Childhood conditions, pathways to entertainment work and current practices of female entertainment workers in Cambodia: Baseline findings from the Mobile Link trial

English version

Autoři: Carinne Brody ^aff001; Pheak Chhoun ^aff002; Sovannary Tuot ^aff002; Dallas Swendeman ^aff003; Siyan Yi ^aff001
Působiště autorů: Public Health Program, College of Education and Health Sciences, Touro University California, Vallejo, CA, United States of America ^aff001; KHANA Center for Population Health Research, Phnom Penh, Cambodia ^aff002; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America ^aff003; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore ^aff004
Vyšlo v časopise: PLoS ONE 14(10)
Kategorie: Research Article
prolekare.web.journal.doi_sk: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0216578

Souhrn

Background

Entertainment venues have been identified as an important location for HIV prevention due to the increasing number of young female entertainment and sex workers at these venues. The purpose of this study is to increase understanding of the childhood conditions, pathways to entertainment work and current practices of female entertainment workers (FEWs) in Cambodia.

Methods

Data used for this study were collected in April 2018 as part of the baseline survey of the Mobile Link, a randomized controlled trial to improve sexual and reproductive health of FEWs in Cambodia. We used a stratified random sampling method to recruit 600 FEWs for face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive analyses were performed.

Results

Most participants came from childhood homes without electricity (82.0%) or running water (87.0%). Most women moved to the city in the last ten years (80.5%) for economic reasons (43.7%). About a third worked in the garment industry prior to the entertainment industry (36.7%). Participation in transactional sex in the past three months was reported by 36.0%. Women reported low condom use practices with non-paying partners (23.4% used a condom at last sex), excessive and forced alcohol use at work (33.1% reported being forced to drink alcohol at work more than once a month), low modern contraception use (31.4% was using modern contraception), and experiences of gender-based violence (23.3% reported verbal threats, physical abuse or forced sex in the past six months).

Conclusions

This information will help to support the development of future individual and structural level interventions for the safety and support of FEWs. In addition, these results may contribute to an evidence base that can inform policy level changes intended to support the realization of full human rights for entertainment works in Cambodia including the rights to health, safety and respectful employment.

Klíčová slova:

Human families – Alcohol consumption – Copulation – Female contraception – Termination of pregnancy – Cambodia – Contraception

Zdroje

1. International Labour Organization and International Organization for Migration. Risks and Rewards: Outcomes of Labour Migration in South-East Asia. Bangkok: International Labour Organization and International Organization for Migration; 2017.

2. World Bank Group. Cambodia Economic Update Recent Economic Developments and Outlook 2018. Phnom Penh: World Bank Group Cambodia Country Office; April 2018.

3. United States Department of Labor. Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor–Cambodia (2017). Washington DC: US Department of Labor; 2017.

4. United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights: Migrant Garment Factory workers in Cambodia. Phnom Penh: UNFPA Cambodia; 2015.

5. Webber G, Webber G, Edwards N, Graham ID, Amaratunga C, Keane V, et al. Life in the big city: The multiple vulnerabilities of migrant Cambodian garment factory workers to HIV. Women’s Studies International Forum. 2010;33(3):159–169.

6. Sopheab H, Gorbach PM, Detels R, Harwell H, Pugatch D. Sexual Risk and HIV/STD in Vulnerable Cambodian Females–the Cambodian Young Women’s Cohort: Factory Workers. Phnom Penh: National Center for HIV/AIDS, Dermatology and STDs and University of California, Los Angeles; 2005.

7. Jones C, Long D. HIV TRaC Study Evaluating Condom Use with Sweethearts among High Risk Urban Men from Four Cities in Cambodia (1st Round). Population Services International; 2009.

8. Nishigaya K. Female garment factory workers in Cambodia: migration, sex work and HIV/AIDS. Women Health. 2002;35(4):27–42. doi: 10.1300/J013v35n04_03 12216990

9. United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Cambodia. Country Programme Brief. Phnom Penh: UNFPA Cambodia; 2014.

10. Cambodia Oxfam. Entertainment Workers: Social Protection for the Most Marginalized Informal Workers. Phnom Penh: Oxfam Cambodia; 2019.

11. The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). Country factsheets: Cambodia. Geneva: UNAIDS; 2019.

12. Yi S, Tuot S, Chhoun P, Pal K, Chhim K, Ngin C, et al. Sexual behaviors, HIV knowledge, HIV testing attitudes and recent HIV testing among female entertainment workers in Cambodia: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One. 2018;13(7). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198095

13. Yi S, Tuot S, Chhoun P, Pal K, Ngin C, Chhim K, et al. Sex with sweethearts: Exploring factors associated with inconsistent condom use among unmarried female entertainment workers in Cambodia. BMC Infect Dis. 2017;17(1):20. doi: 10.1186/s12879-016-2101-2 28056842

14. Yi S, Tuot S, Chhoun P, Pal K, Tith K, Brody C. Factors associated with induced abortion among female entertainment workers: a cross-sectional study in Cambodia. BMJ Open. 2015;5(7):e007947. Published 2015 Jul 31. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-007947 26231754

15. Brody C, Chhoun P, Tuot S, Pal K, Chhim K, Yi S. HIV risk and psychological distress among female entertainment workers in Cambodia: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health.2016;16:133. doi: 10.1186/s12889-016-2814-6 26861542

16. Hsu L, Howard R, Torriente A, Por C. Promoting Occupational Safety and Health for Cambodian Entertainment Sector Workers. J Environ Occup Health Policy. 2016; 26(2): 301–313. doi: 10.1177/1048291116652688

17. Maher L, Mooney-Somers J, Phlong P, Couture MC, Stein E, Evans J, et al. Selling sex in unsafe spaces: sex work risk environments in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Harm Reduct J. 2011;8:30. doi: 10.1186/1477-7517-8-30 22099449

18. Couture MC, Page K, Sansothy N, Stein E, Vun M C, Hahn J. High prevalence of unhealthy alcohol use and comparison of self-reported alcohol consumption to phosphatidylethanol among women engaged in sex work and their male clients in Cambodia. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2016;165:29–37. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.05.011 27251102

19. Human Rights Watch. Cambodia Labor Laws Fail Protect Garment Workers. Phnom Penh: Human Rights Watch;2015.

20. Schnieders M, Weissman A. Determining barriers to creating an enabling environment in Cambodia: results from a baseline study with key populations and police. J Int AIDS Soc. 2016;19(4Suppl 3):20878. doi: 10.7448/IAS.19.4.20878

21. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Asia-Pacific Regional Centre. Sex Work and the Law in Asia and the Pacific Laws, HIV and human rights in the context of sex work. Bangkok: UNDP Asia-Pacific Regional Centre and UNFPA Asia Pacific Regional Office; 2012.

22. Bui TC, Markham CM, Tran LT, Beasley RP, Ross MW. Condom negotiation and use among female sex workers in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. AIDS Behav. 2013;17(2):612–622. doi: 10.1007/s10461-012-0369-9 23196858

23. Brody C, Tuot S, Chhoun P, Swendenman D, Kaplan KC, Yi S. Mobile Link—a theory-based messaging intervention for improving sexual and reproductive health of female entertainment workers in Cambodia: study protocol of a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2018;19(1):235. doi: 10.1186/s13063-018-2614-7 29673381

24. National Center for HIV/AIDS, Dermatology and STD (NCHADS). Report on the first comprehensive GIS mapping of key populations at risk of HIV Infection in Cambodia. Phnom Penh: NCHADS; 2014.

25. Draughon Moret JE, Carrico AW, Evans JL, Stein ES, Couture MC, Maher L, et al. The impact of violence on sex risk and drug use behaviors among women engaged in sex work in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2016;161:171–177. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.01.028 26883684

26. Duff P, Evans J, Stein E, Page K, Maher L, Young Women’s Health Study Collaborative. High pregnancy incidence and low contraceptive use among a prospective cohort of female entertainment and sex workers in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2018;18:128. doi: 10.1186/s12884-018-1768-3 29724181

27. Deering KN, Bhattacharjee P, Bradley J, Moses SS, Shannon K, Shaw SY, et al. Condom use within non-commercial partnerships of female sex workers in southern India. BMC Public Health. 2011; 11(Suppl 6): S11.

28. Zaller N, Huang W, He H, Dong Y, Song D, Zhang H, et al. Risky Alcohol Use Among Migrant Women in Entertainment Venues in China. Alcohol Alcohol. 2014;49(3):321–326. doi: 10.1093/alcalc/agt184 24452724

29. World Bank Data (2014) “Contraceptive prevalence, any methods (% of women ages 15–49): Cambodia” Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.CONU.ZS?end=2014&locations=KH&start=1995&view=chart