#PAGE_PARAMS# #ADS_HEAD_SCRIPTS# #MICRODATA#

The ineligibility of food products from across the EU for marketing to children according to two EU-level nutrient profile models


Autoři: Stefan Storcksdieck genannt Bonsmann aff001;  Marguerite Robinson aff001;  Jan Wollgast aff001;  Sandra Caldeira aff001
Působiště autorů: European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy aff001
Vyšlo v časopise: PLoS ONE 14(10)
Kategorie: Research Article
prolekare.web.journal.doi_sk: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213512

Souhrn

Background

A variety of nutrient profiling models have been developed to restrict food marketing to children. Previous assessments have shown substantial differences in terms of model strictness and agreement, but EU-wide data on how leading products in the various national markets perform against these health-minded nutrition criteria are unavailable.

Objective

To evaluate the nutritional composition of the pre-packaged food offer in selected categories sold at scale in the EU using criteria of two nutrient profile models intended to restrict food marketing to children.

Methods

The nutrient profile models of the private-sector EU Pledge and of the World Health Organization's Regional Office for Europe were applied to a commercial database with sales and nutritional information of 2691 pre-packaged products from five product categories (breakfast cereals, ready meals, processed meat, processed seafood, and yoghurts) and 20 EU countries. This study describes the criteria not met, the product ineligibility rates, and the distances to the various criteria thresholds.

Findings

Between 48% (EU Pledge) and 68% (WHO Europe) of the 2691 products analysed were found to be ineligible for marketing to children. The criteria thresholds most often not met were those for total sugars (in breakfast cereals, yoghurts), salt (in processed meat, processed seafood, ready meals), and fibre (in breakfast cereals). Total and saturated fat criteria also played a substantial role in rendering yoghurt products ineligible, and the energy criterion did so for ready meals.

Interpretation

A large number of food products selling at scale in the EU do not meet the criteria of two EU-level nutrient profile models intended to restrict food marketing to children. Given the considerable market share of many such products, they are likely to be consumed widely and in some cases regularly, including by children, even without being marketed to them. Nutrient profile models could serve as benchmarking tools for monitoring and evaluating food product reformulation efforts.

Klíčová slova:

Marketing – Diet – Food – Meat – Fats – European Union – Nutrients


Zdroje

1. Eurostat. Overweight and obesity—BMI statistics [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2018 Apr 4]. Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Overweight_and_obesity_-_BMI_statistics

2. Wijnhoven TMA, van Raaij JMA, Spinelli A, Starc G, Hassapidou M, Spiroski I, et al. WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative: body mass index and level of overweight among 6-9-year-old children from school year 2007/2008 to school year 2009/2010. BMC Public Health. 2014;14(1):806.

3. Boyland EJ, Nolan S, Kelly B, Tudur-Smith C, Jones A, Halford JC, et al. Advertising as a cue to consume: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of acute exposure to unhealthy food and nonalcoholic beverage advertising on intake in children and adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016;103(2):519–33. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.115.120022 26791177

4. Sadeghirad B, Duhaney T, Motaghipisheh S, Campbell NRC, Johnston BC. Influence of unhealthy food and beverage marketing on children’s dietary intake and preference: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Obes Rev. 2016;17(10):945–59. doi: 10.1111/obr.12445 27427474

5. High Level Group on Nutrition and Physical Activity. EU Action Plan on Childhood Obesity 2014–2020 [Internet]. 2014. p. 68. Available from: https://ec.europa.eu/health/sites/health/files/nutrition_physical_activity/docs/childhoodobesity_actionplan_2014_2020_en.pdf

6. Council of the European Union. Council conclusions to contribute towards halting the rise in Childhood Overweight and Obesity. Off J Eur Union [Internet]. 2017;C 205(29.6.2017):46–52. Available from: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv:OJ.C_.2017.205.01.0046.01.ENG

7. World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe. Vienna Declaration on Nutrition and Noncommunicable Diseases in the Context of Health 2020 [Internet]. WHO European Ministerial Conference on Nutrition and Noncommunicable Diseases in the Context of Health 2020. 2013. p. 5. Available from: http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/193253/CONSENSUS-Vienna-Declaration-5-July-2013.pdf

8. World Health Organization. Report of the Commission on Ending Childhood Obesity [Internet]. WHO. Geneva; 2016. Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/204176/1/9789241510066_eng.pdf?ua=1

9. World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe. European food and nutrition action plan 2015–2020 [Internet]. Copenhagen; 2014. p. 24. Available from: http://www.euro.who.int/en/publications/abstracts/european-food-and-nutrition-action-plan-20152020

10. DIRECTIVE OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL amending Directive 2010/13/EU on the coordination of certain provisions laid down by law, regulation or administrative action in Member States concerning the provision of audiovisual media services ([Internet]. European Parliament and Council of the European Union. 2018 [cited 2018 Nov 22]. Available from: http://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/PE-33-2018-INIT/en/pdf

11. Gakidou E, Afshin A, Alemu Abajobir A, Hassen Abate K, Abbafati C, Abbas KM, et al. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet. 2017;390:1345–422. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32366-8 28919119

12. World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe. WHO Regional Office for Europe nutrient profile model [Internet]. 2015. p. 1–14. Available from: http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/disease-prevention/nutrition/publications/2015/who-regional-office-for-europe-nutrient-profile-model-2015

13. Scarborough P, Rayner M, Stockley L. Developing nutrient profile models: A systematic approach. Public Health Nutr. 2007;10(4):330–6. doi: 10.1017/S1368980007223870 17362528

14. Drewnowski A. Uses of nutrient profiling to address public health needs: From regulation to reformulation. Proc Nutr Soc. 2017;76(3):220–9. doi: 10.1017/S0029665117000416 28595659

15. Adriouch S, Julia C, Kesse-Guyot E, Méjean C, Ducrot P, Péneau S, et al. Prospective association between a dietary quality index based on a nutrient profiling system and cardiovascular disease risk. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2016;23(15):1669–76. doi: 10.1177/2047487316640659 27000099

16. Adriouch S, Julia C, Kesse-Guyot E, Ducrot P, Péneau S, Méjean C, et al. Association between a dietary quality index based on the food standard agency nutrient profiling system and cardiovascular disease risk among French adults. Int J Cardiol. 2017;234:22–7. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.02.092 28258849

17. Deschasaux M, Huybrechts I, Murphy N, Julia C, Hercberg S, Srour B, et al. Nutritional quality of food as represented by the FSAm-NPS nutrient profiling system underlying the Nutri-Score label and cancer risk in Europe: Results from the EPIC prospective cohort study. PLoS Med. 2018;15(9):e1002651. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002651 30226842

18. Chiuve SE, Sampson L, Willett WC. The association between a nutritional quality index and risk of chronic disease. Am J Prev Med. 2011;40(5):505–13. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2010.11.022 21496749

19. Pledge EU. EU Pledge Nutrition Criteria White Paper. 2015.

20. Storcksdieck genannt Bonsmann S. Comparison of the nutrient profiling schemes of the EU Pledge and the World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe [Internet]. Luxembourg; 2015. Available from: https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/publication/eur-scientific-and-technical-research-reports/comparison-nutrient-profiling-schemes-eu-pledge-and-world-health-organization-regional

21. Pan American Health Organization. Pan American Health Organization Nutrient Profile Model. Washington, D.C.; 2016.

22. Jones A, Dunford E, Crossley R, Thout SR, Rayner M, Neal B. An evaluation of the healthiness of the Indian packaged food and beverage supply. Nutrients. 2017;9(10).

23. Access To Nutrition Foundation. Global Access to Nutrition Index [Internet]. accesstonutrition.org. Utrecht; 2018 [cited 2018 Nov 27]. Available from: https://www.accesstonutrition.org/sites/gl18.atnindex.org/files/resources/atni_report_global_index_2018.pdf

24. EU Pledge. EU Pledge Nutrition Criteria White Paper [Internet]. 2018. Available from: http://www.eu-pledge.eu/sites/eu-pledge.eu/files/releases/EU_Pledge_Nutrition_White_Paper.pdf

25. Brinsden H, Lobstein T. Comparison of nutrient profiling schemes for restricting the marketing of food and drink to children. Pediatr Obes. 2013;8(4):325–37. doi: 10.1111/j.2047-6310.2013.00167.x 23589396

26. Rayner M, Mizdrak A, Logstrup S, Kestens M. Reducing children’s exposure to marketing of foods and drinks that are high in fat, salt or sugar: what would be the best nutrient profile model? [Internet]. Brussels; 2013. Available from: http://www.ehnheart.org/publications-and-papers/publications/705:ehn-research-on-nutrient-profile-model.html

27. Labonte M-E, Poon T, Mulligan C, Bernstein JT, Franco-Arellano B, L’Abbe MR. Comparison of global nutrient profiling systems for restricting the commercial marketing of foods and beverages of low nutritional quality to children in Canada. Am J Clin Nutr. 2017;106:1471–81. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.117.161356 29070562

28. Ni Mhurchu C, Mackenzie T, Vandevijvere S. Protecting New Zealand children from exposure to the marketing of unhealthy foods and drinks: a comparison of three nutrient profiling systems to classify foods. N Z Med J. 2016;129(1441):41–53. 27607084

29. Rincón-Gallardo Patiño S, Tolentino-Mayo L, Flores Monterrubio EA, Harris JL, Vandevijvere S, Rivera JA, et al. Nutritional quality of foods and non-alcoholic beverages advertised on Mexican television according to three nutrient profile models. BMC Public Health. 2016;16(1):733.

30. McColl K, Lobstein T, Brinsden H. Nutrient profiling could be used to transform food systems and support health-promoting food policies. Public Heal Panor [Internet]. 2017;3(4):586–97. Available from: http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/357300/PHP-1124-NutrientProfiling-eng.pdf?ua=1

31. Wicks M, Wright H, Wentzel-Viljoen E. Restricting the marketing of foods and non-alcoholic beverages to children in South Africa: are all nutrient profiling models the same? Br J Nutr. 2016;116(12):2150–9. doi: 10.1017/S0007114516004244 28088922

32. Stephen AM, Champ MM-J, Cloran SJ, Fleith M, van Lieshout L, Mejborn H, et al. Dietary fibre in Europe: current state of knowledge on definitions, sources, recommendations, intakes and relationships to health. Nutr Res Rev. 2017;30(2):149–90. doi: 10.1017/S095442241700004X 28676135

33. Robinson M, Caldeira S, Wollgast J. Sugars content in selected foods in the EU [Internet]. Luxembourg; 2018. Available from: https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/publication/sugars-content-selected-foods-eu-2015-baseline-monitor-sugars-reduction-progress

34. Kloss L, Meyer JD, Graeve L, Vetter W. Sodium intake and its reduction by food reformulation in the European Union—A review. NFS J. 2015;1:9–19.

35. World Health Organization. Guidelines: Sodium intake for adults and children. Geneva; 2012.

36. Mattes RD, Donnelly D. Relative contributions of dietary sodium sources. J Am Coll Nutr. 1991;10(4):383–93. 1910064

37. James WPT, Ralph A, Sanchez-Castillo CP. The dominance of salt in manufactured food in the sodium intake of affluent societies. Lancet. 1987;329(8530):426–9.

38. Azais-Braesco V, Slulk D, Malllot M, Kok F, Moreno LA. A review of total & added sugar intakes and dietary sources in Europe. Nutr J. 2017;16(6):1–15.

39. Newens KJ, Walton J. A review of sugar consumption from nationally representative dietary surveys across the world. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2016;29(2):225–40. doi: 10.1111/jhn.12338 26453428

40. Rippin HL, Hutchinson J, Jewell J, Breda JJ, Cade JE. Child and adolescent nutrient intakes from current national dietary surveys of European populations. Nutr Res Rev. (Published online 31 October 2018).

41. Rippin HL, Hutchinson J, Jewell J, Breda JJ, Cade JE. Adult nutrient intakes from current national dietary surveys of European populations. Nutrients. 2017;9(12):1288.

42. Lehmann U, Charles VR, Vlassopoulos A, Masset G, Spieldenner J. Nutrient profiling for product reformulation: public health impact and benefits for the consumer. Proc Nutr Soc. 2017;1–10.

43. Leroy P, Réquillart V, Soler L-G, Enderli G. An assessment of the potential health impacts of food reformulation. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2016;70:694–9. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2015.201 26669572

44. European Commission. EU platform for action on diet, physical activity and health [Internet]. [cited 2018 Nov 22]. Available from: https://ec.europa.eu/health/nutrition_physical_activity/platform_en

45. EU Frame Framework for National Initiatives on Selected Nutrients [Internet]. 2011. Available from: https://ec.europa.eu/health/sites/health/files/nutrition_physical_activity/docs/euframework_national_nutrients_en.pdf

46. Dutch Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport. Roadmap for Action on Food Product Improvement [Internet]. The Hague; 2016. Available from: https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/documenten/formulieren/2016/02/22/roadmap-for-action-on-food-product-improvement

47. World Health Organization. Know the NCD targets [Internet]. [cited 2018 Nov 26]. Available from: http://www.who.int/beat-ncds/take-action/targets/en/

48. United Nations. Sustainable development goals [Internet]. [cited 2018 Nov 26]. Available from: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/?menu=1300


Článok vyšiel v časopise

PLOS One


2019 Číslo 10
Najčítanejšie tento týždeň
Najčítanejšie v tomto čísle
Kurzy

Zvýšte si kvalifikáciu online z pohodlia domova

Aktuální možnosti diagnostiky a léčby litiáz
nový kurz
Autori: MUDr. Tomáš Ürge, PhD.

Všetky kurzy
Prihlásenie
Zabudnuté heslo

Zadajte e-mailovú adresu, s ktorou ste vytvárali účet. Budú Vám na ňu zasielané informácie k nastaveniu nového hesla.

Prihlásenie

Nemáte účet?  Registrujte sa

#ADS_BOTTOM_SCRIPTS#