-stimulation sites in striosomes/patches in the rat striatum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998;95: 6486–6491. doi: 10.1073/pnas.95.11.6486 9600993

47. Faust T. Influence of the Neostriatal Patch System on the Prediction-Based Coding of Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons. PhD, Rutgers University. 2017.

48. Ikeda H, Koshikawa N, Cools AR. Accumbal core: essential link in feed-forward spiraling striato-nigro-striatal in series connected loop. Neuroscience. 2013;252: 60–67. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.07.066 23933312

49. Friedman A, Homma D, Gibb LG, Amemori K, Rubin SJ, Hood AS, et al. A Corticostriatal Path Targeting Striosomes Controls Decision-Making under Conflict. Cell. 2015;161: 1320–1333. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.04.049 26027737

50. Friedman A, Homma D, Bloem B, Gibb LG, Amemori K, Hu D, et al. Chronic Stress Alters Striosome-Circuit Dynamics, Leading to Aberrant Decision-Making. Cell. 2017;171: 1191–1205.e28. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.10.017 29149606

51. Willuhn I, Burgeno LM, Everitt BJ, Phillips PEM. Hierarchical recruitment of phasic dopamine signaling in the striatum during the progression of cocaine use. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2012;109: 20703–20708. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1213460109 23184975

52. Gerdeman GL, Ronesi J, Lovinger DM. Postsynaptic endocannabinoid release is critical to long-term depression in the striatum. Nat Neurosci. 2002;5: 446–451. doi: 10.1038/nn832 11976704

53. Atwood BK, Lovinger DM, Mathur BN. Presynaptic long-term depression mediated by Gi/o-coupled receptors. Trends Neurosci. 2014;37: 663–673. doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2014.07.010 25160683

54. Davis MI, Crittenden JR, Feng AY, Kupferschmidt DA, Naydenov A, Stella N, et al. The cannabinoid-1 receptor is abundantly expressed in striatal striosomes and striosome-dendron bouquets of the substantia nigra. Lee J, editor. PLOS ONE. 2018;13: e0191436. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191436 29466446

55. Torregrossa MM, Quinn JJ, Taylor JR. Impulsivity, compulsivity, and habit: the role of orbitofrontal cortex revisited. Biol Psychiatry. 2008;63: 253–255. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.11.014 18194683

56. Schoenbaum G, Saddoris MP, Stalnaker TA. Reconciling the Roles of Orbitofrontal Cortex in Reversal Learning and the Encoding of Outcome Expectancies. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007;1121: 320–335. doi: 10.1196/annals.1401.001 17698988

57. Burguiere E, Monteiro P, Feng G, Graybiel AM. Optogenetic Stimulation of Lateral Orbitofronto-Striatal Pathway Suppresses Compulsive Behaviors. Science. 2013;340: 1243–1246. doi: 10.1126/science.1232380 23744950

58. Faure A, Haberland U, Condé F, El Massioui N. Lesion to the nigrostriatal dopamine system disrupts stimulus-response habit formation. J Neurosci Off J Soc Neurosci. 2005;25: 2771–2780. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3894-04.2005 15772337

59. Okada K, Nishizawa K, Fukabori R, Kai N, Shiota A, Ueda M, et al. Enhanced flexibility of place discrimination learning by targeting striatal cholinergic interneurons. Nat Commun. 2014;5: 3778. doi: 10.1038/ncomms4778 24797209

60. Desban M, Kemel ML, Glowinski J, Gauchy C. Spatial organization of patch and matrix compartments in the rat striatum. Neuroscience. 1993;57: 661–671. doi: 10.1016/0306-4522(93)90013-6 8309529

61. Johnston JG, Gerfen CR, Haber SN, van der Kooy D. Mechanisms of striatal pattern formation: conservation of mammalian compartmentalization. Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 1990;57: 93–102. doi: 10.1016/0165-3806(90)90189-6 1965303

62. Morigaki R, Goto S. Putaminal Mosaic Visualized by Tyrosine Hydroxylase Immunohistochemistry in the Human Neostriatum. Front Neuroanat. 2016;10: 34. doi: 10.3389/fnana.2016.00034 27092059

63. McGregor MM, McKinsey GL, Girasole AE, Bair-Marshall CJ, Rubenstein JLR, Nelson AB. Functionally Distinct Connectivity of Developmentally Targeted Striosome Neurons. Cell Rep. 2019;29: 1419–1428.e5. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.09.076 31693884

64. Märtin A, Calvigioni D, Tzortzi O, Fuzik J, Wärnberg E, Meletis K. A Spatiomolecular Map of the Striatum. Preprint, biorxiv; 2019 May. doi: 10.1101/613596

65. Brainard MS, Doupe AJ. Translating Birdsong: Songbirds as a Model for Basic and Applied Medical Research. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2013;36: 489–517. doi: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-060909-152826 23750515

66. Kao MH, Doupe AJ, Brainard MS. Contributions of an avian basal ganglia-forebrain circuit to real-time modulation of song. Nature. 2005;433: 638–643. doi: 10.1038/nature03127 15703748

67. Garcia-Calero E, Bahamonde O, Martinez S. Differences in number and distribution of striatal calbindin medium spiny neurons between a vocal-learner (Melopsittacus undulatus) and a non-vocal learner bird (Colinus virginianus). Front Neuroanat. 2013;7: 46. doi: 10.3389/fnana.2013.00046 24391552

68. Charnov EL. Optimal foraging, the marginal value theorem. Theor Popul Biol. 1976;9: 129–136. doi: 10.1016/0040-5809(76)90040-x 1273796

69. Compton D. Behavior strategy learning in rat: effects of lesions of the dorsal striatum or dorsal hippocampus. Behav Processes. 2004;67: 335–342. doi: 10.1016/j.beproc.2004.06.002 15518984

70. Sakamoto T, Okaichi H. Use of Win-Stay and Win-Shift Strategies in Place and Cue Tasks by Medial Caudate Putamen (MCPu) Lesioned Rats. Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2001;76: 192–208. doi: 10.1006/nlme.2001.4006 11502149

71. McDonald RJ, White NM. A triple dissociation of memory systems: hippocampus, amygdala, and dorsal striatum. Behav Neurosci. 1993;107: 3–22. doi: 10.1037//0735-7044.107.1.3 8447956

72. Graybiel AM. Habits, rituals, and the evaluative brain. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2008;31: 359–387. doi: 10.1146/annurev.neuro.29.051605.112851 18558860

73. Lingawi NW, Dezfouli A, Balleine BW. The Psychological and Physiological Mechanisms of Habit Formation. In: Murphy RA, Honey RC, editors. The Wiley Handbook on the Cognitive Neuroscience of Learning. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2016. pp. 409–441. doi: 10.1002/9781118650813.ch16

74. Dezfouli A, Lingawi NW, Balleine BW. Habits as action sequences: hierarchical action control and changes in outcome value. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2014;369. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0482 25267824

75. Matsumoto N, Hanakawa T, Maki S, Graybiel AM, Kimura M. Role of [corrected] nigrostriatal dopamine system in learning to perform sequential motor tasks in a predictive manner. J Neurophysiol. 1999;82: 978–998. doi: 10.1152/jn.1999.82.2.978 10444692

76. Berridge KC, Whishaw IQ. Cortex, striatum and cerebellum: control of serial order in a grooming sequence. Exp Brain Res. 1992;90: 275–290. doi: 10.1007/bf00227239 1397142

77. Van den Bercken JH, Cools AR. Evidence for a role of the caudate nucleus in the sequential organization of behavior. Behav Brain Res. 1982;4: 319–327. doi: 10.1016/0166-4328(82)90058-4 7073884

78. Yin HH. The sensorimotor striatum is necessary for serial order learning. J Neurosci Off J Soc Neurosci. 2010;30: 14719–14723. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3989-10.2010 21048130

79. Cui G, Jun SB, Jin X, Pham MD, Vogel SS, Lovinger DM, et al. Concurrent activation of striatal direct and indirect pathways during action initiation. Nature. 2013;494: 238–242. doi: 10.1038/nature11846 23354054

80. Jin X, Tecuapetla F, Costa RM. Basal ganglia subcircuits distinctively encode the parsing and concatenation of action sequences. Nat Neurosci. 2014;17: 423–430. doi: 10.1038/nn.3632 24464039

81. Geddes CE, Li H, Jin X. Optogenetic Editing Reveals the Hierarchical Organization of Learned Action Sequences. Cell. 2018;174: 32–43.e15. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.06.012 29958111

82. Thorndike EL. Animal intelligence; experimental studies,. New York,: The Macmillan Company,; 1911. doi: 10.5962/bhl.title.55072

83. Thrailkill EA, Trask S, Vidal P, Alcalá JA, Bouton ME. Stimulus control of actions and habits: A role for reinforcer predictability and attention in the development of habitual behavior. J Exp Psychol Anim Learn Cogn. 2018;44: 370–384. doi: 10.1037/xan0000188 30407063

84. Lawhorn C, Smith DM, Brown LL. Partial ablation of mu-opioid receptor rich striosomes produces deficits on a motor-skill learning task. Neuroscience. 2009;163: 109–119. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.05.021 19463902

85. Ogura T, Ogata M, Akita H, Jitsuki S, Akiba L, Noda K, et al. Impaired acquisition of skilled behavior in rotarod task by moderate depletion of striatal dopamine in a pre-symptomatic stage model of Parkinson’s disease. Neurosci Res. 2005;51: 299–308. doi: 10.1016/j.neures.2004.12.006 15710494

86. Shumilov K, Real MÁ, Valderrama-Carvajal A, Rivera A. Selective ablation of striatal striosomes produces the deregulation of dopamine nigrostriatal pathway. Beeler JA, editor. PLOS ONE. 2018;13: e0203135. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203135 30157254

87. Lopez-Huerta VG, Nakano Y, Bausenwein J, Jaidar O, Lazarus M, Cherassse Y, et al. The neostriatum: two entities, one structure? Brain Struct Funct. 2016;221: 1737–1749. doi: 10.1007/s00429-015-1000-4 25652680

88. Shivkumar S, Muralidharan V, Chakravarthy VS. A Biologically Plausible Architecture of the Striatum to Solve Context-Dependent Reinforcement Learning Tasks. Front Neural Circuits. 2017;11. doi: 10.3389/fncir.2017.00045 28680395

Článek Disparate effects of antibiotic-induced microbiome change and enhanced fitness in Daphnia magna
Článek Deliver on Your Own: Disrespectful Maternity Care in rural Kenya
Článek Transcriptional Differences in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Seeds at the Freshly Harvested, After-ripening and Newly Germinated Seed Stages: Insights into the Regulatory Networks of Seed Dormancy Release and Germination
Článek Model order reduction for left ventricular mechanics via congruency training
Článek Production, purification and evaluation of biodegradation potential of PHB depolymerase of Stenotrophomonas sp. RZS7
Článek Musical expertise generalizes to superior temporal scaling in a Morse code tapping task
Článek Can scientists fill the science journalism void? Online public engagement with science stories authored by scientists
Článek Retention and predictors of attrition among patients who started antiretroviral therapy in Zimbabwe’s national antiretroviral therapy programme between 2012 and 2015
Článek Prognostics for pain in osteoarthritis: Do clinical measures predict pain after total joint replacement?
Článek Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on GABA and Glx in Children: A pilot study
Článek Evaluation of rice wild relatives as a source of traits for adaptation to iron toxicity and enhanced grain quality
Článek APOBEC3B reporter myeloma cell lines identify DNA damage response pathways leading to APOBEC3B expression
Článek Feasibility of real-time in vivo 89Zr-DFO-labeled CAR T-cell trafficking using PET imaging
Článek A new method of recording from the giant fiber of Drosophila melanogaster shows that the strength of its auditory inputs remains constant with age
Článek Aberrant cervical innate immunity predicts onset of dysbiosis and sexually transmitted infections in women of reproductive age
Článek Safe mobility, socioeconomic inequalities, and aging: A 12-year multilevel interrupted time-series analysis of road traffic death rates in a Latin American country
Článek THAP11F80L cobalamin disorder-associated mutation reveals normal and pathogenic THAP11 functions in gene expression and cell proliferation
Článek Accelerated sparsity based reconstruction of compressively sensed multichannel EEG signals
Článek Microvesicles from Lactobacillus reuteri (DSM-17938) completely reproduce modulation of gut motility by bacteria in mice
Článek Why are animal source foods rarely consumed by 6-23 months old children in rural communities of Northern Ethiopia? A qualitative study
Článek A new species of Macrocypraea (Gastropoda, Cypraeidae) from Trindade Island, Brazil, including phenotypic differentiation from remaining congeneric species
Článek Persistence of chikungunya ECSA genotype and local outbreak in an upper medium class neighborhood in Northeast Brazil
Článek In vivo elongation of thin filaments results in heart failure
Článek Disparity in depressive symptoms between heterosexual and sexual minority men in China: The role of social support
Článek Mating strategy is determinant of adenovirus prevalence in European bats
Článek Randomized clinical trial analyzing maintenance of peripheral venous catheters in an internal medicine unit: Heparin vs. saline
Článek Patient-related factors may influence nursing perception of sleep in the Intensive Care Unit
Článek The role of demographic history and selection in shaping genetic diversity of the Galápagos penguin (Spheniscus mendiculus)
Článek Attitudes towards animal study registries and their characteristics: An online survey of three cohorts of animal researchers
Článek Risk perception and behavioral change during epidemics: Comparing models of individual and collective learning
Článek Risk factors for third-generation cephalosporin resistant Enterobacteriaceae in gestational urine cultures: A retrospective cohort study based on centralized electronic health records
Článek Residential neighbourhood greenspace is associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease: A prospective cohort study
Článek Prevention and control of cholera with household and community water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) interventions: A scoping review of current international guidelines
Článek Application of a genetic algorithm to the keyboard layout problem
Článek Relationship between diabetic macular edema and choroidal layer thickness
Článek A Comprehensive Data Gathering Network Architecture in Large-Scale Visual Sensor Networks
Článek Role of ecology in shaping external nasal morphology in bats and implications for olfactory tracking
Článek Development and validation of a prognostic model predicting symptomatic hemorrhagic transformation in acute ischemic stroke at scale in the OHDSI network
Článek Tofu intake is inversely associated with risk of breast cancer: A meta-analysis of observational studies
Článek Influence of light on the infection of Aureococcus anophagefferens CCMP 1984 by a “giant virus”
Článek From organ to cell: Multi-level telomere length assessment in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Článek How do critical care staff respond to organisational challenge? A qualitative exploration into personality types and cognitive processing in critical care
Článek Effects of supplemental creatine and guanidinoacetic acid on spatial memory and the brain of weaned Yucatan miniature pigs
Článek Community-Based Health Planning and Services Plus programme in Ghana: A qualitative study with stakeholders in two Systems Learning Districts on improving the implementation of primary health care
Článek Comparison of gridded precipitation datasets for rainfall-runoff and inundation modeling in the Mekong River Basin
Článek Functional interactions in patients with hemianopia: A graph theory-based connectivity study of resting fMRI signal
Článek The effects of dual-task cognitive interference on gait and turning in Huntington’s disease
Článek Hyperkalemia treatment modalities: A descriptive observational study focused on medication and healthcare resource utilization
Článek Long term impact of PositiveLinks: Clinic-deployed mobile technology to improve engagement with HIV care
Článek A network analysis revealed the essential and common downstream proteins related to inguinal hernia
Článek Apolipoprotein-AI mimetic peptides D-4F and L-5F decrease hepatic inflammation and increase insulin sensitivity in C57BL/6 mice
Článek Treating patients with driving phobia by virtual reality exposure therapy – a pilot study
Článek Therapeutic hypothermia after out of hospital cardiac arrest improve 1-year survival rate for selective patients
Článek Carotid plaques and neurological impairment in patients with acute cerebral infarction
Článek Deep learning based image reconstruction algorithm for limited-angle translational computed tomography
Článek Association between coffee drinking and telomere length in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial
Článek Hyperbaric oxygen preconditioning and the role of NADPH oxidase inhibition in postischemic acute kidney injury induced in spontaneously hypertensive rats
Článek Rad51 paralogs and the risk of unselected breast cancer: A case-control study
Článek The role of narrative in collaborative reasoning and intelligence analysis: A case study
Článek Proportions of CD4 test results indicating advanced HIV disease remain consistently high at primary health care facilities across four high HIV burden countries
Článek Modelling of amino acid turnover in the horse during training and racing: A basis for developing a novel supplementation strategy
Článek Trends of litter decomposition and soil organic matter stocks across forested swamp environments of the southeastern US
Článek Post mortem evaluation of inflammation, oxidative stress, and PPARγ activation in a nonhuman primate model of cardiac sympathetic neurodegeneration
Článek Plasma proteome profiling of freshwater and seawater life stages of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Článek Percent amplitude of fluctuation: A simple measure for resting-state fMRI signal at single voxel level
Článek Antimicrobial activity of Asteraceae species against bacterial pathogens isolated from postmenopausal women
Článek Are changes in depressive symptoms, general health and residential area socio-economic status associated with trajectories of waist circumference and body mass index?
Článek Extracellular vesicles of U937 macrophage cell line infected with DENV-2 induce activation in endothelial cells EA.hy926
Článek Link-centric analysis of variation by demographics in mobile phone communication patterns
Článek Tobacco smoking and health-related quality of life among university students: Mediating effect of depression
Článek Incidence of hospital-acquired pressure ulcers in patients with "minimal risk" according to the "Norton-MI" scale
Článek Use of Nanotrap particles for the capture and enrichment of Zika, chikungunya and dengue viruses in urine
Článek Lateral pressure equalisation as a principle for designing support surfaces to prevent deep tissue pressure ulcers
Článek HCV genotype profile in Brazil of mono-infected and HIV co-infected individuals: A survey representative of an entire country
Článek Engaging with change: Information and communication technology professionals’ perspectives on change at the mid-point in the UK/EU Brexit process
Článek Adherence to iron-folic acid supplement and associated factors among antenatal care attending pregnant mothers in governmental health institutions of Adwa town, Tigray, Ethiopia: Cross-sectional study
Článek Development of a risk score for prediction of poor treatment outcomes among patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis
Článek Aqueous extract from Mangifera indica Linn. (Anacardiaceae) leaves exerts long-term hypoglycemic effect, increases insulin sensitivity and plasma insulin levels on diabetic Wistar rats
Článek Discovery of Jogalong virus, a novel hepacivirus identified in a Culex annulirostris (Skuse) mosquito from the Kimberley region of Western Australia
Článek Detection of Torque Teno Virus (TTV) and TTV-Like Minivirus in patients with presumed infectious endophthalmitis in India
Článek CD4 rate of increase is preferred to CD4 threshold for predicting outcomes among virologically suppressed HIV-infected adults on antiretroviral therapy
Článek What drugs modify the risk of iatrogenic impulse-control disorders in Parkinson’s disease? A preliminary pharmacoepidemiologic study
Článek Evaluating emotional distress and health-related quality of life in patients with heart failure and their family caregivers: Testing dyadic dynamics using the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model
Článek Proof-of-concept for a non-invasive, portable, and wireless device for cardiovascular monitoring in pediatric patients
Článek On PTV definition for glioblastoma based on fiber tracking of diffusion tensor imaging data
Článek Genes associated with body weight gain and feed intake identified by meta-analysis of the mesenteric fat from crossbred beef steers
Článek Human lung epithelial BEAS-2B cells exhibit characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells
Článek Evaluation of a bioengineered ACL matrix’s osteointegration with BMP-2 supplementation
Článek Psychosocial profiles of physical activity fluctuation in office employees: A latent profile analysis
Článek Autumn shifts in cold tolerance metabolites in overwintering adult mountain pine beetles
Článek Effects of fatigue induced by repeated-sprint on kicking accuracy and velocity in female soccer players
Článek A pre-clinical validation plan to evaluate analytical sensitivities of molecular diagnostics such as BD MAX MDR-TB, Xpert MTB/Rif Ultra and FluoroType MTB
Článek Leadership for success in transforming medical abortion policy in Canada
Článek Forecasting stock prices with long-short term memory neural network based on attention mechanism
Článek On the genus Crossaster (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) and its distribution
Článek Intracellular and in vivo evaluation of imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole-5-carboxamide anti-tuberculosis compounds
Článek Color discrimination and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry fingerprint based on chemometrics analysis for the quality evaluation of Schizonepetae Spica
Článek Dynamic Extreme Aneuploidy (DEA) in the vegetable pathogen Phytophthora capsici and the potential for rapid asexual evolution
Článek Assertive, trainable and older dogs are perceived as more dominant in multi-dog households
Článek Prediction of Uropathogens by Flow Cytometry and Dip-stick Test Results of Urine Through Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis
Článek Impact of viral disease hypophagia on pig jejunal function and integrity
Článek Evaluation and validation of 2D biomechanical models of the knee for radiograph-based preoperative planning in total knee arthroplasty
Článek Soil-Transmitted Helminth infections reduction in Bhutan: A report of 29 years of deworming
Článek Fast quantitative time lapse displacement imaging of endothelial cell invasion
Článek Two novel mutations in MSX1 causing oligodontia
Článek Dome-shaped macula in children and adolescents
Článek Preliminary evidences of the presence of extracellular DNA single stranded forms in soil
Článek A comparison of quality of life between patients treated with different dialysis modalities in Taiwan
Článek Transcriptome analysis of Actinidia chinensis in response to Botryosphaeria dothidea infection
Článek Comparative study on skin protection activity of polyphenol-rich extract and polysaccharide-rich extract from Sargassum vachellianum
Článek Real-world data about emotional stress, disability and need for social care in a German IBD patient cohort
Článek The regenerative compatibility: A synergy between healthy ecosystems, environmental attitudes, and restorative experiences
Článek Perceptions of risk and influences of choice in pregnant women with obesity. An evidence synthesis of qualitative research
Článek Sexual risk classes among youth experiencing homelessness: Relation to childhood adversities, current mental symptoms, substance use, and HIV testing
Článek Effects of CK2β subunit down-regulation on Akt signalling in HK-2 renal cells
Článek Improvement project in higher education institutions: A BPEP-based model
Článek An updated evaluation of serum sHER2, CA15.3, and CEA levels as biomarkers for the response of patients with metastatic breast cancer to trastuzumab-based therapies
Článek Genome-wide association study of metabolic syndrome in Korean populations
Článek Drug therapy problems and treatment satisfaction among ambulatory patients with epilepsy in a specialized hospital in Ethiopia
Článek Intensified visual clutter induces increased sympathetic signalling, poorer postural control, and faster torsional eye movements during visual rotation
Článek Gut microbiota composition alterations are associated with the onset of diabetes in kidney transplant recipients
Článek Shock index and TIMI risk index as valuable prognostic tools in patients with acute coronary syndrome complicated by cardiogenic shock
Článek Merit overrules theory of mind when young children share resources with others
Článek Generalizing findings from a randomized controlled trial to a real-world study of the iLookOut, an online education program to improve early childhood care and education providers’ knowledge and attitudes about reporting child maltreatment
Článek When and what to test for: A cost-effectiveness analysis of febrile illness test-and-treat strategies in the era of responsible antibiotic use
Článek The gene encoding the ketogenic enzyme HMGCS2 displays a unique expression during gonad development in mice
Článek Efficacy of a mitochondrion-targeting agent for reducing the level of urinary protein in rats with puromycin aminonucleoside-induced minimal-change nephrotic syndrome
Článek Association of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS3) gene polymorphisms with primary open-angle glaucoma in a Saudi cohort
Článek Pyramiding QTLs controlling tolerance against drought, salinity, and submergence in rice through marker assisted breeding
Článek The virulence domain of Shigella IcsA contains a subregion with specific host cell adhesion function
Článek Sequencing artifacts derived from a library preparation method using enzymatic fragmentation
Článek Quo vadis Pantanal? Expected precipitation extremes and drought dynamics from changing sea surface temperature
Článek The Brief Measure of Emotional Preoperative Stress (B-MEPS) as a new predictive tool for postoperative pain: A prospective observational cohort study
Článek Morphological adjustment in free-living Steinernema feltiae infective juveniles to increasing concentration of Nemafric-BL phytonematicide
Článek Key necroptotic proteins are required for Smac mimetic-mediated sensitization of cholangiocarcinoma cells to TNF-α and chemotherapeutic gemcitabine-induced necroptosis
Článek Retraction: SDR9C7 Promotes Lymph Node Metastases in Patients with Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Článek Bioluminescent imaging of Arabidopsis thaliana using an enhanced Nano-lantern luminescence reporter system
Článek Biosynthetic pathway of indole-3-acetic acid in ectomycorrhizal fungi collected from northern Thailand
Článek Sex-specific and opposite modulatory aspects revealed by PPI network and pathway analysis of ischemic stroke in humans
Článek Role of donor genotype in RT-QuIC seeding activity of chronic wasting disease prions using human and bank vole substrates
Článek Availability, prices and affordability of selected antibiotics and medicines against non-communicable diseases in western Cameroon and northeast DR Congo
Článek Educators’ perceptions of organisational readiness for implementation of a pre-adolescent transdisciplinary school health intervention for inter-generational outcomes
Článek The effects of sport expertise and shot results on basketball players’ action anticipation
Článek Multiplex real-time PCR for the detection of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato and pathogenic Xanthomonas species on tomato plants
Článek Construction of a high-density genetic map and fine mapping of a candidate gene locus for a novel branched-spike mutant in barley
Článek From seed to flour: Sowing sustainability in the use of cantaloupe melon residue (Cucumis melo L. var. reticulatus)
Článek Core Scientific Dataset Model: A lightweight and portable model and file format for multi-dimensional scientific data
Článek Accounting for measurement error to assess the effect of air pollution on omic signals
Článek Leucine zipper transcription factor-like 1 binds adaptor protein complex-1 and 2 and participates in trafficking of transferrin receptor 1
Článek Barriers for tuberculosis case finding in Southwest Ethiopia: A qualitative study
Článek Genetic predisposition to celiac disease in Kazakhstan: Potential impact on the clinical practice in Central Asia
Článek A lower psoas muscle volume was associated with a higher rate of recurrence in male clear cell renal cell carcinoma
Článek Two angles of overqualification-the deviant behavior and creative performance: The role of career and survival job
Článek Cost-utility analysis of de-escalating biological disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Článek Efficient estimation of stereo thresholds: What slope should be assumed for the psychometric function?
Článek Learning efficient haptic shape exploration with a rigid tactile sensor array
Článek Effects of dietary supplementation with a microalga (Schizochytrium sp.) on the hemato-immunological, and intestinal histological parameters and gut microbiota of Nile tilapia in net cages
Článek Regional versus local wind speed and direction at a narrow beach with a high and steep foredune
Článek Fragmented QRS complex in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus at the time of diagnosis and its relationship with disease activity
Článek Severe thiamine deficiency in eastern Baltic cod (Gadus morhua)
Článek Transfer entropy as a variable selection methodology of cryptocurrencies in the framework of a high dimensional predictive model
Článek Psychometric validation of Czech version of the Sport Motivation Scale
Článek Correction: Multiple innate antibacterial immune defense elements are correlated in diverse ungulate species
Článek Recognition of personality disorder and anxiety disorder comorbidity in patients treated for depression in secondary psychiatric care
Článek Correction: Strategies for achieving high sequencing accuracy for low diversity samples and avoiding sample bleeding using illumina platform
Článek ETAPOD: A forecast model for prediction of black pod disease outbreak in Nigeria
Článek Number of days required to estimate physical activity constructs objectively measured in different age groups: Findings from three Brazilian (Pelotas) population-based birth cohorts
Článek Exploring the mechanism of olfactory recognition in the initial stage by modeling the emission spectrum of electron transfer
Článek Risk of complications among diabetics self-reporting oral health status in Canada: A population-based cohort study
Článek Practical considerations in the use of a porcine model (Sus scrofa domesticus) to assess prevention of postoperative peritubal adhesions
Článek Identifying maintenance hosts for infection with Dichelobacter nodosus in free-ranging wild ruminants in Switzerland: A prevalence study
Článek The impact of a wireless audio system on communication in robotic-assisted laparoscopic surgery: A prospective controlled trial
Článek Seroprevalence of viral and vector-borne bacterial pathogens in domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) in northern Botswana
Článek Cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric evaluation of the Yoruba version of Oswestry disability index
Článek Post-transcriptional regulation of Rad51c by miR-222 contributes cellular transformation
Článek Brief communication: Long-term absence of Langerhans cells alters the gene expression profile of keratinocytes and dendritic epidermal T cells
Článek Morphological diversity within a core collection of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.): Lessons in pasture adaptation from the wild
Článek Repository-based plasmid design
Článek A clinical method for estimating the modulus of elasticity of the human cornea in vivo
Článek Patient perceived value of teleophthalmology in an urban, low income US population with diabetes
Článek Evidence in support of chromosomal sex influencing plasma based metabolome vs APOE genotype influencing brain metabolome profile in humanized APOE male and female mice
Článek Dense carbon-nanotube coating scaffolds stimulate osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells
Článek Gamma Knife radiosurgery for vestibular schwannomas: Evaluation of planning using the sphericity degree of the target volume
Článek Purification and molecular characterization of phospholipase, antigen 5 and hyaluronidases from the venom of the Asian hornet (Vespa velutina)
Článek A study to better understand under-utilization of laboratory tests for antenatal care in Senegal
Článek Physicians’ perspectives regarding non-medical switching of prescription medications: Results of an internet e-survey
Článek Effectiveness of information technology–enabled ‘SMART Eating’ health promotion intervention: A cluster randomized controlled trial
Článek Cauda Equina Syndrome Core Outcome Set (CESCOS): An international patient and healthcare professional consensus for research studies
Článek Long term conjugated linoleic acid supplementation modestly improved growth performance but induced testicular tissue apoptosis and reduced sperm quality in male rabbit
Článek A new approach to the temporal significance of house orientations in European Early Neolithic settlements
Článek Effect of classroom intervention on student food selection and plate waste: Evidence from a randomized control trial
Článek Preventing HIV and HSV-2 through knowledge and attitudes: A replication study of a multi-component community-based intervention in Zimbabwe
Článek A randomized trial of a behavioral intervention to decrease hospital length of stay by decreasing bedrest
Článek Color image segmentation using adaptive hierarchical-histogram thresholding
Článek Potential socioeconomic impacts from ocean acidification and climate change effects on Atlantic Canadian fisheries
Článek Female finches prefer courtship signals indicating male vigor and neuromuscular ability
Článek The effect of spatial position and age within an egg-clutch on embryonic development and key metabolic enzymes in two clownfish species, Amphiprion ocellaris and Amphiprion frenatus
Článek The impact of translated reminder letters and phone calls on mammography screening booking rates: Two randomised controlled trials
Článek Design and evaluation of a laboratory-based wheelchair castor testing protocol using community data
Článek Evaluation of the predictive ability of ultrasound-based assessment of breast cancer using BI-RADS natural language reporting against commercial transcriptome-based tests
Článek Recovery of health-related quality of life after burn injuries: An individual participant data meta-analysis
Článek Modeling aggressive market order placements with Hawkes factor models
Článek High expression of olfactomedin-4 is correlated with chemoresistance and poor prognosis in pancreatic cancer
Článek Complex patterns of cell growth in the placenta in normal pregnancy and as adaptations to maternal diet restriction
Článek Temporal ordering of input modulates connectivity formation in a developmental neuronal network model of the cortex
Článek Healthy lifestyle index and its association with hypertension among community adults in Sri Lanka: A cross-sectional study
Článek An investigation of transportation practices in an Ontario swine system using descriptive network analysis
Článek Effects of Allium hookeri on gut microbiome related to growth performance in young broiler chickens
Článek Novel imaging biomarkers for mapping the impact of mild mitochondrial uncoupling in the outer retina in vivo
Článek Comparison of post-transplantation diabetes mellitus incidence and risk factors between kidney and liver transplantation patients
Článek A definition-by-example approach and visual language for activity patterns in engineering disciplines
Článek Use of conventional cardiac troponin assay for diagnosis of non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction: ‘The Ottawa Troponin Pathway’
Článek Identification and characterization of miRNAs involved in cold acclimation of zebrafish ZF4 cells
Článek Research on motion planning for an indoor spray arm based on an improved potential field method
Článek Detailed analysis of the transverse arch of hallux valgus feet with and without pain using weightbearing ultrasound imaging and precise force sensors
Článek Surrogate R-spondins for tissue-specific potentiation of Wnt Signaling
Článek Efficient processing of raster and vector data
Článek Diagnostic differences in respiratory breathing patterns and work of breathing indices in children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Článek Single-modal and multi-modal false arrhythmia alarm reduction using attention-based convolutional and recurrent neural networks
Článek Eye-gaze information input based on pupillary response to visual stimulus with luminance modulation
Článek Were ancient foxes far more carnivorous than recent ones?—Carnassial morphological evidence
Článek Disruption in daily eating-fasting and activity-rest cycles in Indian adolescents attending school
Článek The Shapley value for a fair division of group discounts for coordinating cooling loads
Článek Lipoprotein(a) plasma levels are not associated with survival after acute coronary syndromes: An observational cohort study
Článek Pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor reduces multi-organ injury caused by gut ischemia/reperfusion in mice
Článek Biochemical characterization of Ty1 retrotransposon protease
Článek The validation of the Beijing version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment in Chinese patients undergoing hemodialysis
Článek Inflammasome expression is higher in ovarian tumors than in normal ovary
Článek Flower, seed, and fruit development in three Tunisian species of Polygonum: Implications for their taxonomy and evolution of distyly in Polygonaceae
Článek Preclinical evaluation of AT-527, a novel guanosine nucleotide prodrug with potent, pan-genotypic activity against hepatitis C virus
Článek Clinical, cytogenetic and molecular genetic characterization of a tandem fusion translocation in a male Holstein cattle with congenital hypospadias and a ventricular septal defect
Článek Estimating the basic reproduction number of a pathogen in a single host when only a single founder successfully infects
Článek Community- and trophic-level responses of soil nematodes to removal of a non-native tree at different stages of invasion
Článek Association of ECG parameters with late gadolinium enhancement and outcome in patients with clinical suspicion of acute or subacute myocarditis referred for CMR imaging
Článek Catchment-scale export of antibiotic resistance genes and bacteria from an agricultural watershed in central Iowa
Článek Impact of multi-drug resistant bacteria on economic and clinical outcomes of healthcare-associated infections in adults: Systematic review and meta-analysis
Článek Characterization of a universal screening approach for congenital CMV infection based on a highly-sensitive, quantitative, multiplex real-time PCR assay
Článek Intraoperative computed tomography imaging for dose calculation in intraoperative electron radiation therapy: Initial clinical observations
Článek Simple non-mydriatic retinal photography is feasible and demonstrates retinal microvascular dilation in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Článek Maternal depressive symptoms and children’s cognitive development: Does early childcare and child’s sex matter?
Článek Prevalence and characteristics of Livestock-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) isolated from chicken meat in the province of Quebec, Canada
Článek Soluble AXL as a marker of disease progression and survival in melanoma
Článek Using machine learning methods to determine a typology of patients with HIV-HCV infection to be treated with antivirals
Článek Gender differences influence over insomnia in Korean population: A cross-sectional study
Článek Impact of scion/rootstock reciprocal effects on metabolomics of fruit juice and phloem sap in grafted Citrus reticulata
Článek Adapting cognitive diagnosis computerized adaptive testing item selection rules to traditional item response theory
Článek Umbilical cord separation time, predictors and healing complications in newborns with dry care
Článek Analysis of attitudinal components towards statistics among students from different academic degrees
Článek Clinical correlates associated with the long-term response of bipolar disorder patients to lithium, valproate or lamotrigine: A retrospective study
Článek An integrated vitamin E-coated polymer hybrid nanoplatform: A lucrative option for an enhanced in vitro macrophage retention for an anti-hepatitis B therapeutic prospect
Článek The effect of strontium and silicon substituted hydroxyapatite electrochemical coatings on bone ingrowth and osseointegration of selective laser sintered porous metal implants
Článek Molecular prevalence of Bartonella, Babesia, and hemotropic Mycoplasma species in dogs with hemangiosarcoma from across the United States
Článek Comparisons of recurrence-free survival and overall survival between microwave versus radiofrequency ablation treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma: A multiple centers retrospective cohort study with propensity score matching
Článek Oral misoprostol, low dose vaginal misoprostol, and vaginal dinoprostone for labor induction: Randomized controlled trial
Článek The association between dietary patterns before and in early pregnancy and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM): Data from the Malaysian SECOST cohort
Článek Interleukin 6 is increased in preclinical HNSCC models of acquired cetuximab resistance, but is not required for maintenance of resistance
Článek Molecular evidence for horizontal transmission of chelonid alphaherpesvirus 5 at green turtle (Chelonia mydas) foraging grounds in Queensland, Australia
Článek cagA gene EPIYA motif genetic characterization from Colombian Helicobacter pylori isolates: Standardization of a molecular test for rapid clinical laboratory detection
Článek Spectral characteristics of urine from patients with end-stage kidney disease analyzed using Raman Chemometric Urinalysis (Rametrix)
Článek Targeted transcriptomic study of the implication of central metabolic pathways in mannosylerythritol lipids biosynthesis in Pseudozyma antarctica T-34
Článek Comparison of Monocyte Distribution Width (MDW) and Procalcitonin for early recognition of sepsis
Článek Morphological association between the muscles and bones in the craniofacial region
Článek Antenatal depression and its association with adverse birth outcomes in low and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Článek The role of refugee and migrant migration status on medication adherence: Mediation through illness perceptions
Článek Novel broad-spectrum activity-based probes to profile malarial cysteine proteases
Článek Association between opioid analgesic therapy and initiation of buprenorphine management: An analysis of prescription drug monitoring program data
Článek Effect of a community-based approach of iron and folic acid supplementation on compliance by pregnant women in Kiambu County, Kenya: A quasi-experimental study
Článek Plasma kynurenines and prognosis in patients with heart failure
Článek Occurrence and distribution of anthropogenic persistent organic pollutants in coastal sediments and mud shrimps from the wetland of central Taiwan
Článek Metabolic analysis of amino acids and vitamin B6 pathways in lymphoma survivors with cancer related chronic fatigue
Článek Immunopathogenesis of canine chronic ulcerative stomatitis
Článek Comparison of effects and safety in providing controlled hypotension during surgery between dexmedetomidine and magnesium sulphate: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Článek Antitrust analysis with upward pricing pressure and cost efficiencies
Článek Natural selection contributes to food web stability
Článek Diversity and plant growth-promoting functions of diazotrophic/N-scavenging bacteria isolated from the soils and rhizospheres of two species of Solanum
Článek Sofosbuvir-based regimen for genotype 2 HCV infected patients in Taiwan: A real world experience
Článek Quantitative analysis of adsorption and desorption of volatile organic compounds on reusable zeolite filters using gas chromatography
Článek Cloud-computing and machine learning in support of country-level land cover and ecosystem extent mapping in Liberia and Gabon
Článek The impact of diabetes mellitus medication on the incidence of endogenous endophthalmitis
Článek Correction: Chl1 DNA helicase and Scc2 function in chromosome condensation through cohesin deposition
Článek Clinical and pathological features of thrombotic microangiopathy influencing long-term kidney transplant outcomes
Článek Occupational exposure to particulate matter from air pollution in the outdoor workplaces in Almaty during the cold season
Článek Concurrent lipidomics and proteomics on malignant plasma cells from multiple myeloma patients: Probing the lipid metabolome
Článek Association between tuberculosis and depression on negative outcomes of tuberculosis treatment: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Článek Control of the microsporidian parasite Nosema ceranae in honey bees (Apis mellifera) using nutraceutical and immuno-stimulatory compounds
Článek Oral magnesium supplementation for leg cramps in pregnancy—An observational controlled trial
Článek Health care professionals’ knowledge of commonly used sedative, analgesic and neuromuscular drugs: A single center (Rambam Health Care Campus), prospective, observational survey
Článek Campylobacter portucalensis sp. nov., a new species of Campylobacter isolated from the preputial mucosa of bulls
Článek Transgenic interleukin 11 expression causes cross-tissue fibro-inflammation and an inflammatory bowel phenotype in mice
Článek Sleep quality and sex modify the relationships between trait energy and fatigue on state energy and fatigue
Článek The role of peer, parental, and school norms in predicting adolescents’ attitudes and behaviours of majority and different minority ethnic groups in Croatia
Článek The effect of mutations derived from mouse-adapted H3N2 seasonal influenza A virus to pathogenicity and host adaptation
Článek Detection of posttraumatic pneumothorax using electrical impedance tomography—An observer-blinded study in pigs with blunt chest trauma
Článek Beyond the heterodimer model for mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptor interactions in nuclei and at DNA
Článek Framework and algorithms for identifying honest blocks in blockchain
Článek Exploring the impact of terminology differences in blood and organ donor decision making
Článek Platelet indices significantly correlate with liver fibrosis in HCV-infected patients
Článek The nitrate content of fresh and cooked vegetables and their health-related risks
Článek Bioreactor for mobilization of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells into scaffolds under mechanical stimulation: Preliminary results
Článek Non-gradient and genotype-dependent patterns of RSV gene expression
Článek The 24-hour urinary cortisol in post-traumatic stress disorder: A meta-analysis
Článek Drug-eluting versus bare-metal stents for first myocardial infarction in patients with atrial fibrillation: A nationwide population-based cohort study
Článek Health-related quality of life among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study
Článek “I like the way I am, but I feel like I could get a little bit bigger”: Perceptions of body image among adolescents and youth living with HIV in Durban, South Africa
Článek Nanoparticle-based ‘turn-on’ scattering and post-sample fluorescence for ultrasensitive detection of water pollution in wider window
Článek Insights into the strategy of micro-environmental adaptation: Transcriptomic analysis of two alvinocaridid shrimps at a hydrothermal vent
Článek Thirty-day readmission after medical-surgical hospitalization for people who experience imprisonment in Ontario, Canada: A retrospective cohort study
Článek Hyper-spectral response and estimation model of soil degradation in Kenli County, the Yellow River Delta
Článek The association of telomere length and telomerase activity with adverse outcomes in older patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome
Článek Alterations of aqueous humor Aβ levels in Aβ-infused and transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer disease
Článek Natural hybridization between Phyllagathis and Sporoxeia species produces a hybrid without reproductive organs
Článek The impact of peer attachment on prosocial behavior, emotional difficulties and conduct problems in adolescence: The mediating role of empathy
Článek Diagnostic performance of serum interferon gamma, matrix metalloproteinases, and periostin measurements for pulmonary tuberculosis in Japanese patients with pneumonia
Článek Characterization of black patina from the Tiber River embankments using Next-Generation Sequencing
Článek Problem gambling, associations with comorbid health conditions, substance use, and behavioural addictions: Opportunities for pathways to treatment
Článek Nanosheet wrapping-assisted coverslip-free imaging for looking deeper into a tissue at high resolution
Článek Validity of cerebrovascular ICD-9-CM codes in healthcare administrative databases. The Umbria Data-Value Project
Článek Torque teno virus viral load is related to age, CMV infection and HLA type but not to Alzheimer's disease
Článek Associations of cigarette smoking and burden of thoracic aortic calcification in asymptomatic individuals: A dose-response relationship
Článek Transforming assessment of speech in children with cleft palate via online crowdsourcing
Článek Human-raptor conflict in rural settlements of Colombia
Článek Assessment of peritoneal microbial features and tumor marker levels as potential diagnostic tools for ovarian cancer
Článek Deficiency syndromes in top predators associated with large-scale changes in the Baltic Sea ecosystem
Článek Perceived relative social status and cognitive load influence acceptance of unfair offers in the Ultimatum Game
Článek Hepatitis B and C virus infection among HIV patients within the public and private healthcare systems in Chile: A cross-sectional serosurvey
Článek Retraction: Oncogenic Fibulin-5 Promotes Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Cell Metastasis through the FLJ10540/AKT Pathway and Correlates with Poor Prognosis
Článok vyšiel v časopise

PLOS One

2020 Číslo 1
Najčítanejšie tento týždeň
Najčítanejšie v tomto čísle
Kurzy

Zvýšte si kvalifikáciu online z pohodlia domova

Aktuální možnosti diagnostiky a léčby litiáz
nový kurz
Autori: MUDr. Tomáš Ürge, PhD.
Všetky kurzy
Prihlásenie
Zabudnuté heslo

Zadajte e-mailovú adresu, s ktorou ste vytvárali účet. Budú Vám na ňu zasielané informácie k nastaveniu nového hesla.

Prihlásenie

Nemáte účet?  Registrujte sa

#ADS_BOTTOM_SCRIPTS#