#PAGE_PARAMS# #ADS_HEAD_SCRIPTS# #MICRODATA#

Female rats release a trapped cagemate following shaping of the door opening response: Opening latency when the restrainer was baited with food, was empty, or contained a cagemate


Autoři: Magnus H. Blystad aff001;  Danielle Andersen aff001;  Espen B. Johansen aff001
Působiště autorů: Department of Behavioural Sciences, OsloMet—Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway aff001
Vyšlo v časopise: PLoS ONE 14(10)
Kategorie: Research Article
prolekare.web.journal.doi_sk: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223039

Souhrn

Research on pro-social rat behaviour is growing within the fields of comparative psychology and social neuroscience. However, much work remains on mapping important variables influencing this behaviour, and there is even disagreement on whether this behaviour is empathetically motivated and correctly labelled pro-social, or whether the behaviour is motivated by social contact. The present study used the helping behaviour paradigm where a rat can release a familiar cagemate from a restrainer. Prior to testing with a trapped cagemate, restrainer door opening was trained and baseline opening latencies when the restrainer was empty or baited with food were established. The findings show that the first-time release occurred sooner than in previous research and that rats used a previously demonstrated response to release the trapped cagemate. Further, rats opened the restrainer door more often and with shorter latencies when the restrainer contained a cagemate than when the restrainer was empty, but less often and with longer latencies than when the restrainer contained food. The test of whether illumination levels affect door-opening included in the study showed no effects.

Klíčová slova:

Behavior – Animal behavior – Rats – Light – Motivation – Prosocial behavior – Animal sociality – Chocolate


Zdroje

1. Smith A. The Empathy Imbalance Hypothesis of Autism: A Theoretical Approach to Cognitive and Emotional Empathy in Autistic Development. Psychol Rec. 2009;59: 273–294. doi: 10.1007/BF03395663

2. Baron-Cohen S, Wheelwright S. The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with Asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J autism Dev …. 2004;34: 163–175. doi: 10.1023/B:JADD.0000022607.19833.00

3. Shamay-Tsoory SG, Shur S, Harari H, Levkovitz Y. Neurocognitive basis of impaired empathy in schizophrenia. Neuropsychology. 2007;21: 431–438. doi: 10.1037/0894-4105.21.4.431 17605576

4. Montag C, Heinz A, Kunz D, Gallinat J. Self-reported empathic abilities in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2007;92: 85–89. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2007.01.024 17350225

5. Ali F, Amorim IS, Chamorro-Premuzic T. Empathy deficits and trait emotional intelligence in psychopathy and Machiavellianism. Pers Individ Dif. Elsevier Ltd; 2009;47: 758–762. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2009.06.016

6. James R, Blair R. Empathic dysfunction in psychopathic individuals. In: Farrow TFD, Woodruff PWR, editors. Empathy in Mental Illness. 1th ed. Cambridge, Great Britain: Cambridge University Press; 2014. pp. 3–16. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511543753.002

7. Gonzalez-Liencres C, Shamay-Tsoory SG, Brüne M. Towards a neuroscience of empathy: ontogeny, phylogeny, brain mechanisms, context and psychopathology. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. Elsevier Ltd; 2013;37: 1537–48. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.05.001 23680700

8. van Noorden THJ, Haselager GJT, Cillessen AHN, Bukowski WM. Empathy and Involvement in Bullying in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review. J Youth Adolesc. 2014;44: 637–657. doi: 10.1007/s10964-014-0135-6 24894581

9. Gini G, Albiero P, Benelli B, Altoè G. Does empathy predict adolescents’ bullying and defending behavior? Aggress Behav. 2007;33: 467–476. doi: 10.1002/ab.20204 17683107

10. Stavrinides P, Georgiou S, Theofanous V. Bullying and empathy: A short-term longitudinal investigation. Educ Psychol. 2010;30: 793–802. doi: 10.1080/01443410.2010.506004

11. Titchener EB. Introspection and empathy. Dialogues Philos Ment Neuro Sci. 2014;7: 25–30. Available: www.crossingdialogues.com/journal.htm

12. Aderman D, Berkowitz L. Observational set, empathy, and helping. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1970;14: 141–148. doi: 10.1037/h0028770

13. Stotland E. Exploratory Investigations of Empathy. Adv Exp Soc Psychol. 1969;4: 271–314. doi: 10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60080-5

14. Cacioppo JT, Berntson GG. Social psychological contributions to the decade of the brain. Doctrine of multilevel analysis. Am Psychol. 1992;47: 1019–1028. doi: 10.1037//0003-066x.47.8.1019 1510329

15. Cuff BMP, Brown SJ, Taylor L, Howat DJ. Empathy: A Review of the Concept. Emot Rev. 2016;8: 144–153. doi: 10.1177/1754073914558466

16. Roberts W, Strayer J. Empathy, Emotional Expressiveness, and Prosocial Behavior. Child Dev. 1996;67: 449–470. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01745.x

17. Williams A, O’Driscoll K, Moore C. The influence of empathic concern on prosocial behavior in children. Front Psychol. 2014;5: 1–8. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00001

18. Keysers C, Gazzola V. A Plea for Cross-species Social Neuroscience. In: Wöhr M, Krach S, editors. Social Behavior from Rodents to Humans: Neural Foundations and Clinical Implications. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2016. pp. 179–191. doi: 10.1007/7854_2016_439

19. Siebenaler JB, Caldwell DK. Cooperation among adult dolphins. J Mammal. 1956;37: 126–128. Available: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1375558

20. Nowbahari E, Scohier A, Durand J-L, Hollis KL. Ants, Cataglyphis cursor, Use Precisely Directed Rescue Behavior to Free Entrapped Relatives. Adler FR, editor. PLoS One. 2009;4: e6573. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006573 19672292

21. Bartal IB-A, Decety J, Mason P. Empathy and pro-social behavior in rats. Science (80-). 2011;334: 1427–1431. doi: 10.1126/science.1210789 22158823

22. de Waal FBM, Suchak M. Prosocial primates: selfish and unselfish motivations. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2010;365: 2711–22. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2010.0119 20679114

23. Sivaselvachandran S, Acland EL, Abdallah S, Martin LJ. Behavioral and Mechanistic Insight into Rodent Empathy. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. Elsevier Ltd; 2016; 1–8. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.06.007 27311631

24. Lamm C, Decety J, Singer T. Meta-analytic evidence for common and distinct neural networks associated with directly experienced pain and empathy for pain. Neuroimage. Elsevier Inc.; 2011;54: 2492–2502. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.10.014 20946964

25. Decety J, Bartal IB-A, Uzefovsky F, Knafo-Noam A. Empathy as a driver of prosocial behaviour: highly conserved neurobehavioural mechanisms across species. Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci. 2016;371: 20150077. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0077 26644596

26. de Waal FBM. Empathy In Primates And Other Mammals. In: Decety J, editor. Empathy From Bench To Bedside. 1st ed. London: The MIT Pess, Cambridge, Massachusetts, London, England; 2012. pp. 100–101.

27. Pérez-Manrique A, Gomila A. The comparative study of empathy: sympathetic concern and empathic perspective-taking in non-human animals. Biol Rev. 2018;93: 248–269. doi: 10.1111/brv.12342 28547852

28. Church RM. Emotional reactions of rats to the pain of others. J Comp Physiol Psychol. 1959;52: 132–4. Available: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13654562 doi: 10.1037/h0043531 13654562

29. Greene JT. Altruistic behavior in the albino rat. Psychon Sci. 1969;14: 47–48. doi: 10.3758/BF03336420

30. Rice GE, Gainer P. “Altruism” in the albino rat. J Comp Physiol Psychol. 1962;55: 123–125. doi: 10.1037/h0042276 14491896

31. Atsak P, Orre M, Bakker P, Cerliani L, Roozendaal B, Gazzola V, et al. Experience modulates vicarious freezing in rats: a model for empathy. PLoS One. 2011;6: e21855. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021855 21765921

32. Carrillo M, Migliorati F, Bruls R, Han Y, Heinemans M, Pruis I, et al. Repeated Witnessing of Conspecifics in Pain: Effects on Emotional Contagion. PLoS One. 2015;10: e0136979. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136979 26356506

33. Willadsen M, Seffer D, Schwarting RKW, Wöhr M. Rodent ultrasonic communication: Male prosocial 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations elicit social approach behavior in female rats (Rattus norvegicus). J Comp Psychol. 2014;128: 56–64. doi: 10.1037/a0034778 24188619

34. Brudzynski SM. Ethotransmission: communication of emotional states through ultrasonic vocalization in rats. Curr Opin Neurobiol. Elsevier Ltd; 2013;23: 310–7. doi: 10.1016/j.conb.2013.01.014 23375168

35. Hernandez-Lallement J, van Wingerden M, Marx C, Srejic M, Kalenscher T. Rats prefer mutual rewards in a prosocial choice task. Front Neurosci. 2014;8: 443. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00443 25642162

36. Marquez C, Rennie SM, Costa DF, Moita MA, Márquez C, Rennie SM, et al. Prosocial Choice in Rats Depends on Food-Seeking Behavior Displayed by Recipients. Curr Biol. 2015;25: 1736–1745. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.05.018 26051895

37. Bartal IBA, Shan H, Molasky NMR, Murray TM, Williams JZ, Decety J, et al. Anxiolytic treatment impairs helping behavior in rats. Front Psychol. 2016;7: 1–14. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00001

38. Bartal IB-A, Rodgers DA, Bernardez Sarria MS, Decety J, Mason P, Sarria MSB, et al. Pro-social behavior in rats is modulated by social experience. Elife. 2014;3: 1–16. doi: 10.7554/eLife.01385 24424411

39. Tomek SE, Stegmann GM, Olive MF. Effects of heroin on rat prosocial behavior. Addict Biol. 2018; doi: 10.1111/adb.12633 29726093

40. Vasconcelos M, Hollis K, Nowbahari E, Kacelnik A. Pro-sociality without empathy. Biol Lett. 2012;8: 910–912. doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2012.0554 22859561

41. Silberberg A, Allouch C, Sandfort S, Kearns D, Karpel H, Slotnick B. Desire for social contact, not empathy, may explain “rescue” behavior in rats. Anim Cogn. 2013;17: 609–618. doi: 10.1007/s10071-013-0692-1 24126919

42. Hachiga Y, Schwartz LP, Silberberg A, Kearns DN, Gomez M, Slotnick B. Does a rat free a trapped rat due to empathy or for sociality? J Exp Anal Behav. 2018;110: 267–274. doi: 10.1002/jeab.464 30047125

43. Hiura LC, Tan L, Hackenberg TD. To free, or not to free: Social reinforcement effects in the social release paradigm with rats. Behav Processes. 2018;152: 37–46. doi: 10.1016/j.beproc.2018.03.014 29535019

44. Walker DL, Davis M. Anxiogenic effects of high illumination levels assessed with the acoustic startle response in rats. Biol Psychiatry. 1997;42: 461–471. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3223(96)00441-6 9285082

45. Walker DL, Davis M. Light-enhanced startle: Further pharmacological and behavioral characterization. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2002;159: 304–310. doi: 10.1007/s002130100913 11862363

46. Williams DI. Maze Exploration In The Rat Under Different Levels Of Illumination. Anim Behav. 1971;19: 365–367. 5150480

47. Vanderschuren LJMJ, Niesink RJM, Sprujit BM, Ree JM Van, Van Ree JM. Influence of environmental factors on social play behavior of juvenile rats. Physiol Behav. 1995;58: 119–123. Available: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/003193849400385I doi: 10.1016/0031-9384(94)00385-i 7667408

48. Baumans V. The impact of light, noise, cage cleaning and in-house. 2016; 311–327.

49. Igarashi E, Takeshita S. Effects of illumination and handling upon rat open field activity. Physiol Behav. 1995;57: 699–703. doi: 10.1016/0031-9384(94)00317-3 7777606

50. Valle FP. Effects of Strain, Sex, and Illumination on Open-Field Behavior of Rats. Am J Psychol. 1970;83: 103–111. Available: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1420860 5465190

51. Klejbor I, Ludkiewicz B, Turlejski K. Effect of light-dark changes on the locomotor activity in open field in adult rats and opossums. Folia Morphol. 2013;72: 300–305. doi: 10.5603/FM.2013.0050

52. Catania C. Learning. 3rd ed. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, United States of America: Prentice-Hall; 1992.

53. Breland K, Breland M. The misbehavior of organisms. Am Psychol. 1961;16: 681–684. doi: 10.1037/h0040090

54. Sato N, Tan L, Tate K, Okada M. Rats demonstrate helping behavior toward a soaked conspecific. Anim Cogn. Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2015; doi: 10.1007/s10071-015-0872-2

55. Barrett ST, Bevins RA. A quantitative analysis of the reward-enhancing effects of nicotine using reinforcer demand. Behav Pharmacol. 2012;23: 781–789. doi: 10.1097/FBP.0b013e32835a38d9 23080311

56. Killeen PR, Jacobs KW. Coal Is Not Black, Snow Is Not White, Food Is Not a Reinforcer: The Roles of Affordances and Dispositions in the Analysis of Behavior. Behav Anal. The Behavior Analyst; 2016; 1–22. doi: 10.1007/s40614-016-0066-5

57. Dalla C, Shors TJ. Sex differences in learning processes of classical and operant conditioning. Physiol Behav. Elsevier Inc.; 2009;97: 229–238. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.02.035 19272397

58. Quadagno DM, Shryne J, Anderson C, Gorski RA. Influence of gonadal hormones on social, sexual, emergence, and open field behaviour in the rat (Rattus norvegicus). Anim Behav. 1972;20: 732–740. doi: 10.1016/S0003-3472(72)80145-3 4661317


Článok vyšiel v časopise

PLOS One


2019 Číslo 10
Najčítanejšie tento týždeň
Najčítanejšie v tomto čísle
Kurzy

Zvýšte si kvalifikáciu online z pohodlia domova

Aktuální možnosti diagnostiky a léčby litiáz
nový kurz
Autori: MUDr. Tomáš Ürge, PhD.

Všetky kurzy
Prihlásenie
Zabudnuté heslo

Zadajte e-mailovú adresu, s ktorou ste vytvárali účet. Budú Vám na ňu zasielané informácie k nastaveniu nového hesla.

Prihlásenie

Nemáte účet?  Registrujte sa

#ADS_BOTTOM_SCRIPTS#