Association between plural legal systems and sexual and reproductive health outcomes for women and girls in Nigeria: A state-level ecological study
Autoři:
Terry McGovern aff001; Monique Baumont aff001; Rachel Fowler aff001; Valentina Parisi aff002; Sonia Haerizadeh aff003; Eka Williams aff004; Samantha Garbers aff001
Působiště autorů:
Heilbrunn Department of Population and Family Health, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York, United States of America
aff001; Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York, United States of America
aff002; Independent consultant, São Paulo, Brazil
aff003; Independent consultant, Johannesburg, South Africa
aff004
Vyšlo v časopise:
PLoS ONE 14(10)
Kategorie:
Research Article
prolekare.web.journal.doi_sk:
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223455
Souhrn
Nigeria has a plural legal system in which various sources of law govern simultaneously. Inconsistent and conflicting legal frameworks can reinforce pre–existing health disparities in sexual and reproductive health (SRH). While previous studies indicate poor SRH outcomes for Nigerian women and girls, particularly in Northern states, the relationship between customary and religious law (CRL) and SRH has not been explored. We conducted a state-level ecological study to examine the relationship between CRL and SRH outcomes among women in 36 Nigerian states and the Federal Capital Territory of Abuja (n = 37), using publicly available Demographic and Health Survey data from 2013. Indicators were guided by published research and included contraception use among married women, total fertility rate, median age at first birth, receipt of antenatal care, delivery location, and comprehensive knowledge of HIV. To account for economic differences between states, crude linear regression models were compared to a multivariable model, adjusting for per capita GDP. All SRH outcomes, except comprehensive knowledge of HIV, were statistically significantly more negative in CRL states compared to non–CRL states, even after accounting for state–level GDP. In CRL states in 2013, compared to non–CRL states, the proportion of married women who used any method of contraception was 22.7 percentage points lower ([95% CI: −15.78 –−29.64], p<0.001), a difference that persisted in a model adjusting for per capita GDP (b[adj] = −16.15, 95% CI: [−8.64 –−23.66], p<0.001.). While this analysis of retrospective state-level data found robust associations between CRL and poor SRH outcomes, future research should incorporate prospective individual-level data to further elucidate these findings.
Klíčová slova:
Human families – Labor and delivery – Nigeria – Religion – Antenatal care – Female contraception – Fertility rates
Zdroje
1. Bawa AB. Muslim women and Sharia implementation in Northern Nigeria: An overview of Fomwan. Unizik Journal of Arts and Humanities 2017; 18(1): 149–167.
2. Ngwena C. Sexual health and human rights in the African region. ICHRP Working Paper 2011. Available from: http://www.ichrp.org/files/papers/185/140_Ngwena_Africa_2011.pdf.
3. UN General Assembly. In-depth study on all forms of violence against women: report of the Secretary General, 2006, A/61/122/ Add. 1. Available from: http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/484e58702.html[Accessed on 22 June 2014].
4. Global Commission on HIV and the Law. Risks, Rights & Health. New York, NY: UNDP, HIV/AIDS Group, Bureau for Development Policy; 2012.
5. Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women. Concluding Observations: Senegal. A/49/38 (SUPP). 1994.
6. Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women. Concluding Observations: Cameroon. A/55/38. 2000
7. Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women. Concluding Observations: Democratic Republic of Congo. A/55/38. 2000.
8. Ndulo M. African customary law, customs, and women’s rights. Cornell Law Faculty Publications. 2011;187: 87–120.
9. Ezer T. Forging a path for women’s rights in customary law. Hastings Women’s Law Journal. 2016; 27(1): 65–86.
10. Odiaka NO. The concept of gender justice and women’s rights in Nigeria: addressing the missing link. Afe Babalola University: J of Sust Dev Law & Policy 2013; 2: 190–205.
11. Sarich S, Olivier M, Bales K. Forced marriage, slavery, and plural legal systems: An African Example. Hum Rights Q 2016; 38: 450–476.
12. Kim M, Longhofer W, Boyle EH, Brehm HN. When do laws matter? National minimum-age-of-marriage laws, child rights, and adolescent fertility, 1989–2007. Law Soc. Rev. 2013; 47(3): 589–619. doi: 10.1111/lasr.12033 25525281
13. Maswikwa B, Richter L, Kaufman J, Nandi A. Minimum marriage age laws and the prevalence of child marriage and adolescent birth: evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa. International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2015; 41(2): 58–68. doi: 10.1363/4105815 26308258
14. Lloyd CB, Mensch BS. Marriage and childbirth as factors in dropping out from school: an analysis of DHS data from sub-Saharan Africa. Popul Stud 2008; 62: 1–13.
15. Nguyen MC, Wodon Q. Child marriage, pregnancies, and the gender gap in education attainment: an analysis based on the reasons for dropping out of school in Nigeria. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank; 2012.
16. United Nations Children’s Fund. Early Marriage: A Harmful Traditional Practice. New York, NY: UNICEF; 2005.
17. Martin TC. Women’s education and fertility: results from 26 Demographic and Health Surveys. Stud Fam Plann 1995; 26: 187–202. 7482677
18. Singh K, Bloom S. Influence of Women’s Empowerment on Maternal Health and Maternal Health Care Utilization: a Regional Look at Africa. 2010.
19. Bloom SS, Wypij D, Gupta MD. Dimensions of women’s autonomy and the influence on maternal health care utilization in a north Indian city. Demography. 2001;38(1):67–78. doi: 10.1353/dem.2001.0001 11227846
20. Adewuyi EO, Auta A, Khanal V, Bamidele OD, Akuoko CP, Adefemi K et al. Prevalence and factors associated with underutilization of antenatal care services in Nigeria: A comparative study of rural and urban residences based on the 2013 Nigeria demographic and health survey. PLoS ONE 2018; 12: e0197324.
21. Dahiru T, Oche OM. Determinants of antenatal care, institutional delivery and postnatal care services utilization in Nigeria. Pan Afr Med J 2015; 21: 231. doi: 10.11604/pamj.2015.21.231.6350
22. Sampson IT. Religion and the Nigerian State: Situating the de facto and de jure Frontiers of State–Religion Relations and its Implications for National Security. Oxford Journal of Law and Religion. 2014 Jun 1;3(2):311–39.
23. Elaigwu JI. Federalism in Nigeria's new democratic polity. Publius: The Journal of Federalism. 2002 Jan 1;32(2):73–96.
24. Nmehielle VO. Sharia law in the northern states of Nigeria: To implement or not to implement, the constitutionality is the question. Hum. Rights Q. 2004 Aug 1:730–59.
25. Alkali AU, Jimeta USA, Magashi Aw, Buba TM. Nature and sources of Nigerian legal system: an exorcism of a wrong notion. IJBEL. 2014; 5(4).
26. Kendhammer B. The Sharia controversy in Northern Nigeria and the Politics of Islamic Law in New and Uncertain Democracies. Comparative Politics. 2013; 45(3): 291–311.
27. UN Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC). State Party Examination of Nigeria’s Combined 3rd and 4th Periodic Report. 54th Session of the Committee on the Rights of the Child; 25 May– 11 June 2010.
28. Nzarga FD. Impediments to the domestication of Nigeria Child Rights Act by the states. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences. 2016; 6: 123–130.
29. Weimann GJ. Islamic criminal law in Northern Nigeria: politics, religion, judicial practice. Amsterdam: Vossiuspers Uva–Amsterdam University Press; 2010.
30. International Amnesty. Time for justice and accountability. New York, NY: 2000.
31. Musawah. Musawah Thematic Report on Article 16 & Muslim Family Law: Nigeria. 67th CEDAW Session, Geneva, Switzerland; 2017.
32. Federal Ministry of Justice, Abuja. Nigeria’s 4th periodic country report, 2008–2010: On the implementation of the African Charter on Human and People’s Rights in Nigeria. 2011.
33. Avert. HIV and AIDS in Nigeria. 2019 [cited 21 August 2019]. Available from: avert.org/professionals/hiv-around-world/sub-saharan-africa/nigeria
34. Omo–Aghoja L. Sexual and reproductive health: concepts and current status among Nigerians. Afr J Med Health Sci. 2013; 12: 103–113.
35. National Population Commission (NPC) and ICF Macro. Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey 2013. Abuja, Nigeria and Rockville, Maryland, USA: NPC and ICF International, 2014.
36. Benebo FO, Schumann B, Vaezghasemi M. Intimate partner violence against women in Nigeria: a multilevel study investigating the effect of women’s status and community norms. BMC Women’s Health, 2018; 18(136).
37. Cortez R, Saadat S, Marinda E, Oluwole O. Adolescent sexual and reproductive health in Nigeria: Health, nutrition, and population global practice knowledge brief. Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group; 2015.
38. Babalola S, Oyenubi O. Factors explaining the North-South differentials in contraceptives use in Nigeria: a nonlinear decomposition analysis. Demogr. Res. 2018; 38(12): 287–308.
39. National Population Commission (NPC) and ICF Macro. Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey 2008: Key Findings. Abuja, Nigeria: National Population Commission and ICF Macro; 2009.
40. World Food Programme. Literature review on the impact of education levels on HIV/AIDS Prevalence Rates. Rome, Italy: World Food Programme, 2006.
41. United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). Harmonizing the legal environment for adolescent sexual and reproductive health and rights: a review of 23 countries in East and Southern Africa. 2017.
42. Ejembi CL, Dahiru T, Aliyu AA. Contextual factors influencing modern contraceptive use in Nigeria. DHS Working Papers No 120. Rockville, Maryland, USA: ICF International, 2015.
43. World Health Organization. Reproductive health indicators: guidelines for their generation, interpretation and analysis for global monitoring. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO, 2006.
44. MEASURE Evaluation. Family planning and reproductive health indicators database. Available from: https://www.measureevaluation.org/prh/rh_indicators
45. World Bank. Nigeria economic report; no. 2. Washington, D.C.; 2014.
46. Faust L, Yaya S, Ekholuenetale M. Wealth inequality as a predictor of HIV-related knowledge in Nigeria. BMJ Glob Health. 2017; 2:e000461. doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000461 29333285
47. Faust L, Ekholuenetale M, Yaya S. HIV-related knowledge in Nigeria: a 2003–2013 trend analysis. Arch Public Health. 2018; 76(22).
48. Pereira C, Ibrahim J. On the bodies of women: the common ground between Islam and Christianity in Nigeria. Third World Q 2010; 31(6): 921–937. doi: 10.1080/01436597.2010.502725 20857569
49. Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women. Concluding Observations: Nigeria. 2008. CEDAW/C/NGA/CO/6.
50. Committee on the Rights of the Child. Concluding Observations: Nigeria. 1995. CRC/C/Add. 54 Para. 26.
51. Center for Reproductive Rights. Women of the World: Zimbabwe; 2013.
52. Godha D, Hotchkiss DR, Gage AJ. Association between child marriage and reproductive health outcomes and service utilization: a multi-country study from South Asia. J Adolesc Health. 2013 May; 52(5): 552–558. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.01.021 23608719
53. Santhya KG, Ram U, Acharya R, Jejeebhoy SJ, Ram F, Singh A. Associations between early marriage and young women’s marital and reproductive health outcomes: evidence from India. International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2010; 36(3): 132–139. doi: 10.1363/ipsrh.36.132.10 20880798
54. Al-Mujtaba M, Cornelius LJ, Galadanci H, Erekaha S, Okundaye JN, Adeyemi OA, Sam-Agudu NA. Evaluating religious influences on the utilization of maternal health services among Muslim and Christian women in North-Central Nigeria. BioMed Res Int. 2016.
Článok vyšiel v časopise
PLOS One
2019 Číslo 10
- Metamizol jako analgetikum první volby: kdy, pro koho, jak a proč?
- Parazitičtí červi v terapii Crohnovy choroby a dalších zánětlivých autoimunitních onemocnění
- Nejasný stín na plicích – kazuistika
- Masturbační chování žen v ČR − dotazníková studie
- Eliquis (apixaban) nově hrazen ze zdravotního pojištění
Najčítanejšie v tomto čísle
- Correction: Low dose naltrexone: Effects on medication in rheumatoid and seropositive arthritis. A nationwide register-based controlled quasi-experimental before-after study
- Combining CDK4/6 inhibitors ribociclib and palbociclib with cytotoxic agents does not enhance cytotoxicity
- Risk factors associated with IgA vasculitis with nephritis (Henoch–Schönlein purpura nephritis) progressing to unfavorable outcomes: A meta-analysis
- Prevalence of pectus excavatum (PE), pectus carinatum (PC), tracheal hypoplasia, thoracic spine deformities and lateral heart displacement in thoracic radiographs of screw-tailed brachycephalic dogs