Assessing undergraduate student and faculty views on animal research: What do they know, whom do they trust, and how much do they care?
Autoři:
Eric P. Sandgren aff001; Robert Streiffer aff002; Jennifer Dykema aff003; Nadia Assad aff003; Jackson Moberg aff003
Působiště autorů:
Pathobiololgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
aff001; Medical History and Bioethics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
aff002; University of Wisconsin-Madison Survey Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
aff003
Vyšlo v časopise:
PLoS ONE 14(10)
Kategorie:
Research Article
prolekare.web.journal.doi_sk:
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223375
Souhrn
Research using animals is controversial. To develop sound public outreach and policy about this issue, we need information about both the underlying science and people’s attitudes and knowledge. To identify attitudes toward this subject at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, we developed and administered a survey to undergraduate students and faculty. The survey asked respondents about the importance of, their confidence in their knowledge about, and who they trusted to provide information on animal research. Findings indicated attitudes varied by academic discipline, especially among faculty. Faculty in the biological sciences, particularly those who had participated in an animal research project, reported the issue to be most important, and they reported greater confidence in their knowledge about pro and con arguments. Among students, being female, a vegetarian/vegan, or participating in animal research were associated with higher ratings of importance. Confidence in knowledge about regulation and its adequacy was very low across all groups except biological science faculty. Both students and faculty identified university courses and spokespersons to be the most trusted sources of information about animal research. UW-Madison has a long history of openness about animal research, which correlates with the high level of trust by students and faculty. Nevertheless, confidence in knowledge about animal research and its regulation remains limited, and both students and faculty indicated their desire to receive more information from courses and spokespersons. Based on these findings, we argue that providing robust university-wide outreach and course-based content about animal research should be considered an organizational best practice, in particular for colleges and universities.
Klíčová slova:
Medicine and health sciences – Survey research – Research assessment – Public policy – Universities – Undergraduates – Animal welfare – Regulations
Zdroje
1. Kleinman DL. Science, Technology, and Democracy. Albany: State University of New York Press; 2000.
2. Ormandy EH, Schuppli CA. Public Attitudes toward Animal Research: A Review. Animals. 2014;4: 391–408. doi: 10.3390/ani4030391 26480314
3. Pytlik Zillig LM, Tomkins AJ. Public Engagement for Informing Science and Technology Policy: What Do We Know, What Do We Need to Know, and How Will We Get There? Rev Policy Res. 2011;28: 197–217. doi: 10.1111/j.1541-1338.2011.00489.x
4. Fischhoff B. The sciences of science communication. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2013;110: 14033–14039. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1213273110 23942125
5. Fischhoff B, Scheufele DA. The Science of Science Communication II. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2014;111: 13583–13584. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1414635111 25225375
6. Scheufele D. Science communication as political communication. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014;111. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1317516111 25225389
7. Scheufele DA. Communicating science in social settings. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2013;110: 14040–14047. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1213275110 23940341
8. Wadman M. To woo public, Europe opens up on animal experiments, but U.S. less transparent. In: Science | AAAS [Internet]. 14 Jul 2017. Available: https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/07/woo-public-europe-opens-animal-experiments-us-less-transparent
9. Concordat on Openness on Animal Research in the UK. In: Concordat on Openness on Animal Research in the UK [Internet]. [cited 3 Oct 2018]. Available: http://concordatopenness.org.uk/
10. Hobson-West P. The role of “public opinion” in the UK animal research debate. J Med Ethics. 2010;36: 46–49. doi: 10.1136/jme.2009.030817 20026693
11. Germain P-L, Chiapperino L, Testa G. The European politics of animal experimentation: From Victorian Britain to ‘Stop Vivisection.’ Stud Hist Philos Sci Part C Stud Hist Philos Biol Biomed Sci. 2017;64: 75–87. doi: 10.1016/j.shpsc.2017.06.004 28689133
12. Basel Declaration | Basel Declaration [Internet]. Available: https://www.basel-declaration.org/basel-declaration/
13. Sandgren EP. The whole story on animal research. Lab Anim. 2014;43: 187. doi: 10.1038/laban.508 24844996
14. Fiske ST, Dupree C. Gaining trust as well as respect in communicating to motivated audiences about science topics. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2014;111: 13593–13597. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1317505111 25225372
15. Davies GF, Greenhough BJ, Hobson-West P, Kirk RGW, Applebee K, Bellingan LC, et al. Developing a Collaborative Agenda for Humanities and Social Scientific Research on Laboratory Animal Science and Welfare. Olsson IAS, editor. PLOS ONE. 2016;11: e0158791. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158791 27428071
16. Couper M. Designing effective Web surveys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2008.
17. American Association for Public Opinion Research. Standard Definitions. Final Dispositions of Case Codes and Outcome Rates for Surveys. 9th edition. Revised 2016.
18. Herzog HA, Betchart NS, Pittman RB. Gender, Sex Role Orientation, and Attitudes toward Animals. Anthrozoös. 1991;4: 184–191. doi: 10.2752/089279391787057170
19. Plous S. Attitudes Toward the Use of Animals in Psychological Research and Education: Results From a National Survey of Psychology Majors. Psychol Sci. 1996;7: 352–358. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.1996.tb00388.x
20. Swami V, Furnham A, Christopher AN. Free the animals? Investigating attitudes toward animal testing in Britain and the United States. Scand J Psychol. 2008;49: 269–276. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9450.2008.00636.x 18419591
21. Herzog HA, Dorr LB. Electronically Available Surveys of Attitudes Toward Animals. Soc Anim. 2000; 8.
22. Gallup, Inc. Public Lukewarm on Animal Rights. In: Gallup.com [Internet]. [cited 13 Jul 2018]. Available: https://news.gallup.com/poll/8461/Public-Lukewarm-Animal-Rights.aspx
23. Pew Research Center. Section 5: Evolution, Climate Change and Other Issues. In: Pew Research Center for the People and the Press [Internet]. 9 Jul 2009 [cited 13 Jul 2018]. Available: http://www.people-press.org/2009/07/09/section-5-evolution-climate-change-and-other-issues/
24. ebs_340_en.pdf [Internet]. Available: http://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/archives/ebs/ebs_340_en.pdf
25. 2015-07-01_science-and-politics_FINAL-1.pdf [Internet]. Available: http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/14/2015/07/2015-07-01_science-and-politics_FINAL-1.pdf
26. Gallup GG, Beckstead JW. Attitudes Toward Animal Research. ILAR J. 1989;31: 13–15. doi: 10.1093/ilar.31.2.13
27. sri-BIS_animal_research_2012_final_report_September_published_final.pdf [Internet]. Available: https://www.ipsos.com/sites/default/files/publication/1970-01/sri-BIS_animal_research_2012_final_report_September_published_final.pdf
28. Public Attitudes To Animal Research In 2016. In: Ipsos [Internet]. Available: https://www.ipsos.com/en/public-attitudes-animal-research-2016
29. Attitudes to animal research in 2016 [Internet]. [cited 13 Jul 2018]. Available: https://www.ipsos.com/ipsos-mori/en-uk/attitudes-animal-research-2016
30. Lund TB, Lassen J, Sandøe P. Public Attitude Formation Regarding Animal Research. Anthrozoös. 2012;25: 475–490. doi: 10.2752/175303712X13479798785896
31. Herzog H, Grayson S, McCord D. Brief Measures of the Animal Attitude Scale. Anthrozoös. 2015;28: 145–152. doi: 10.2752/089279315X14129350721894
32. Navarro JF, Maldonado E, Pedraza C, Cavas M. Attitudes toward Animal Research among Psychology Students in Spain. Psychol Rep. 2001;89: 227–236. doi: 10.2466/pr0.2001.89.2.227 11783540
33. Pifer LK. Exploring the Gender Gap in Young Adults’ Attitudes about Animal Research. Soc Amp Anim. 1996;4: 37–52. doi: 10.1163/156853096X00034
34. Joffe AR, Bara M, Anton N, Nobis N. The ethics of animal research: a survey of the public and scientists in North America. BMC Med Ethics. 2016;17: 17. doi: 10.1186/s12910-016-0100-x 27025215
35. Fosnacht K, Sarraf S, Howe E, Peck LK. How Important are High Response Rates for College Surveys? Rev High Educ. 2017;40: 245–265. doi: 10.1353/rhe.2017.0003
36. Pound P, Ebrahim S, Sandercock P, Bracken MB, Roberts I. Where is the evidence that animal research benefits humans? BMJ. 2004;328: 514–517. doi: 10.1136/bmj.328.7438.514 14988196
37. Hackam DG. Translating animal research into clinical benefit. BMJ. 2007;334: 163–164. doi: 10.1136/bmj.39104.362951.80 17255568
38. Baker M. 1,500 scientists lift the lid on reproducibility. Nature. 2016;533: 452–454. doi: 10.1038/533452a 27225100
39. Sandgren EP. Defining the Animal Care and Use Program. Lab Anim. 2005;34: 41–44. doi: 10.1038/laban1105-41 16261152
40. USDA APHIS | Animal Welfare Act [Internet]. [cited 6 Dec 2018]. Available: https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animalwelfare/sa_awa
41. ILAR NRC. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Edition [Internet]. The National Academies Press; 2011. doi: 10.1258/la.2010.010031
42. Hagelin J, Carlsson H-E, Hau J. An overview of surveys on how people view animal experimentation: some factors that may influence the outcome. Public Underst Sci. 2003;12: 67–81. doi: 10.1177/0963662503012001247
43. Gavin SL, Herzog HA. The Ethical Judgment of Animal Research. Ethics Behav. 1992;2: 263–286. doi: 10.1207/s15327019eb0204_4 11651614
44. Henry B, Pulcino R. Individual Difference and Study-Specific Characteristics Influencing Attitudes about the Use of Animals in Medical Research. Soc Amp Anim. 2009;17: 305–324. doi: 10.1163/106311109X12474622855101
45. Masterton M, Renberg T, Kälvemark Sporrong S. Patients’ Attitudes Towards Animal Testing: “To Conduct Research On Animals Is, I Suppose, A Necessary Evil.” BioSocieties. 2014;9. doi: 10.1057/biosoc.2013.39
46. Rajecki DW, Rasmussen JL, Craft HD. Labels and the Treatment of Animals: Archival and Experimental Cases. Soc Amp Anim. 1993;1: 45–60. doi: 10.1163/156853093X00145
47. Pifer L, Shimizu K, Pifer R. Public Attitudes Toward Animal Research: Some International Comparisons. Soc Amp Anim. 1994;2: 95–113. doi: 10.1163/156853094X00126
48. Dietz T. Bringing values and deliberation to science communication. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2013;110: 14081–14087. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1212740110 23940350
Článok vyšiel v časopise
PLOS One
2019 Číslo 10
- Metamizol jako analgetikum první volby: kdy, pro koho, jak a proč?
- Parazitičtí červi v terapii Crohnovy choroby a dalších zánětlivých autoimunitních onemocnění
- Nejasný stín na plicích – kazuistika
- Masturbační chování žen v ČR − dotazníková studie
- Eliquis (apixaban) nově hrazen ze zdravotního pojištění
Najčítanejšie v tomto čísle
- Correction: Low dose naltrexone: Effects on medication in rheumatoid and seropositive arthritis. A nationwide register-based controlled quasi-experimental before-after study
- Combining CDK4/6 inhibitors ribociclib and palbociclib with cytotoxic agents does not enhance cytotoxicity
- Risk factors associated with IgA vasculitis with nephritis (Henoch–Schönlein purpura nephritis) progressing to unfavorable outcomes: A meta-analysis
- Prevalence of pectus excavatum (PE), pectus carinatum (PC), tracheal hypoplasia, thoracic spine deformities and lateral heart displacement in thoracic radiographs of screw-tailed brachycephalic dogs