Survival kinetics of Listeria monocytogenes on chickpeas, sesame seeds, pine nuts, and black pepper as affected by relative humidity storage conditions

Summary

Nuts and seeds have been increasingly associated with recalls due to contamination with Listeria monocytogenes. Storage of these food commodities occurs at various relative humidity (RH) conditions for months or years. The objective of this study was to assess L. monocytogenes survival on four commodities representing dried legumes, seeds, and spices categories: chickpeas, sesame seeds, pine nuts, and black pepper kernels. Inoculated products at 10 log CFU/g were stored for 180 days (6 months) at 25°C and different relative humidity (RH) levels: 25% (low), 45% (ambient), and 75% (high). After 180 days at 25% RH, L. monocytogenes populations decreased to 2.67–6.59 log CFU/g; the highest survival of the pathogen was observed on pine nuts and sesame seeds with decay rates of -0.014± 0.001 log CFU/g per d. Significantly greater population reductions on all products were observed during storage at 45 and 75% RH. At 45% RH, L. monocytogenes levels decreased to 1.90–6.36 log CFU/g. On chickpeas and black pepper stored at 75% RH, the pathogen population decreased to below the limit of enumeration (1 log CFU/g) yet were still detected via enrichments. The lowest survival of L. monocytogenes occurred at 75% RH on black pepper with a decay rate of -0.058±0.003 log CFU/g per d. Overall, regardless of RH level, the ability of the products to support survival of the pathogen may be expressed in the following order: pine nuts > sesame seeds > chickpeas > black pepper. The results of this study can aid in understanding how L. monocytogenes survives on dried legumes, seeds, and spices, and the data can contribute to the risk assessment of this pathogen.

Keywords:

Bacterial pathogens – Fats – Legumes – Peanut – Specimen storage – Humidity – Listeria monocytogenes – Salmonella enterica

Introduction

Nuts, seeds, spices, and dried legumes are low water activity (a_w, <0.85) foods and have often been implicated in outbreaks of illness associated with Salmonella enterica and pathogenic Escherichia coli [1–5]. Although no illnesses associated with Listeria monocytogenes-contamination of these commodities have been reported, recent recalls of nuts and seeds due to contamination of L. monocytogenes have been associated with almonds [6, 7], cashews [7, 8], macadamia nuts [9], pine nuts [10], walnuts [11–15], and sunflower seeds [16]. L. monocytogenes is ubiquitous in the environment, and these products can become contaminated at various stages throughout production including harvesting, processing, distribution, and storage. After processing, nuts and seeds can be stored prior to distribution for long periods of time. For example, raw nuts, depending on the type, may be stored frozen for 1–10 years, refrigerated for up to 18 months, or at ambient temperature for 3–6 months [17, 18]. L. monocytogenes has also been shown to survive in low a_w food products for long periods of time [19–25].

Long-term survival kinetics data of L. monocytogenes on nuts are available for almonds [22], peanuts [23], pecans [23], in-shell pistachios [22], and in-shell walnuts [24, 25]. L. monocytogenes was detectable for one year on raw peanuts and pecans inoculated at approximately 4–5 log CFU/g and stored at -24, 1, or 22°C [23]. The pathogen was also detectable for one year on raw almonds and in-shell pistachios inoculated at approximately 4–5 log CFU/g and stored at -19, 4, and 24°C [22]. Overall, the L. monocytogenes population did not significantly decrease on the almonds or pistachios when stored frozen or at refrigeration. However, at 24°C, the population of the pathogen decreased at a rate of -0.71 and -0.86 log CFU/g per month on almonds and pistachios, respectively. Similar decreases were also observed at 24°C for S. enterica and E. coli O157:H7. No information exists pertaining to L. monocytogenes survival on dried legumes, seeds, or spices during storage.

In addition to storage temperature, the relative humidity (RH) in which these commodities are stored impacts the survival of pathogens. Studies have shown that S. enterica survives better on nuts when stored at lower RH and a_w levels [26–28]. At 25°C and 0.37 a_w storage, S. enterica decreased 1 log CFU/g on hazelnuts and pine nuts after 24 and 52 weeks, respectively [26]; whereas at 0.54 a_w, the same decrease was observed on hazelnuts and pine nuts after only 9 and 16 weeks, respectively. Except for a thorough examination of survival during drying of fermented sausage [29], little information is available on how L. monocytogenes survives on low a_w food commodities stored at different RH levels.

This study aimed to determine the survival of L. monocytogenes on different low a_w food products at three RH levels: 25 (low), 45 (ambient), and 75% (high). Four different commodities from legume, seed, and spice categories were chosen: chickpeas, pine nuts, sesame seeds, and black pepper kernels. Results of this study can aid in understanding the impact of RH storage on L. monocytogenes survival on these low a_w food commodities.

Materials and methods

Legumes, seeds, and spices

At least two different lots of chickpeas (legume; Cicer arietinum L.), sesame seeds (seed; Sesamum indicum L), pine nuts (seed; Pinus pinea L.), and black peppercorns (spice; Piper nigrum L.) were obtained in bulk from online retailers and stored sealed at 25°C for up to 2 weeks before use.

Strains, culture conditions, and inoculum preparation

Spontaneous rifampicin resistant variants of L. monocytogenes strains 0806 (isolated from hummus), 3132 (isolated from avocado), 0352 (isolated from cream cheese), and ScottA (isolated from milk [30]) were obtained by successive culturing in Brain Heart Infusion broth (BHI; Thermofisher Scientific, Waltham, MA) with increasing concentrations of rifampicin, up to the final level of resistance at 200 μg/mL. Wild-type strains were obtained from the FDA Stock Culture Collection in Bedford Park, IL. All strains were cultured individually in BHI supplemented with 200 μg/mL of rifampicin and incubated at 37°C for 16–18 h. One hundred μL of each strain was plated onto each of 5 replicate BHI agar (BHIA; Thermofisher Scientific, Waltham, MA) plates and incubated at 37°C for 24 h. Cells were harvested by adding 1.5 mL of Butterfield’s Phosphate Broth (BPB; Thermofisher Scientific, Waltham, MA) to each plate and scraping with a sterile disposable culture spreader. Five replicate plates for each strain were harvested and combined into a 50-ml tube, resulting in approximately 40 ml of cocktail (inoculum level approximately 11 log CFU/mL). The four-strain cocktail was serially diluted and plated onto Plate Count Agar (PCA; Thermofisher Scientific, Waltham, MA) with 200 μg/mL rifampicin to verify initial inoculation levels.

Inoculation of chickpeas, sesame seeds, pine nuts, and black peppercorns

Two hundred forty g of chickpeas, sesame seeds, pine nuts, and black pepper were individually placed into 3-L stomacher bags. Products were inoculated with 40 mL of the 11 log CFU/mL four-strain cocktail of L. monocytogenes resulting in approximately 10 log CFU/g. The bags were massaged by hand for 5 min to distribute the inoculum on the product evenly. Triplicate 1-g samples from each aliquot were taken for enumeration of initial L. monocytogenes inoculation levels. The inoculated samples were poured onto aluminum foil, spread into a single layer, and dried in a biosafety cabinet for 24 h. Uninoculated control samples were prepared similarly using BPB instead of inoculum and dried in a biosafety cabinet for 24 h.

Storage of inoculated food products

After drying 24 h, the products were transferred to 3-L stomacher bags. Triplicate 1-g samples were taken from each bag to determine L. monocytogenes population levels after drying. Each product was aliquoted into 7-g portions and placed into sterile zip-lock bags (16 cm × 10 cm). All zip-lock bags were opened and stored at 25°C at 25, 45, or 75% RH. RH levels were maintained at 25±1, 45±1, or 75±1% using saturated solutions of potassium acetate, potassium carbonate, or sodium chloride, respectively, in desiccator cabinets (Secador Mini Desiccator Cabinets, Bel-Art-SP Scienceware, Wayne, NJ). Data loggers (OM-EL-USB-2-LCD, Omega Engineering, Norwalk, CT) were placed inside each desiccator cabinet to monitor RH level and temperature.

Enumeration of L. monocytogenes

At each time point of 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 60, 90, 120, and 180 d, one zip-lock bag for each product (containing 7 g) at each RH was removed from storage. L. monocytogenes was enumerated by adding 1 g from the zip-loc bag, in triplicate, to 9 mL of Buffered Listeria Enrichment Broth (BLEB; Oxoid, Hampshire, UK), serially diluted, and plated onto PCA with rifampicin. To lower the level of enumeration of the plate count assay, when necessary, 1 mL of the original dilution was plated over 3 agar plates for a level of enumeration of 1 log CFU/g. The remaining sample in BLEB was enriched for L. monocytogenes according to the FDA BAM procedure, with modifications to account for a 1-g enrichment [31]. Triplicate samples were analyzed for each time point and two independent experiments were conducted (n = 6).

Water activity measurements

The water activity of 1-g samples was measured using a water activity meter (Aqualab 4TE, Decagon, WA). Triplicate samples were analyzed for each time point of 0, 1, 7, 28, 90, and 180 d.

Statistical analysis and modeling survival data

Significant differences between the change in water activity for each product during storage were determined using Tukey’s adjusted ANOVA using GraphPad Prism version 7.04. Numerical linear regression slope estimates, confidence intervals, and significance for L. monocytogenes survival were calculated for each nut and seed type at each RH using MATLAB version 2018b (The MathWorks, Natick, MA) using the MATLAB statistics toolbox function “aoctool”. The population data acquired showed no significant non-linearity that could not be justified by experimental error (i.e. Akike information criteria showed that a linear model most accurately represented the data). Therefore, population decay rates were quantified based on log-linear kinetics and tested for statistical difference by analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) using product type and RH as categorical factors. Post hoc comparison was performed by Tukey-Kramer’s Honest Significant Difference Test of the estimated slopes and a p-value less than 0.05 was considered significant.

Results and discussion

Changes in a_w of chickpeas, pine nuts, sesame seeds, and black pepper during 180 d storage

The RH levels in which the inoculated food commodities were stored did not significantly change over 180 d storage. The initial a_w of the chickpeas, pine nuts, sesame seeds, and black pepper after inoculum addition and drying for 24 h were 0.381, 0.289, 0.287, and 0.395, respectively (Table 1). No differences were observed between initial a_w (directly out of the package) or the a_w after inoculation and 24 h drying of the commodities. During storage at 25% RH, the a_w of the chickpeas, sesame seeds, and black pepper did not significantly change over 180 d. The a_w of the pine nuts significantly increased after 1 d to 0.418 and the final a_w at 180 d was 0.396. Generally, for 45 and 75% RH storage, the a_w of all commodities significantly increased over time. The highest increase in a_w at 45% RH storage was observed for sesame seeds (0.287 at 0 d to 0.449 at 180 d). The a_w after 180 d storage at 45% for all commodities ranged from 0.447–0.449. At 75% RH, the highest increase in a_w was also observed for sesame seeds (0.287 at 0 d to 0.689 at 180 d). The a_w after 180 d storage at 75% for all commodities ranged from 0.667–0.689. Similar increases in the a_w of nuts during storage have been determined by other studies [22, 23]. The moisture content of pecans and peanuts increased (from 2 to 3% (<0.3 to >0.4 a_w [32]) and from 4 to 5.8%, respectively) over 1 year when stored at 22°C and 56±8% RH [23].

Influence of RH level on the population dynamics of L. monocytogenes

After inoculation and drying for 24 h, the populations of L. monocytogenes on chickpeas, pine nuts, sesame seeds, and black pepper were 9.03±0.30, 9.04±0.30, 9.39±0.51, and 9.55±0.38 log CFU/g, respectively (Fig 1). At 25% RH (Fig 1A), the population of L. monocytogenes on chickpeas did not significantly decrease until 21 d of storage (6.28±0.74 log CFU/g) and continued to decrease over the course of 180 d; the final population at the end of storage was 3.03±0.29 log CFU/g. A similar population decrease was also observed on black pepper, where the L. monocytogenes level at 21 d was 7.12±0.28 log CFU/g and the final population after 180 d storage was 2.67±0.62 log CFU/g. The pathogen survived better on both sesame seeds and pine nuts at 25% RH. On sesame seeds, the L. monocytogenes population was significantly lower at 21 d to 7.63±0.13 log CFU/g and the ending population was 6.01±0.53 log CFU/g. For pine nuts, the L. monocytogenes level also did not significantly decrease until 21 d storage to 8.30±0.34 log CFU/g. The final population on pine nuts was 6.59±0.43 log CFU/g, which was significantly higher than any of the other three commodities.

At 45% RH (Fig 1B), the L. monocytogenes populations decreased significantly after only 1 d of storage on both chickpeas and black pepper (8.21±0.38 and 8.89±0.18 log CFU/g, respectively). The levels of the pathogen on chickpeas and black pepper continued to decrease with populations at 21 d of 6.77±0.41 and 7.28±0.21 log CFU/g, respectively; after 180 d storage, populations decreased to 2.58±0.64 and 1.90±0.37 log CFU/g, respectively. L. monocytogenes appeared to survive better on both sesame seeds and pine nuts, as was also determined at 25% RH. On sesame seeds, the pathogen significantly decreased after 14 d to 8.63±0.22 log CFU/g and the final population was 4.77±0.12 log CFU/g. Similarly, for pine nuts, L. monocytogenes significantly decreased after 14 d storage to 8.63±0.22 log CFU/g. The highest final population out of the four commodities was observed after 180 d on pine nuts (6.36±0.19 log CFU/g).

During storage at 75% RH (Fig 1C), the L. monocytogenes populations decreased significantly after only 1 d of storage on chickpeas, sesame seeds, and black pepper to 8.16±0.44, 8.12±0.32, and 8.47±0.33 log CFU/g, respectively. The final population of the pathogen at 180 d on sesame seeds was 3.41±0.28 log CFU/g. Whereas for chickpeas and black pepper, L. monocytogenes was below the level of enumeration after 180 d yet was detected in all 1-g samples through enrichment. The populations after 120 d storage on chickpeas and black pepper were 2.68±0.53 and 2.28±0.33 log CFU/g, respectively. On pine nuts, the L. monocytogenes population remained at 8–9 log CFU/g throughout 60 d storage before significantly decreasing to 7.04±0.27 log CFU/g after 90 d storage. The final level of L. monocytogenes after 180 d was 3.37±0.43 log CFU/g.

The survival of L. monocytogenes on the four commodities was highest at 25% RH and lowest at 75% RH (Fig 2). At 25%, the decay rate of L. monocytogenes was lowest on both pine nuts (-0.014±0.001 log CFU/g per d) and sesame seeds (-0.014± 0.001 log CFU/g per d). The decay rate of the pathogen was the highest on black pepper (-0.036± 0.002 log CFU/g per d). Similar results were observed at both 45 and 75% RH. At 45% RH, the lowest and highest L. monocytogenes decay rates were observed on pine nuts (-0.018±0.001 log CFU/g per d) and black pepper (-0.047±0.002 log CFU/g per d), respectively. At 75% RH, the lowest and highest decay rates were determined on sesame seeds (-0.025±0.001 log CFU/g per d) and black pepper (-0.058±0.003 log CFU/g per d), respectively. Pairwise comparison of statistical significance for L. monocytogenes decay rates for all four commodities and three RH levels is presented in S1 Fig. Overall, the survival data presented in this study can be used in risk assessment and in the development of predictive models of L. monocytogenes survival on these food commodities at various RH levels.

This study determined that L. monocytogenes survived best on pine nuts and sesame seeds, followed by chickpeas, and finally black pepper. Previous studies have determined similar population dynamics and decay rates for L. monocytogenes on nuts [22–24]. Brar P.K. et al observed during a 7-month storage on almonds and pistachios at 24°C and 38–39% RH, the decay rates of L. monocytogenes were -0.024 and -0.029 log CFU/g per d, respectively [22]. On peanuts and pecans stored at 22°C, the decay rates of the pathogen during 1-year storage at 56±8% RH were -0.019 and -0.038 log CFU/g per d [23]. Additionally, on walnuts, the decay rate of L. monocytogenes during 105 d storage at 23°C and 25–35% RH was -1.1 log CFU/g per month [24]. It is however noted that different L. monocytogenes strains were used and the experimental conditions were not identical in these published studies. Despite these differences, L. monocytogenes appears to demonstrate lower decay rates on pine nuts, sesame seeds, and peanuts.

Survival of L. monocytogenes as determined by food commodity characteristics

This study determined that L. monocytogenes survives significantly longer on pine nuts and sesame seeds as compared with chickpeas and black pepper, regardless of RH level (Fig 2 and S1 Fig). The four food commodities selected in this study, in addition to being from different food categories, i.e. legumes, seeds, and spices, were chosen also based on varying physiochemical properties including fat content, general surface topographical characteristics, and antimicrobial constituents. Pine nuts are approximately 50–66% fat (of which oleic and linoleic acids account for more than 85%) and 13–32% protein [26, 33, 34]. Similarly, the fat content of sesame seeds is approximately 55% with a protein content of 20% [35]. Chickpeas and black pepper contain much less fat (3–6% [36] and <1%, respectively). Research suggests that L. monocytogenes survives longer on food products with higher fat contents [37]; therefore, the higher fat content of the pine nuts and sesame seeds may have aided in the survival of L. monocytogenes.

Conclusion

In summary, this study contributes knowledge on the survival of L. monocytogenes on chickpeas, pine nuts, sesame seeds, and black pepper. This is the first study assessing L. monocytogenes survival kinetics on a legume, seed, or spice during storage. The results collected herein can aid in understanding how this pathogen survives on these food commodities and the data generated can be used in predictive modeling and risk assessment of L. monocytogenes.

Supporting information

S1 Fig [docx]
Pairwise comparison heatmap of statistical differences for . decay rates for pine nuts, sesame seeds, chickpeas, and black pepper at 25, 45, and 75% RH.