Strategic rule breaking: Time wasting to win soccer games
Autoři:
Henrich R. Greve aff001; Nils Rudi aff002; Anup Walvekar aff003
Působiště autorů:
INSEAD, Singapore, Singapore
aff001; Yale School of Management, New Haven, CT, United States of America
aff002; National University of Singapore Business School, Singapore, Singapore
aff003
Vyšlo v časopise:
PLoS ONE 14(12)
Kategorie:
Research Article
prolekare.web.journal.doi_sk:
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224150
Souhrn
Rules regulate behavior, but in competitive contexts they also create incentives for rule-breaking because enforcement is imperfect. Sports is a prime example of this, and one that lends itself well to investigation because strategic rule-breaking is often measurable. Professional soccer is a highly competitive team sport with economic rewards for winning given to teams and players. It has a set of rules to ensure fair play, but the enforcement is incomplete, and hence can lead to strategic behavior. Using newly available data, we examine strategic time-wasting, a behavior that help teams win games, or tie games against superior opponents, but is contrary to the objective of game play as entertainment for the spectators. We demonstrate that strategic time-wasting is widespread and is done through delayed restart of the game after goalie capture of the ball, goal kick, throw-in, free kick, corner kick, and substitution. The strategic time-wasting has substantial magnitude, and models of the value per minute predict time-wasting well. Because this time-wasting is a result of incentives created by not stopping the game clock, we predict that a change to rules with stopped game clock when the play is stopped would make game play more time efficient.
Klíčová slova:
Sports – Games – Decision making – Law enforcement – Gambling – Behavioral economics – Cognitive heuristics
Zdroje
1. Scherer FM, Ross D. Industrial market structure and economic performance. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign’s Academy for entrepreneurial leadership historical research reference in entrepreneurship. 1990;.
2. Palmer D, Yenkey CB. Drugs, sweat, and gears: An organizational analysis of performance-enhancing drug use in the 2010 Tour de France. Social Forces. 2015;94(2):891–922. doi: 10.1093/sf/sov046
3. Becker GS. Crime and punishment: An economic approach. In: The economic dimensions of crime. Springer; 1968. p. 13–68.
4. Garoupa N. The theory of optimal law enforcement. Journal of economic surveys. 1997;11(3):267–295. doi: 10.1111/1467-6419.00034
5. Greve HR, Palmer D, Pozner JE. Organizations gone wild: The causes, processes, and consequences of organizational misconduct. The Academy of Management Annals. 2010;4(1):53–107.
6. Groenevelt H, Rudi N, Uppari BS. In-play football prediction. Manuscript INSEAD. 2012;.
7. Tversky A, Kahneman D. Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. science. 1974;185(4157):1124–1131. doi: 10.1126/science.185.4157.1124 17835457
8. Arrow KJ, Forsythe R, Gorham M, Hahn R, Hanson R, Ledyard JO, et al.. The promise of prediction markets; 2008.
9. Wolfers J, Zitzewitz E. Prediction markets. Journal of economic perspectives. 2004;18(2):107–126. doi: 10.1257/0895330041371321
10. Forrest D, Goddard J, Simmons R. Odds-setters as forecasters: The case of English football. International journal of forecasting. 2005;21(3):551–564. doi: 10.1016/j.ijforecast.2005.03.003
11. Goddard J, Asimakopoulos I. Forecasting football results and the efficiency of fixed-odds betting. Journal of Forecasting. 2004;23(1):51–66. doi: 10.1002/for.877
Článok vyšiel v časopise
PLOS One
2019 Číslo 12
- Metamizol jako analgetikum první volby: kdy, pro koho, jak a proč?
- Nejasný stín na plicích – kazuistika
- Masturbační chování žen v ČR − dotazníková studie
- Těžké menstruační krvácení může značit poruchu krevní srážlivosti. Jaký management vyšetření a léčby je v takovém případě vhodný?
- Fixní kombinace paracetamol/kodein nabízí synergické analgetické účinky
Najčítanejšie v tomto čísle
- Methylsulfonylmethane increases osteogenesis and regulates the mineralization of the matrix by transglutaminase 2 in SHED cells
- Oregano powder reduces Streptococcus and increases SCFA concentration in a mixed bacterial culture assay
- The characteristic of patulous eustachian tube patients diagnosed by the JOS diagnostic criteria
- Parametric CAD modeling for open source scientific hardware: Comparing OpenSCAD and FreeCAD Python scripts