Trait self-control does not predict attentional control: Evidence from a novel attention capture paradigm

English version

Autoři: Michael A. Dieciuc ^aff001; Heather M. Maranges ^aff001; Walter R. Boot ^aff001
Působiště autorů: Florida State University Department of Psychology, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America ^aff001
Vyšlo v časopise: PLoS ONE 14(12)
Kategorie: Research Article
prolekare.web.journal.doi_sk: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224882

Souhrn

To what extent are low-level visual and attentional phenomena related to higher-level personality traits? Trait self-control is thought to modulate behavior via two separate mechanisms: 1) by preventing initial temptation and, 2) by inhibiting temptation when it occurs (disengagement). Similarly, the control of visual attention often entails preventing initial distraction by irrelevant but tempting (goal-similar) objects, and disengaging attention when it has been inappropriately captured. Given these similarities, we examined whether individuals higher versus lower in trait self-control would differ in their susceptibility to attention capture using mouse-tracking as a sensitive, online measure of how attentional dynamics resolve over time and space in response to a distracting visual cue. Using a variety of metrics of attention capture, we found that differences among people in trait self-control did not predict initial selection of visual information nor subsequent disengagement. Overall, these results suggest that trait self-control and attention capture operate via separate mechanisms.

Klíčová slova:

Behavior – Cognition – Working memory – Sensory cues – Attention – Research validity – Preprocessing – Software tools

Zdroje

1. Folk C. L., Remington R. W., & Johnston J. C. (1992). Involuntary covert orienting is contingent on attentional control settings. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human perception and performance, 18(4), 1030. 1431742

2. Folk C. L., Remington R. W., & Wright J. H. (1994). The structure of attentional control: contingent attentional capture by apparent motion, abrupt onset, and color. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human perception and performance, 20(2), 317. doi: 10.1037//0096-1523.20.2.317 8189195

3. Theeuwes J. (2010). Top–down and bottom–up control of visual selection. Acta psychologica, 135(2), 77–99. doi: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2010.02.006 20507828

4. Belopolsky A. V., Schreij D., & Theeuwes J. (2010). What is top-down about contingent capture?. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 72(2), 326–341.

5. Fukuda K., & Vogel E. K. (2009). Human variation in overriding attentional capture. Journal of Neuroscience, 29(27), 8726–8733. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2145-09.2009 19587279

6. Robison M. K., Gath K. I., & Unsworth N. (2017). The neurotic wandering mind: An individual differences investigation of neuroticism, mind-wandering, and executive control. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 70(4), 649–663. doi: 10.1080/17470218.2016.1145706 26821933

7. Fukuda K., & Vogel E. K. (2011). Individual differences in recovery time from attentional capture. Psychological science, 22(3), 361–368. doi: 10.1177/0956797611398493 21310945

8. Chisholm J. D., Hickey C., Theeuwes J., & Kingstone A. (2010). Reduced attentional capture in action video game players. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 72(3), 667–671.

9. Bredemeier K., Berenbaum H., Brockmole J. R., Boot W. R., Simons D. J., & Most S. B. (2012). A load on my mind: Evidence that anhedonic depression is like multi-tasking. Acta Psychologica, 139(1), 137–145. doi: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2011.11.007 22154348

10. Baumeister R. F., Vohs K. D., & Tice D. M. (2007). The strength model of self-control. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16, 351–355.

11. Muraven M., & Slessareva E. (2003). Mechanisms of self-control failure: Motivation and limited resources. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 894–906. doi: 10.1177/0146167203029007008 15018677

12. Maranges H. M., & Baumeister R. F. (2016). Self-control and ego depletion. In Vohs K.D., Baumeister R.F. (Eds.), The handbook of self-regulation (2nd ed.; pp. 42–61), Guilford Press: New York.

13. Tangney J. P., Baumeister R. F., & Boone A. L. (2004). High self‐control predicts good adjustment, less pathology, better grades, and interpersonal success. Journal of personality, 72(2), 271–324. doi: 10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00263.x 15016066

14. Mischel W., Ebbesen E. B., & Raskoff Zeiss A. (1972). Cognitive and attentional mechanisms in delay of gratification. Journal of personality and social psychology, 21(2), 204. doi: 10.1037/h0032198 5010404

15. de Ridder D. T., Lensvelt-Mulders G., Finkenauer C., Stok F. M., & Baumeister R. F. (2012). Taking stock of self-control: A meta-analysis of how trait self-control relates to a wide range of behaviors. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 16, 76–99. doi: 10.1177/1088868311418749 21878607

16. Moffitt T. E., Arseneault L., Belsky D., Dickson N., Hancox R. J., Harrington H., et al. (2011). A gradient of childhood self-control predicts health, wealth, and public safety. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108, 2693–2698.

17. Hofmann W., Schmeichel B. J., & Baddeley A. D. (2012). Executive functions and self-regulation. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16, 174–180. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2012.01.006 22336729

18. Robinson M. D., Schmeichel B. J., & Inzlicht M. (2010). A Cognitive Control Perspective of Self‐Control Strength and Its Depletion. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 4, 189–200.

19. Bertrams A., & Dickhäuser O. (2009). High-school students' need for cognition, self-control capacity, and school achievement: Testing a mediation hypothesis. Learning and Individual Differences, 19, 135–138.

20. Baumeister R. F., Heatherton T.F., & Tice D. M. (1994). Losing Control: How and Why People Fail at Self-Regulation. San Diego: Academic Press.

21. Ent M. R., Baumeister R. F., & Tice D. M. (2015). Trait self-control and the avoidance of temptation. Personality and Individual Differences, 74, 12–15.

22. Hofmann W., Baumeister R. F., Förster G., & Vohs K. D. (2012). Everyday temptations: An experience sampling study of desire, conflict, and self-control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102, 1318–1335. doi: 10.1037/a0026545 22149456

23. Toussaert S. (2018). Eliciting Temptation and Self‐Control Through Menu Choices: A Lab Experiment. Econometrica, 86(3), 859–889.

24. Adriaanse M. A., Kroese F. M., Gillebaart M., & De Ridder D. T. (2014). Effortless inhibition: Habit mediates the relation between self-control and unhealthy snack consumption. Frontiers in psychology, 5, 444. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00444 24904463

25. Galla B. M., & Duckworth A. L. (2015). More than resisting temptation: Beneficial habits mediate the relationship between self-control and positive life outcomes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 109(3), 508. doi: 10.1037/pspp0000026 25643222

26. Freeman J. B. (2018). Doing psychological science by hand. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 27(5), 315–323. doi: 10.1177/0963721417746793 30581254

27. Freeman J. B., & Ambady N. (2010). MouseTracker: Software for studying real-time mental processing using a computer mouse-tracking method. Behavior research methods, 42(1), 226–241. doi: 10.3758/BRM.42.1.226 20160302

28. Freeman J., Dale R., & Farmer T. (2011). Hand in motion reveals mind in motion. Frontiers in Psychology, 2, 1–6. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00001

29. Kieslich P. J., & Henninger F. (2017). Mousetrap: An integrated, open-source mouse-tracking package. Behavior research methods, 49(5), 1652–1667. doi: 10.3758/s13428-017-0900-z 28646399

30. Dale R., Kehoe C., & Spivey M. J. (2007). Graded motor responses in the time course of categorizing atypical exemplars. Memory & Cognition, 35(1), 15–28.

31. Freeman J. B., & Johnson K. L. (2016). More than meets the eye: Split-second social perception. Trends in cognitive sciences, 20 (5), 362–374. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2016.03.003 27050834

32. Tipper S. P., Howard L. A., & Jackson S. R. (1997). Selective reaching to grasp: Evidence for distractor interference effects. Visual cognition, 4(1), 1–38.

33. Tipper S. P., Lortie C., & Baylis G. C. (1992). Selective reaching: Evidence for action-centered attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 18(4), 891. doi: 10.1037//0096-1523.18.4.891 1431753

34. Welsh T. N. (2011). The relationship between attentional capture and deviations in movement trajectories in a selective reaching task. Acta Psychologica, 137(3), 300–308. doi: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2011.03.011 21507363

35. Dieciuc M. A., Roque N. A., & Boot W. R. (2019). The spatial dynamics of mouse-tracking reveal that attention capture is stimulus-driven rather than contingent upon top-down goals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 45(10), 1285. doi: 10.1037/xhp0000671 31259583

36. Cohen J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological bulletin, 112(1), 155–159. doi: 10.1037//0033-2909.112.1.155 19565683

37. Mathôt S., Schreij D., & Theeuwes J. (2012). OpenSesame: An open-source, graphical experiment builder for the social sciences. Behavior research methods, 44(2), 314–324. doi: 10.3758/s13428-011-0168-7 22083660

38. Team, R. C. (2016). R: A language and environment for statistical computing [Computer software manual]. Vienna, Austria.

39. Kieslich, P. J., & Henninger, F. (2016). readbulk: Read and Combine Multiple Data Files: R package (Version 1.1.0) [Computer software].

40. Kieslich, P. J., Wulff, D. U., Henninger, F., Haslbeck, J. M. B., & Schulte-Mecklenbeck, M. (2016). Mousetrap: An R package for processing and analyzing mouse-tracking data. Retrieved from, 10.

41. Lawrence, A. M. (2016). ez: Easy analysis and visualization of factorial experiments: R package (Version 4.4–0) [Computer software].

42. JASP Team. (2018). JASP (Version 0.8.6) [Computer software].

43. Franco‐Watkins A. M., Mattson R. E., & Jackson M. D. (2016). Now or later? Attentional processing and intertemporal choice. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 29(2–3), 206–217.

44. Pang B., Otto A. R., & Worthy D. A. (2015). Self‐Control Moderates Decision‐Making Behavior When Minimizing Losses versus Maximizing Gains. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 28(2), 176–187.

45. Kool W., McGuire J. T., Wang G. J., & Botvinick M. M. (2013). Neural and behavioral evidence for an intrinsic cost of self-control. PloS one, 8(8), e72626. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072626 24013455

46. Hehman E., Stolier R. M., & Freeman J. B. (2015). Advanced mouse-tracking analytic techniques for enhancing psychological science. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 18(3), 384–401.

47. Schneider I. K., van Harreveld F., Rotteveel M., Topolinski S., van der Pligt J., Schwarz N., & Koole S. L. (2015). The path of ambivalence: Tracing the pull of opposing evaluations using mouse trajectories. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1–12. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00001

48. Roque N. A., Wright T. J., & Boot W. R. (2016). Do different attention capture paradigms measure different types of capture? Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 78(7), 2014–2030.

49. Jeffreys H. (1961). The Theory of Probability 1st/3rd Edn. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.

50. Stillman P. E., Medvedev D., & Ferguson M. J. (2017). Resisting temptation: tracking how self-control conflicts are successfully resolved in real time. Psychological Science, 28, 1240–1258. doi: 10.1177/0956797617705386 28714777

51. Gillebaart M., Schneider I. K., & De Ridder D. T. (2016). Effects of trait self‐control on response conflict about healthy and unhealthy food. Journal of personality, 84(6), 789–798. doi: 10.1111/jopy.12219 26269964

52. Sullivan N., Hutcherson C., Harris A., & Rangel A. (2015). Dietary self-control is related to the speed with which attributes of healthfulness and tastiness are processed. Psychological science, 26(2), 122–134. doi: 10.1177/0956797614559543 25515527

53. Lim S. L., Penrod M. T., Ha O. R., Bruce J. M., & Bruce A. S. (2018). Calorie labeling promotes dietary self-control by shifting the temporal dynamics of health-and taste-attribute integration in overweight individuals. Psychological science, 29(3), 447–462. doi: 10.1177/0956797617737871 29369749

54. Fishbach A., & Shah J. Y. (2006). Self-control in action: Implicit dispositions toward goals and away from temptations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 820–832. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.820 16737375

55. Gillebaart M., & De Ridder D. T. (2015). Effortless self‐control: A novel perspective on response conflict strategies in trait self‐control. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 9, 88–99.

Trait self-control does not predict attentional control: Evidence from a novel attention capture paradigm

Souhrn

Klíčová slova:

Zdroje

PLOS One

Aktuální možnosti diagnostiky a léčby litiáz