Encouraging perspective taking: Using narrative writing to induce empathy for others engaging in negative health behaviors
Autoři:
Victoria A. Shaffer aff001; Jennifer Bohanek aff001; Elizabeth S. Focella aff002; Haley Horstman aff003; Lise Saffran aff002
Působiště autorů:
Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States of America
aff001; Department of Health Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States of America
aff002; Department of Communication, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States of America
aff003
Vyšlo v časopise:
PLoS ONE 14(10)
Kategorie:
Research Article
prolekare.web.journal.doi_sk:
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224046
Souhrn
Societal expectations of self-care and responsible actions toward others may produce bias against those who engage in perceived self-harming behavior. This is especially true for health professionals, who have dedicated themselves to helping reduce the burden of illness and suffering. Research has shown that writing narratives can increase perspective taking and empathy toward other people, which may engender more positive attitudes. Two studies examined whether creating a fictional narrative about a woman who smokes cigarettes while pregnant could increase positive attitudes toward the woman who smokes and reduce the internal attributions made for her behavior. Across both experiments, the narrative writing intervention increased participants’ empathy and perspective taking, evoked more positive attitudes toward a woman who smokes cigarettes while pregnant, and increased external attributions for her behavior. This work supports our hypothesis that narrative writing would be an efficacious intervention promoting attitude change toward patients who engage in unhealthy, and often contentious, behaviors. This work also suggests that narrative writing could be a useful intervention for medical professionals and policy makers leading to more informed policy or treatment recommendations, encouraging empathy for patients, and engendering a stronger consideration of how external forces can play a role in someone’s seemingly irresponsible behavior.
Klíčová slova:
Physicians – Pregnancy – Behavior – Emotions – Smoking habits – Exercise – Behavioral and social aspects of health – Undergraduates
Zdroje
1. Wigginton B, Lee C. Stigma and hostility towards pregnant smokers: Does individuating information reduce the effect? Psychology & Health. 2013;28(8):862–73.
2. Brener L, Hippel WV, Kippax S, Preacher KJ. The role of physician and nurse attitudes in the health care of injecting drug users. Substance Use & Misuse. 2010;45(7–8):1007–18.
3. Howard MO, Chung SS. Nurses' attitudes toward substance misusers. I. Surveys. Substance Use & Misuse. 2000;35(3):347–65.
4. Persky S, Eccleston CP. Medical student bias and care recommendations for an obese versus non-obese virtual patient. International Journal of Obesity. 2011;35(5):728. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2010.173 20820169
5. Sharma M, Pinto AD, Kumagai AK. Teaching the social determinants of health: A path to equity or a road to nowhere? Academic Medicine. 2018;93(1):25–30. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000001689 28445214
6. Chokshi DA. Teaching about health disparities using a social determinants framework. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 2010;25(2):182–5.
7. Chapman EN, Kaatz A, Carnes M. Physicians and implicit bias: How doctors may unwittingly perpetuate health care disparities. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 2013;28(11):1504–10. doi: 10.1007/s11606-013-2441-1 23576243
8. Nelson A. Unequal treatment: Confronting racial and ethnic disparities in health care. Journal of the National Medical Association. 2002;94(8):666. 12152921
9. Williams DR, Wyatt R. Racial bias in health care and health: Challenges and opportunities. JAMA. 2015;314(6):555–6. doi: 10.1001/jama.2015.9260 26262792
10. Derksen F, Bensing J, Lagro-Janssen A. Effectiveness of empathy in general practice: A systematic review. British Journal of General Practice. 2013;63(606):e76–e84. doi: 10.3399/bjgp13X660814 23336477
11. Keen S. A theory of narrative empathy. Narrative. 2006;14(3):207–36.
12. Leske S, Strodl E, Hou X-Y. Patient–practitioner relationships desired by overweight/obese adults. Patient Education and Counseling. 2012;89(2):309–15. doi: 10.1016/j.pec.2012.07.002 22840635
13. Blatt B, LeLacheur SF, Galinsky AD, Simmens SJ, Greenberg L. Does perspective-taking increase patient satisfaction in medical encounters? Academic Medicine. 2010;85(9):1445–52. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181eae5ec 20736672
14. Hojat M, Louis DZ, Markham FW, Wender R, Rabinowitz C, Gonnella JS. Physicians' empathy and clinical outcomes for diabetic patients. Academic Medicine. 2011;86(3):359–64. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0b013e3182086fe1 21248604
15. Chaitoff A, Rothberg MB, Windover AK, Calabrese L, Misra-Hebert AD, Martinez KA. Physician empathy is not associated with laboratory outcomes in diabetes: A cross-sectional study. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 2019;34(1):75–81. doi: 10.1007/s11606-018-4731-0 30406569
16. Rakel D, Barrett B, Zhang Z, Hoeft T, Chewning B, Marchand L, et al. Perception of empathy in the therapeutic encounter: Effects on the common cold. Patient Education and Counseling. 2011;85(3):390–7. doi: 10.1016/j.pec.2011.01.009 21300514
17. Rakel DP, Hoeft TJ, Barrett BP, Chewning BA, Craig BM, Niu M. Practitioner empathy and the duration of the common cold. Family Medicine. 2009;41(7):494. 19582635
18. Suchman AL, Markakis K, Beckman HB, Frankel R. A model of empathic communication in the medical interview. JAMA. 1997;277(8):678–82. 9039890
19. Hatem D, Ferrara E. Becoming a doctor: Fostering humane caregivers through creative writing. Patient Education and Counseling. 2001;45(1):13–22. doi: 10.1016/s0738-3991(01)00135-5 11602364
20. Batt-Rawden SA, Chisolm MS, Anton B, Flickinger TE. Teaching empathy to medical students: An updated, systematic review. Academic Medicine. 2013;88(8):1171–7. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0b013e318299f3e3 23807099
21. Branch WT, Malik TK. Using windows of opportunities in brief interviews to understand patients' concerns. JAMA. 1993;269(13):1667–8. 8455300
22. Hall KH, Michael J, Jaye C, Young J. General practitioners’ ethical decision-making: Does being a patient themselves make a difference? Clinical Ethics. 2018;13(4):199–208.
23. Fox FE, Rodham KJ, Harris MF, Taylor GJ, Sutton J, Scott J, et al. Experiencing “the other side”: A study of empathy and empowerment in general practitioners who have been patients. Qualitative Health Research. 2009;19(11):1580–8. doi: 10.1177/1049732309350732 19843966
24. DasGupta S, Charon R. Personal illness narratives: Using reflective writing to teach empathy. Academic Medicine. 2004;79(4):351–6. doi: 10.1097/00001888-200404000-00013 15044169
25. Wear D, Zarconi J, Garden R, Jones T. Reflection in/and writing: Pedagogy and practice in medical education. Academic Medicine. 2012;87(5):603–9. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0b013e31824d22e9 22450174
26. Kerr L. More than words: Applying the discipline of literary creative writing to the practice of reflective writing in health care education. Journal of Medical Humanities. 2010;31(4):295–301. doi: 10.1007/s10912-010-9120-6 20635125
27. Cowen VS, Kaufman D, Schoenherr L. A review of creative and expressive writing as a pedagogical tool in medical education. Medical Education. 2016;50(3):311–9. doi: 10.1111/medu.12878 26896016
28. Charon R, Hermann N, Devlin MJ. Close reading and creative writing in clinical education: Teaching attention, representation, and affiliation. Academic Medicine. 2016;91(3):345. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000000827 26200577
29. George DR, Stuckey HL, Whitehead MM. How a creative storytelling intervention can improve medical student attitude towards persons with dementia: A mixed methods study. Dementia. 2014;13(3):318–29. doi: 10.1177/1471301212468732 24770946
30. Shapiro J, Rucker L, Boker J, Lie D. Point-of-view writing: A method for increasing medical students′ empathy, identification and expression of emotion, and insight. Education for Health. 2006;19(1):96–105. doi: 10.1080/13576280500534776 16531306
31. Pennebaker J, Francis M, Booth R. Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum Publishers; 2001.
32. Galinsky AD, Moskowitz GB. Perspective-taking: Decreasing stereotype expression, stereotype accessibility, and in-group favoritism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2000;78(4):708. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.78.4.708 10794375
33. Davis MH, Conklin L, Smith A, Luce C. Effect of perspective taking on the cognitive representation of persons: A merging of self and other. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1996;70(4):713. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.70.4.713 8636894
34. Todd AR, Galinsky AD. Perspective‐taking as a strategy for improving intergroup relations: Evidence, mechanisms, and qualifications. Social and Personality Psychology Compass. 2014;8(7):374–87.
35. Todd AR, Burgmer P. Perspective taking and automatic intergroup evaluation change: Testing an associative self-anchoring account. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2013;104(5):786. doi: 10.1037/a0031999 23527849
36. Batson CD, Polycarpou MP, Harmon-Jones E, Imhoff HJ, Mitchener EC, Bednar LL, et al. Empathy and attitudes: Can feeling for a member of a stigmatized group improve feelings toward the group? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1997;72(1):105. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.72.1.105 9008376
37. Devine PG, Forscher PS, Austin AJ, Cox WT. Long-term reduction in implicit race bias: A prejudice habit-breaking intervention. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 2012;48(6):1267–78. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2012.06.003 23524616
38. Clore GL, Jeffery KM. Emotional role playing, attitude change, and attraction toward a disabled person. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1972;23(1):105. doi: 10.1037/h0032867 4261340
39. Drwecki BB, Moore CF, Ward SE, Prkachin KM. Reducing racial disparities in pain treatment: The role of empathy and perspective-taking. Pain. 2011;152(5):1001–6. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2010.12.005 21277087
40. Saffran L, Teti M, Long M. Building character: A creative writing intervention to encourage clinician reflection on the social determinants of health. Journal of Applied Arts & Health. 2015;6(3):247–55.
41. Saffran L. Fiction writing to build empathy and self-awareness in public health practice. In: Klugman C, Lamb E, editors. Research Methods in Health Humanities. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2019. p. 264–84.
42. Banderali G, Martelli A, Landi M, Moretti F, Betti F, Radaelli G, et al. Short and long term health effects of parental tobacco smoking during pregnancy and lactation: A descriptive review. Journal of Translational Medicine. 2015;13(1):327.
43. Davis MH. Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1983;44(1):113.
44. Pennebaker JW, Booth RJ, Boyd RL, Francis ME. Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count [LIWC]. Pennebaker Conglomerates; 2015.
45. Pennebaker JW, Chung CK, Frazee J, Lavergne GM, Beaver DI. When small words foretell academic success: The case of college admissions essays. PloS one. 2014;9(12):e115844. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115844 25551217
46. Cohn MA, Mehl MR, Pennebaker JW. Linguistic markers of psychological change surrounding September 11, 2001. Psychological Science. 2004;15(10):687–93. doi: 10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00741.x 15447640
47. Kacewicz E, Pennebaker JW, Davis M, Jeon M, Graesser AC. Pronoun use reflects standings in social hierarchies. Journal of Language and Social Psychology. 2014;33(2):125–43.
48. O’Brien E, Konrath SH, Grühn D, Hagen AL. Empathic concern and perspective taking: Linear and quadratic effects of age across the adult life span. Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences. 2012;68(2):168–75. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbs055 22865821
49. Sable-Smith B. Storytelling helps the hospital staff learn about the person, not just the patient 2019 [June 3, 2019]. Available from: https://www.npr.org/2019/06/03/729191879/patient-biographies-may-help-health-care-providers-relate.
50. Lemay M, Encandela J, Sanders L, Reisman A. Writing well: The long-term effect on empathy, observation, and physician writing through a residency writers' workshop. Journal of Graduate Medical Education. 2017;9(3):357–60. doi: 10.4300/JGME-D-16-00366.1 28638517
51. Özcan NK, Bilgin H, Eracar N. The use of expressive methods for developing empathic skills. Issues in Mental Health Nursing. 2011;32(2):131–6. doi: 10.3109/01612840.2010.534575 21247279
Článok vyšiel v časopise
PLOS One
2019 Číslo 10
- Metamizol jako analgetikum první volby: kdy, pro koho, jak a proč?
- Nejasný stín na plicích – kazuistika
- Masturbační chování žen v ČR − dotazníková studie
- Těžké menstruační krvácení může značit poruchu krevní srážlivosti. Jaký management vyšetření a léčby je v takovém případě vhodný?
- Fixní kombinace paracetamol/kodein nabízí synergické analgetické účinky
Najčítanejšie v tomto čísle
- Correction: Low dose naltrexone: Effects on medication in rheumatoid and seropositive arthritis. A nationwide register-based controlled quasi-experimental before-after study
- Combining CDK4/6 inhibitors ribociclib and palbociclib with cytotoxic agents does not enhance cytotoxicity
- Experimentally validated simulation of coronary stents considering different dogboning ratios and asymmetric stent positioning
- Risk factors associated with IgA vasculitis with nephritis (Henoch–Schönlein purpura nephritis) progressing to unfavorable outcomes: A meta-analysis