Carbonate production of Micronesian reefs suppressed by thermal anomalies and Acanthaster as sea-level rises

English version

Autoři: Robert van Woesik ^aff001; Christopher William Cacciapaglia ^aff001
Působiště autorů: Institute for Global Ecology, Department of Ocean Engineering and Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida, United States of America ^aff001
Vyšlo v časopise: PLoS ONE 14(11)
Kategorie: Research Article
prolekare.web.journal.doi_sk: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224887

Souhrn

Coral reefs are essential to millions of island inhabitants. Yet, coral reefs are threatened by thermal anomalies associated with climate change and by local disturbances that include land-use change, pollution, and the coral-eating sea star Acanthaster solaris. In combination, these disturbances cause coral mortality that reduce the capacity of reefs to produce enough carbonate to keep up with sea-level rise. This study compared the reef-building capacity of shallow-water inner, patch, and outer reefs in the two islands of Pohnpei and Kosrae, Federated States of Micronesia. We identified which reefs were likely to keep up with sea-level rise under different climate-change scenarios, and estimated whether there were differences across habitats in the threshold of percentage coral cover at which net carbonate production becomes negative. We also quantified the influence of A. solaris on carbonate production. Whereas the northwestern outer reefs of Pohnpei and Kosrae had the highest net rates of carbonate production (18.5 and 16.4 kg CaCO₃ m^-2 yr^-1, respectively), the southeastern outer reefs had the lowest rates of carbonate production (1.2–1.3 and 0.7 kg CaCO₃ m^-2 yr^-1, respectively). The patch reefs of Pohnpei had on average higher net carbonate production rates (9.5 kg CaCO₃ m^-2 yr^-1) than the inner reefs of both Pohnpei and Kosrae (7.0 and 7.8 kg CaCO₃ m^-2 yr^-1, respectively). A. solaris were common on Kosrae and caused an average reduction in carbonate production of 0.6 kg CaCO₃ m^-2 yr^-1 on Kosraean reefs. Northern outer reefs are the most likely habitats to keep up with sea-level rise in both Pohnpei and Kosrae. Overall, the inner reefs of Pohnpei and Kosrae need ~ 5.5% more coral cover to generate the same amount of carbonate as outer reefs. Therefore, inner reefs need special protection from land-use change and local pollution to keep pace with sea-level rise under all climate-change scenarios.

Klíčová slova:

Islands – Corals – Coral reefs – Sediment – Carbonates – Sedimentation – Starfish – Federated States of Micronesia

Zdroje

1. Ferrario F, Beck MW, Storlazzi CD, Micheli F, Shepard CC, Airoldi L. The effectiveness of coral reefs for coastal hazard risk reduction and adaptation. Nature Communications. 2014; 5: 3794. doi: 10.1038/ncomms4794 24825660

2. Storlazzi CD, Elias E, Field ME, Presto MK. Numerical modeling of the impact of sea-level rise on fringing coral reef hydrodynamics and sediment transport. Coral Reefs. 2011; 30(1): 83–96.

3. Loya Y, Sakai K, Yamazato K, Nakano Y, Sambali H, van Woesik R. Coral bleaching: the winners and the losers. Ecology Letters. 2001; 4: 122–131.

4. Hoegh-Guldberg O, Mumby PJ, Hooten AJ, Steneck RS, Greenfield P, Gomez E, et al. Coral Reefs Under Rapid Climate Change and Ocean Acidification. Science. 2007; 318: 1737–1742. doi: 10.1126/science.1152509 18079392

5. Baker AC, Glynn PW, Riegl B. Climate change and coral reef bleaching: An ecological assessment of long-term impacts, recovery trends and future outlook. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 2008; 80(4): 435–71.

6. Ateweberhan M, McClanahan TR. Relationship between historical sea-surface temperature variability and climate change-induced coral mortality in the western Indian Ocean. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2010; 60(7): 964–70. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.03.033 20447661

7. Perry CT, Murphy GN, Kench PS, Smithers SG, Edinger EN, Steneck RS, et al. Caribbean-wide decline in carbonate production threatens coral reef growth. Nature communications. 2013; 4: ncomms2409.

8. Adey W. Coral reef morphogenesis: a multidimensional model. Science.1978; 202: 831–837. doi: 10.1126/science.202.4370.831 17752443

9. Davies PJ. Reef growth. In, Barnes D.J. (ed) Perspectives on Coral Reefs, Australian Institute of Marine Science, Publisher: Brian Clouston. 1983; 69–106.

10. Montaggioni LF. History of Indo-Pacific coral reef systems since the last glaciation: Development patterns and controlling factors. Earth-Science Reviews. 2005; 71: 1–75.

11. Smith SV, Kinsey DW. Calcium carbonate production, coral reef growth, and sea level change. Science. 1976; 194(4268): 937–939. doi: 10.1126/science.194.4268.937 17748553

12. Kleypas JA 1997 Modeled estimates of global reef habitat and carbonate production since the Last Glacial Maximum Paleoceanography 1997: 12: 533–545.

13. Edinger EN, Limmon GV, Jompa J, Widjatmoko W, Heikoop JM, Risk MJ. Normal coral growth rates on dying reefs: are coral growth rates good indicators of reef health? Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2000; 40: 404–425.

14. Perry CT, Edinger EN, Kench PS, Murphy GN, Smithers SG, Steneck RS, et al. Estimating rates of biologically driven coral reef framework production and erosion: a new census-based carbonate budget methodology and applications to the reefs of Bonaire. Coral Reefs. 2012; 31(3): 853–868.

15. Ryan EJ, Hanmer K, Kench PS. Massive corals maintain a positive carbonate budget of a Maldivian upper reef platform despite major bleaching event. Scientific reports. 2019; 9(1): 6515. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-42985-2 31019243

16. Vecsei A. A new estimate of global reefal carbonate production including the fore-reefs. Global and Planetary Change. 2004; 43(1–2): 1–18.

17. van Woesik R, Cacciapaglia CW. Keeping up with sea-level rise: Carbonate production rates in Palau and Yap, western Pacific Ocean. PLOS ONE. 2018; 13(5): e0197077. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197077 29738545

18. Perry CT and Morgan KM. Bleaching drives collapse in reef carbonate budgets and reef growth potential on southern Maldives reefs. Scientific Reports. 2017; 7: 40581 doi: 10.1038/srep40581 28084450

19. Januchowski-Hartley FA, Graham NAJ, Wilson SK, Jennings S, Perry CT. Drivers and predictions of coral reef carbonate budget trajectories. Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 2017; 284: 20162533. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2016.2533 28123092

20. Chesher RH. Destruction of Pacific corals by the sea star Acanthaster planci. Science. 1969; 165: 280–283. doi: 10.1126/science.165.3890.280 17814827

21. Birkeland C. The Faustian traits of the crown-of-thorns starfish. American Scientist. 1989;77:154–163.

22. Fabricius KE, Okaji K, Death G. Three lines of evidence to link outbreaks of the crown-of-thorns seastar Acanthaster planci to the release of larval food limitation. Coral Reefs. 2010; 29, 593–605.

23. Pratchett M, Caballes C, Wilmes J, Matthews S, Mellin C, Sweatman H, et al. Thirty years of research on crown-of-thorns starfish (1986–2016): scientific advances and emerging opportunities. Diversity. 2017; 9(4): 41.

24. Vermeer M, Rahmstorf S. Global sea level linked to global temperature. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2009; 106(51): 21527–21532.

25. IPCC. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (eds. Stocker TF, Qin D, Plattner G-K, Tignor M, Allen SK, Boschung J et al.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. 2013: 1552 pp.

26. Jevrejeva S, Grinsted A, Moore JC. Upper limit for sea level projections by 2100. Environmental Research Letters. 2014; 9, 104008.

27. Neumann AC, MacIntyre I. Reef response to sea level rise: keep-up, catch-up or give-up. Proc. 5th International Coral Reef Congress. 1985; 3: 105–110.

28. van Woesik R, Golbuu Y, Roff G. Keep up or drown: adjustment of western Pacific coral reefs to sea-level rise in the 21st century. Royal Society Open Science 2. 2015; (150181).

29. Pebesma EJ, Bivand RS. Classes and methods for spatial data in R. R News 2005; 5(2).

30. R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, 2012. ISBN 3-900051-07-0; 2018.

31. Hijmans R, van Etten J. Raster: Geographic Data Analysis and Modeling, no. R package version 517. 2014; 2–2.1.

32. Perry CT, Spencer T, Kench PS. Carbonate budgets and reef production states: a geomorphic perspective on the ecological phase-shift concept. Coral Reefs. 2008; 27(4): 853–866.

33. van Woesik R. Quantifying uncertainty and resilience on coral reefs using a Bayesian approach. Environmental Research Letters. 2013; 8(4): 044051.

34. Rogers CS. Sublethal and lethal effects of sediments applied to common Caribbean reef corals in the field. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 1983; 14: 378–382.

35. Moran PJ. The Acanthaster phenomenon. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Annu. Rev. 1986; 24: 379–480.

36. Hubbard DK. Reefs as dynamic systems. In, Birkeland C. (ed) Life and Death of Coral Reefs, Publisher, Chapman and Hall, USA. 1997; 43–67.

37. Victor S, Neth L, Golbuu Y, Wolanski E, Richmond RH. Sedimentation in mangroves and coral reefs in a wet tropical island, Pohnpei, Micronesia. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 2006; 66(3–4): 409–416.

38. Ong L, Holland KN. Bioerosion of coral reefs by two Hawaiian parrotfishes: Species, size differences and fishery implications. Marine Biology. 2010; 157 (6): 1313–1323.

39. Bonaldo RM, Bellwood DR. Size-dependent variation in the functional role of the parrotfish Scarus rivulatus on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 2008; 360: 237–244.

40. Glynn PW. Bioerosion and coral-reef growth: a dynamic balance. In, Birkeland C (ed) Life and Death of Coral Reefs, Publisher, Chapman and Hall, USA. 1997; 68–95.

41. Glynn PW. Acanthaster: effect on coral reef growth in Panama. Science. 1973; 180(4085): 504–506. doi: 10.1126/science.180.4085.504 17817814

42. Keesing JK, Lucas JS. Size-specific locomotion rate and movement pattern of four common Indo-Pacific sea stars (Echinodermata; Asteroidea). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 1992; 156: 89–104.

43. Mueller B, Bos AR, Graf G, Gumanao GS. Size-specific locomotion rate and movement pattern of four common Indo-Pacific sea stars (Echinodermata; Asteroidea). Aquatic Biology. 2011; 12(2): 157–164.

44. Zuur AF, Saveliev AA, Ieno EN. A beginner’s guide to generalised additive mixed models with R. Newburgh, United Kingdom.: Highland Statistics Ltd.; 2014; 332 pp.

45. Wand MP, Ormerod JT. On semiparametric regression with O’Sullivan penalized splines. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Statistics. 2008; 50(2): 179–198.

46. Plummer M. rjags: Bayesian graphical models using MCMC. R package version. 2013; 3(10).

47. Engels MS, Fletcher CH, Field ME, Storlazzi CD, Grossman EE, Rooney JJ, et al. Holocene reef accretion: southwest Molokai, Hawaii, USA. Journal of Sedimentary Research. 2004; 74(2): 255–269.

48. Kayanne H, Hata H, Kudo S, Yamano H, Watanabe A, Ikeda Y et al. Seasonal and bleaching‐induced changes in coral reef metabolism and CO2 flux. Global Biogeochemical Cycles. 2005; 19(3): GB3015.

49. Courtney TA, De Carlo EH, Page HN, Bahr KD, Barro A, Howins N et al. Recovery of reef‐scale calcification following a bleaching event in Kāne'ohe Bay, Hawai'i. Limnology and Oceanography Letters. 2018; 3(1): 1–9.

50. McMahon A, Santos IR, Schulz KG, Scott A, Silverman J, Davis KL et al. Coral reef calcification and production after the 2016 bleaching event at Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef. Journal of Geophysical Research. Oceans. 2019; 124: 4003–4016.

51. DeCarlo TM, Cohen AL, Wong GTF, Shiah FK, Lentz SJ, Davis KA et al. Community production modulates coral reef pH and the sensitivity of ecosystem calcification to ocean acidification, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans. 2017; 122.

52. Chappell J, Polach H. Post-glacial sea-level rise from a coral record at Huon Peninsula, Papua New Guinea. Nature. 1991; 349: 147–149.

53. Perry CT, Alvarez-Filip L, Graham NAJ, Mumby PJ, Wilson SK, Kench PS et al. Loss of coral reef growth capacity to track future increases in sea level. Nature. 2018; 558: 396–400. doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0194-z 29904103

Carbonate production of Micronesian reefs suppressed by thermal anomalies and Acanthaster as sea-level rises

Souhrn

Klíčová slova:

Zdroje

PLOS One

Aktuální možnosti diagnostiky a léčby litiáz