Endovascular treatment of different types of iliac occlusions—Results from an observational study

Summary

Objective

The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of endovascular therapy on the treatment of different types of iliac occlusions.

Materials and methods

A bi-center prospective, non-randomized study was conducted on 100 patients (mean age 59.14 ± 8.53; 64 men) who underwent endovascular treatment of iliac occlusive disease between January 2013 and November 2017. We evaluated baseline data, procedure, and follow-up results for the entire group, and according to Trans-Atlantic Inter-Society Consensus (TASC II) classification. The majority of patients (60%) were treated for severe claudication; 56 (56%) patients had TASC B occlusions, 28 patients TASC C, and 16 patients TASC D.

Results

The mean length of the occluded segments was 61.41 ± 35.15 mm. Procedural complications developed in 6 patients (6%). Mean ankle-brachial pressure index increased from 0.40 ± 0.12 preoperatively to 0.82 ± 0.16 postoperatively. The mean follow-up was 33.18 ± 15.03 months. After 1 and 5 years, the primary patency rates were 98% and 75.1%, and the secondary patency rate was 97% respectively. Regarding occlusion complexity there were no statistical significant differences in primary patency rates (TASC B vs. C vs. D: p = 0.19). There were no statistically significant differences in primary patency rates between patients in different clinical stages, as well as between the type of stents, and location of the occlusion.

Conclusion

In our study, endovascular treatment for iliac artery occlusions proved to be a safe and efficient approach with excellent primary and secondary patency rates regardless of the complexity of occlusions defined by TASC II classification. This study is aligned with the notion that in well selected patients, endovascular therapy can be the treatment of choice even in complex iliac lesions if performed by experienced endovascular interventionists in high volume centers.

Keywords:

Surgical and invasive medical procedures – Angiography – Lesions – Arteries – Aorta – Stent implantation – vascular surgery – surgical repair

Introduction

During the last decade, the application of endovascular treatment as a therapeutic option for the aorto-iliac occlusive disease has continually increased, becoming the treatment of the first choice for many of the Trans-Atlantic Inter-Society Consensus document II (TASC II) categories [1,2]. The 2007 TASC II document stated an endovascular-first strategy up to type B lesions and surgery for low-risk patients with type C and D lesions, underscoring that the reasoning behind the decisions should be based on the comorbidities of the patient and the success rates of the operator [3]. European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines from 2011 recommend endovascular treatment for all iliac TASC A-C lesions and TASC D lesions in patients with severe comorbidities, provided that the procedure is performed by an experienced team [4]. The likely risk of complications and lower patency of complex lesions are the reasons why the endovascular option in more complex lesions is not advised. The 2015 revision of TASC II document shares the same view, implying that the method of revascularization should be chosen depending on the competence of a vascular center and its experience, considering patient comorbidity and overall prognosis, supporting the endovascular-first approach in all iliac lesions in highly experienced centers [5]. Recent 2017 ESC Guidelines, in collaboration with the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS), are recommending an endovascular-first strategy for aorto-iliac occlusive lesions if the procedure is performed by an experienced team and if it does not compromise subsequent surgical options [6]. These recent changes are based on expert opinions presented in the studies from high volume centers. They reflect both the increase of endovascular experience and technical advancements over the last two decades, resulting in a rising number of centers which opt for endovascular-first approach even in complex TASC C and D lesions [7,8]. The rationale for offering an endovascular-first option to the patient with complex lesion would be a low risk of complications and long-term patency, also it is important to notice that perioperative morbidity in surgically treated patients is substantial, and the time-period before return to normal activities is shorter in endovasculary treated patients.

The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare early and long-term results of the endovascular treatment among patients with different types of occlusions in the iliac segment.

Materials and methods

Patient population

This is a prospective, non-randomized, bi-center cohort study conducted at two vascular centers in Belgrade, Serbia: the Clinic for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery of the Clinical Center of Serbia and the Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases “Dedinje”. Between January 2013 and November 2017 a total of 540 patients with TASC B, C and D occlusions in the aorto-iliac segment were considered for the study at these two centers. All patients with TASC B occlusions were included in the study. The conditions for including patients with TASC C and D occlusions were if their occlusive lesion was considered suitable for endovascular treatment and high risk for open surgery: older than 70 years, cardiac failure with ejection fraction lower than 40%, symptomatic coronary disease, and hostile abdomen. TASC C and D patients with severe aorto-iliac disease involving significant part of the infrarenal aorta and TASC C/D patients with low risk for surgery were treated by open surgery. Exclusion criteria were associated with aorto-iliac aneurysm, restenotic lesions, acute thrombi or dissections. Patients with an initial technical failure (inability to cross an occluded arterial segment) (10/110 (9.1%) patients) were excluded from the study and were treated by immediate surgical repair. Finally, 100 patients were included in the study (68 patients at the Clinic for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery of the Clinical Center of Serbia, and 32 patients at the Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases “Dedinje”; Fig 1).

All patients had evidence of chronic limb ischemia classified according to Rutherford (stage 3 or greater). The TASC II classification was used to define the characteristics of the lesions. The study protocol was approved by the local ethics committee (Ethics Committee Faculty of Medicine University of Belgrade, decision 29/XI-17), and all patients gave informed written consent for participation in the trial. Demographic, clinical, and procedural data and outcomes were obtained from institutional medical records and angiograms. The study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov, registration number NCT03824730.

Technical details

The preoperative diagnostic assessment consisted of clinical examination, ankle-brachial pressure index (ABI) measurement, and duplex ultrasonography examinations to determine the need for treatment. All patients had computed tomography angiography (CTA) to evaluate the lesion characteristics. The endovascular procedures were performed in the angiography suite by four experienced endovascular interventionalists from two high-volume vascular centers. All interventionalists underwent similar endovascular training, and had comparable endovascular procedure volumes (>100 procedures per year) and complication rates (<5%) in the past five years. Under local anesthesia, initial percutaneous access was chosen by operator depending on anatomical and morphological occlusion characteristics. Heparin was administered in all cases, intra-arterially at a dose of 5000 IU after placement of a vascular sheath. Iliac lesion crossing was achieved through intraluminal or subintimal manner depending on the behavior of the lesion intraoperatively. Reentry devices were not used. Predilatation of the occlusion before stent deployment was performed at the discretion of the operator. Balloon-expandable (Omnilink Elite, Abbott Vascular, Santa Clara, CA, USA; Express, Boston Scientific, Galway, Ireland; Assurant Cobalt, Medtronic, Galway, Ireland) and self-expanding stents (EverFlex, Medtronic, Galway, Ireland; Epic, Boston Scientific, Galway, Ireland; Smart, Cordis, Santa Clara, CA, USA) were deployed in all lesions. Covered stents (E-ventus, Jotec, Hechingen, Germany) were used just in case of iliac artery rupture. Technical success was defined as residual stenosis <30% on final intraoperative arteriography [9]. Two endovascular interventionalists who were blinded to the treatment strategy rated the final angiography. Postprocedural medical treatment consisted of dual-antiplatelet therapy for 3 months, and then patients remained to aspirin only. Procedural and periprocedural data included approach, the procedure performed, type, number, diameter and length of stents.

Follow-up protocol

All patients were followed up with clinical evaluation, ABI, and duplex ultrasonography examinations at 1, 6, and 12 months after the intervention, and then annually. The evaluation was also performed when new clinical symptoms developed. The follow-up was stopped in September 2018. Early results (procedural and <30 days) were analyzed for periprocedural complications (access site complications, distal embolization, perforation, surgical repair, myocardial infarction, stroke, death), primary patency (defined as uninterrupted patency with no procedure or intervention performed on or at the margin of the treated segment), and secondary patency (defined as restored patency through the previously treated segment). Primary patency loss was determined when ABI deterioration >20% was associated with duplex evidence of hemodynamic significant (>70%) restenosis or occlusion [9]. In the presence of clinical symptoms and flow-limiting lesions or thrombosis of the treated segment, patients underwent CTA before secondary interventions. Follow-up results were analyzed for primary and secondary patency rates.

Statistical analysis

Sample size based on confidence interval (CI) for a proportion with the 95% CI (p = 0.14 and W = 0.06), in our study with 514 patients was found at least 72 endovascular patients to be sufficient for detection of significant difference of observed parameters [10,11]. For normal distribution data testing, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk tests were used. Descriptive methods (frequencies, percent, mean, median, standard deviation /SD/ and range) were used to summarize the data. The statistical significance level was set at p<0.05 with Bonferroni correction for multiple testing at the same data set. For characteristics comparison among different risk subgroups Kruskal-Wallis, Wilcoxon rank sum, Pearson chi-square, and Fisher exact tests were used. Wilcoxon signed rank test with continuity correction was used for preoperative ABI and postoperative ABI comparison. Methods of Survival analysis were used for primary patency rates, and secondary patency rates (Kaplan-Meier product-limit method; cumulative percentage with corresponding 95% CI and log-rank test). The statistical analysis was done with the program R (version 3.3.2 (2016-10-31)—"Sincere Pumpkin Patch"; Copyright (C) 2016 The R Foundation for Statistical Computing; Platform: x86_64-w64-mingw32/x64 (64-bit); downloaded: January 21, 2017).

Results

Patient characteristics

In total, 100 patients from 2 vascular centers underwent endovascular procedures for iliac occlusions. Patient characteristics are listed in Table 1 for the whole group and according to the TASC II classification.

The group consisted of patients with a mean age of 58.5 years, predominantly males (64%, Table 1). The most common risk factors were a history or present status of smoking, followed by hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. Cardiovascular comorbidities were found in the majority of patients: most commonly coronary artery disease (39%) and carotid artery stenosis (18%, Table 1). According to Rutherford classification, the majority of patients (60%) were treated for severe claudication (Rutherford category 3), while 40% for critical limb ischemia (CLI) (Rutherford category 4, 5, 6; Table 1).

Results of the analysis showed that most of the basic characteristics (demographic/clinical) according to the TASC categories (B, C, and D) were homogeneous except hyperlipidemia which is the more common risk factor in patients with TASC B (46.4%; p = 0.04; Table 1).

Lesion and procedural characteristics

Lesion and procedural characteristics are listed in Table 2.

The most frequent location of iliac artery occlusions was common iliac artery (CIA) in TASC B lesions (85.7%), external iliac artery (EIA) in TASC C (75%), and CIA+EIA in TASC D group (81.2%; p = 4.35x10^-21; Table 2). The distal part of the aorta and both CIA were occluded in 2 patients (12.5%) in the TASC D group.

The most common initial access was: ipsilateral in TASC B occlusions (53.6%), contralateral in TASC C lesions (42.9%) and both femoral in TASC D lesions (50%; p = 4.97x10^-8; Table 2). The left brachial, and simultaneous left brachial and femoral approach were used for 6 patients (6%).

In the entire study, the mean length of occluded arterial segments was 61.41 ± 35.15 mm. As expected, occlusion length was higher in TASC D lesions, then in TASC C, and the shortest in TASC B occlusions (mean values were 123, 71, and 39.02 respectively; p = 1.71x10^-14; Table 2).

Predilatation was performed in 93 patients. Balloon-expandable stents were the most common in TASC B lesions (80.4%) compared with TASC C (self-expanding, 50%), and TASC D (both stents, 50%; p = 3.37x10^-9; Table 2).

The number of implanted stents was higher in TASC D lesions compared with TASC B and C lesions (mean values were 3.19, 1.82 and 1.46 respectively; p = 5.14x10^-8; Table 2). In other words, most of the patients with TASC D occlusions were treated with 4 stents (43.7%) which is significantly higher than TASC C (commonly 2 stents, 42.9%), and TASC B (commonly 1 stent, 66.1%; p = 1.30x10^-7; Table 2).

Following procedure, the ABI significantly increased in all the patients (pre ABI vs. post ABI mean values were 0.4 vs. 0.82; p = 2.20x10^-16; Table 2) as same as in each TASC category (pre ABI vs. post ABI mean values in TASC B, C and D were 0.41 vs. 0.84 (p = 2.20x10^-16); 0.4 vs. 0.77 (p = 2.85x10^-9); 0.35 vs. 0.85 (p = 1.67x10^-6); respectively, for subgroups TASC B, C and D; Table 2), so there was no statistical difference in post ABI values between TASC categories (Table 2).

Periprocedural complications developed in 6 patients (6%). Two iliac ruptures occurred, one in TASC C occlusion, another in TASC D lesion, and both were successfully treated with balloon expandable covered stents. One patient developed groin hematoma that did not require further active care. There was a case of a retroperitoneal hematoma, without the need for drainage. One distal embolization was corrected by embolectomy using a Fogarty catheter. Patient with arterial pseudoaneurysm was successfully treated by ultrasound-guided manual compression. There was no statistically significant difference between groups (TASC B, C, D) regarding periprocedural complications (p = 0.09).

Follow-up results

The median follow-up period was 33.18 ± 15.03 months (range, 10–62 months), and none of the patients was lost to follow-up. 24 patients were followed for 48–62 months, 20 patients for 36–48 months, and for 23 patients follow-up was done between 24–36 months. Most patients (30) had a last control between 12–24 months, and only 3 patients were followed for 10 months. Two patients died (cumulative mortality: 2%) during follow-up: the cause of death was cardiac in one patient, and the other died due to pancreatic cancer.

In two patients, in-stent restenosis (>70%) was detected at 26 and 33 months: one in TASC B lesion and one in TASC D lesion. These cases were successfully corrected–one with the drug coated balloon angioplasty, another with new stent placement.

Eight lesions occluded during the follow-up period, at 1, 9, 13, 20, 28, 33, and 53 months. Five patients were treated with secondary endovascular intervention and three patients with open surgery. One patient suffered iliac thrombosis 3 months after secondary endovascular intervention and underwent to aortobifemoral bypass. No major amputation was recorded.

For the whole study cohort, primary patency was estimated to be 98% (95% CI: 95.3–100%) after 1 year, after 3 years 87.7% (95% CI: 80.2–95.9%), and still 75.1% (95% CI: 54.8–100%) after 5 years, and secondary patency was 97% respectively. (Fig 2).

According to the location of aorto-iliac occlusion subjected to endovascular treatment, there was no statistically significant difference regarding the primary patency rates (CIA (52 patients) vs. EIA (29 patients) vs. CIA + EIA (17 patients) vs. Aorta + AIC (2 patients): p = 0.16; Fig 3).

The type of stent had no statistical significant impact on primary patency rates (self-expanding (29 patients) vs. balloon-expandable (54 patients) vs. both (17 patients), p = 0.42; Fig 3).

The estimated primary patency rates for CLI patients (60 patients) were 95% after 1 year, and 62.8%, after 5 years, whereas for intermittent claudication (IC) patients (40 patients) were 100% after 1 year, and 90.4% after 5 years (Fig 3). There was no statistically significant difference between CLI patients as compared to IC patients, regarding the primary patency rates (p = 0.22).

Stratifying patients according to TASC II classification, we found no statistically significant differences between B, C and D types of occlusions concerning primary patency rates (TASC B (56 patients) vs. C (28 patients) vs. D (16 patients); p = 0.19 Fig 4).

Moreover, there were no statistically significant differences between TASC B (56 patients) and more complex TASC C/D (44 patients) lesions (p = 0.14; Fig 4).

Discussion

In this study, we have analyzed our early and long-term results of endovascular treatment of iliac occlusions, also comparing patients treated for iliac occlusions according to the TASC categories (TASC B, C, D).

Since the risk of perioperative complications during open surgery is considerable, and the materials and techniques of endovascular surgery have greatly improved, the endovascular approach has become the first-choice therapeutic option for almost all patients with aorto-iliac occlusive disease [9,11–14]. In our two centers majority of patients with aorto-iliac occlusive disease were with TASC C/D lesions. Most complex TASC C/D patients with infrarenal aortic occlusions and with severe aorto-iliac occlusive disease involving significant part of the aorta were selected for open surgery. Remaining TASC C/D patients with distal aortic occlusions and long iliac occlusions that were suitable were endovasculary treated.

In all cases, CTA was performed before the procedure, which enabled us to evaluate the quality of the lesion and accurately measure the lengths and diameters, to be able to decide upon the adequate access and select the correct materials.

All procedures were performed percutaneously. The ipsilateral femoral approach was mostly used for patients with TASC B lesions (53.6%). TASC C occlusions more frequently underwent contralateral approach (67.9%). Both femoral accesses were necessary for half of the patients with TASC D occlusions. Nyman et al. [15] report that the low success rate in the reconstruction of iliac occlusions is because of the lack of attempts to use a brachial access site. Ahn et al. [16] treated almost all complex TASC D lesions (77.7%) with left brachial access. In our study, a left brachial and simultaneous left brachial and femoral approach was reserved for reconstruction of the aortic bifurcation or complex ostial occlusions.

In our series, routine stenting was used in all cases, which is congruent with the AbuRahma et al. study [17]. Stenting with predilatation was preferred in the majority of our patients. Also, Yuan et al. [18] in their study preferred to perform predilatation, which could reduce the length of the stents. Conversely, in several other studies, primary stenting has been preferred of extensive iliac artery occlusions because stent placements without predilatation reduce the risk of artery rupture, and decrease the risk of distal embolism [19–20]. In our cohort, there was only one embolic event, and 2 iliac artery ruptures that were caused by predilatation. All of these events were successfully treated.

All commercially available types of stents were used: we preferred balloon-expandable stents in patients with calcified, ostial lesions, whereas self-expanding stents were implanted for tortuous arteries [14]. Both stents were used in long-segment lesions involving heavily calcified common iliac arteries. According to Müller et al. [21], the type of stent may influence the development of restenosis. They noticed a clear trend toward a lower estimated probability for the development of restenosis for balloon- as compared to self-expanding stents. In our study, there was no difference regarding primary patency for the type of stents (self-expanding vs. balloon-expandable vs. both).

Periprocedural and early results were satisfactory, with significant hemodynamic improvement. Also, the periprocedural complications were rare, involving primarily minor vascular access site complications (6%), which could be treated conservatively or minimal invasively, thus avoiding the need for surgery. Complication rates reported in other studies ranged between 10% and 24% [20,22–23]. Suzuki et al. [22] analyzed 2096 patients with aorto-iliac disease (stenosis and occlusions) from the Japanese multicenter registry and showed that complications were more frequent in the TASC D group (70.6% occlusions). In our study, all patients were with chronic total occlusions. In the most complex TASC D group complications rate was higher, but there was no statistically significant difference between TASC II categories (TASC B vs. C vs. D: 3.6% vs. 3.6% vs. 18.8%, p = 0.09).

Most patients in our study suffered from severe intermittent claudication, common in most published series–the percentage of claudicants being between 50% and 100% [14]. Within our study, stage of limb ischemia did not have a statistically significant effect on the outcomes of endovascular treatment of iliac occlusions, but we noticed nonsignificant trend toward a lower patency rate in patients with CLI. The estimated primary patency was 90.4% after 5 years in patients with severe claudication, and 62.8% in patients with CLI. Ozkan et al. [20] reported that the primary patency rate was higher in patients with intermittent claudication than in patients with CLI. However, Soga et al. [24], who analyzed 2147 stented iliac arteries after 5 years, found no statistical difference in the primary patency of claudication, and CLI group, which confirms our results. It is worthy of noting that our patients did not differ in their comorbidity rates regardless of the type of the lesion, which might be important detail advising us to always observe the patients in general, and not only the type of the lesion.

In our study, there were no statistical significant difference according location of aorto-iliac occlusion (CIA vs. EIA vs. CIA + EIA vs. aorta + CIA, p = 0.16). Similarly, Soares et al. [25] compared the outcomes between CIA and EIA vs. CIA, and they found that the primary patency rates were similar between the patient’s groups. In contrast, Müller et al. [21] reported that the estimated probability of freedom from occlusion was significantly lower for interventions within the common iliac artery as compared to the external iliac artery, claiming that the vessel and stent diameter were the key parameters concerning the development of restenosis.

In their systematic review, Jongkind et al. [1] involved a total of 1711 patients with the extensive aorto-iliac disease (TASC C/D lesions) who were treated with endovascular treatment. At 4 and 5 years, primary patency rates ranged from 60 to 86%. In our study, the primary patency rates at 5 years were 75.1% for the entire study population enrolled, and 78.2% for complex type C/D lesions. The long-term patency rate in our endovascular study after 5 years was comparable to recent work for open surgery of Indes et al. [26].

There were no differences in patency between different TASC II types of occlusions when the lesions were stratified and analyzed accordingly. Our study agreed with the results of several earlier studies indicating no differences in long-term patency between different TASC II types of occlusions [10,27–28]. This investigation represents the clinical practice of two high-volume vascular centers and suggests that more complex occlusions type C/D in well selected patients can be managed using endovascular approaches with excellent long-term success and low complication rates.

Limitations

Several limiting aspects of this study should be considered before evaluating the results. First at all, this study included only endovascular procedures, so a comparison with surgical procedures will be important in the further development of aorto-iliac occlusive treatment. Procedural failures were not included in the analysis. Although the number of these patients was 9.1%, one should be aware that not all lesions and patients are feasible for endovascular repair. Also, the procedures reviewed in this study only included balloon angioplasty and stent deployment, as debulking devices, and reentry devices were unavailable to us, due to cost issues. This study included exactly 100 patients and certain parameters especially when stratifying the patients in groups may not have reached any statistically significant due to the limited number of patients in each group. Besides that, follow up period (mean (SD) were 33 (15) months) maybe had influence on long-term primary patency.

Conclusions

In our prospective, non-randomized study, endovascular treatment for iliac artery occlusions proved to be a safe and efficient approach with excellent primary and secondary patency rates regardless of the complexity of occlusions defined by TASC II classification. This study is aligned with the notion that in well selected patients, endovascular therapy can be the treatment of choice even in complex iliac lesions if performed by experienced endovascular interventionists in high volume centers.

Supporting information

S1 File [xls]
Study datasets.

S2 File [doc]
Informations for participants in written form.