The female presence in different organisational positions and performance in secondary schools: Does a woman leader function as mediator?
Autoři:
Irene Campos-García aff001; José Ángel Zúñiga-Vicente aff001
Působiště autorů:
Rey Juan Carlos University, Faculty of Legal and Social Sciences, Business Administration (ADO), Applied Economics II and Foundations of Economic Analysis, Paseo de los Artilleros, Madrid (SPAIN)
aff001
Vyšlo v časopise:
PLoS ONE 14(9)
Kategorie:
Research Article
prolekare.web.journal.doi_sk:
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0222411
Souhrn
This study examines the relationship between female representation in different organisational positions and performance using a sample of Spanish secondary schools. These organizations have been usually depicted as ‘feminised environments’ although women in managerial positions are still underrepresented. Based on different theoretical approaches, we separately investigate the relationship between a greater female presence and school performance in three positions: a) as principal; b) on the management team; and c) as teachers. We also investigate if having a female leader exerts a significant mediator role on the relationship between greater female representation on the management team and teachers, respectively, and school performance. Our results reveal a positive and significant relationship between having a woman principal or a greater proportion of women teachers and school performance. However, the relationship between a high proportion of women on the management team and school performance is negative. We also find that a female principal does not play a significant role as mediator in the relationship between having a greater proportion of women on the management team and as teachers and school performance.
Klíčová slova:
Teachers – Behavior – Schools – Educational attainment – Glass – Regression analysis – Sexual and gender issues – Social theory
Zdroje
1. ILO (2018) World employment and social outlook: Trends for women 2018 –Global snapshot. International Labour Office–Geneva.
2. Catalyst (2019) The percentage of women in senior roles in declining globally. Avalilable at: https://www.catalyst.org/knowledge/women-management.
3. Forbes (2018a) Women who rule the world: The 22 most powerful female political and policy leaders 2018. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/christinavuleta/2018/12/04/the-women-in-politics-and-policy-who-are-setting-the-stage-for-change/#6a7ae4df43a8.
4. Forbes (2018b) Where did all the female CEOs go? Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/betsyatkins/2018/08/07/where-did-all-the-female-ceos-go/#e071541d1ecc.
5. EIGE (2016) Advancing gender equality in political decision-making good practices. European Institute for Gender Equality, Luxembourg.
6. Kantola J, Lombardo E (eds.) (2017) Gender and the economic crisis in Europe. Politics institutions and intersectionality. Palgrave Macmillan, Gewerbestrasse.
7. The Commonwealth (2016) Advancing gender equality. Case studies across the Commonwealth. Commonwealth Secretariat, London.
8. Arfken DE, Bellar SL, Helms MM (2004) The ultimate glass ceiling revisited: The presence of women on corporate boards. Journal of Business Ethics 50: 177–186.
9. Cook A, Glass C (2014) Women and top leadership positions: Towards an institutional analysis. Gender, Work & Organization 21: 91–103.
10. Eriksson‐ Zetterquist U, Styhre A (2008) Overcoming the glass barriers: reflection and action in the ‘Women to the Top’programme. Gender, Work & Organization 15: 133–160.
11. Olsen JE, Parsons CK, Martins LL, Ivanaj V (2016) Gender diversity programs, perceived potential for advancement, and organizational attractiveness: An empirical examination of women in the United States and France. Group & Organization Management 41(3): 271–309.
12. Van den Brink M, Stobbe L. (2014) The support paradox: Overcoming dilemmas in gender equality programs. Scandinavian Journal of Management 30: 163–174.
13. Frink DD, Robinson RK, Reithel B, Arthur MM, Ammeter AP, Ferris GR, Morrisette HS (2003) Gender demography and organization performance: A two-study investigation with convergence. Group & Organization Management 28: 127–147.
14. Ali M, Kulik CT, Metz I (2011) The gender diversity–performance relationship in services and manufacturing organizations. The International Journal of Human Resource Management 22: 1464–1485.
15. Dwyer S, Richard OC, Chadwick K (2003) Gender diversity in management and firm performance: The influence of growth orientation and organizational culture. Journal of Business Research 56: 1009–1019.
16. Pletzer JL, Nikolova R, Kedzior KK, Voelpel SC (2015) Does gender matter? Female representation on corporate boards and firm financial performance-a meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 10(6): e0130005. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130005 26086454
17. Post C, Byron K (2015) Women on boards and firm financial performance: A meta-analysis. Academy of Management Journal 58: 1546–1571.
18. Campos-García I (2017) Igualdad de género en las enseñanzas no universitarias en España: Un estudio descriptivo (1999–2013). Revista Complutense de Educación 28: 1009–1025.
19. Gallant A (2014) Symbolic interactions and the development of women leaders in higher education. Gender, Work & Organization 21: 203–216.
20. Moreau MP, Osgood J, Halsall A (2007) Making sense of the glass ceiling in schools: An exploration of women teachers’ discourses. Gender and Education 19: 237–253.
21. Bastian KC, Henry GT (2015) The apprentice: Pathways to the principalship and student achievement. Educational Administration Quarterly 51: 600–639.
22. Lee J, Rhee DE, Rudolf R (2019) Teacher gender, student gender, and primary school achievement: Evidence from ten Francophone African countries. The Journal of Development Studies 55: 661–679.
23. Strøm RØ, D’Espallier B, Mersland R (2014) Female leadership, performance, and governance in microfinance institutions. Journal of Banking & Finance 42: 60–75.
24. Winters MA, Haight RC, Swaim TT, Pickering KA (2013) The effect of same-gender teacher assignment on student achievement in the elementary and secondary grades: Evidence from panel data. Economics of Education Review 34: 69–75.
25. UN (2016) Progress of the world’s women 2015–2016: Transforming economies, realizing rights. Available at: https://ideas.repec.org/p/ess/wpaper/id7688.html.
26. Coleman M, Fitzgerald T (2008) Gender and leadership development. International Handbook on the Preparation and Development of School Leaders, 119–135.
27. McNamara O, Howson J, Gunter H, Sprigade A, Onat-Stelma Z (2008). Women teachers’career. NASUWT, Birmingham.
28. Richard OC, Murthi BS, Ismail K (2007) The impact of racial diversity on intermediate and long‐term performance: The moderating role of environmental context. Strategic Management Journal 28: 1213–1233.
29. Eagly AH (1987). Sex differences in social behavior: A social-role interpretation. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ.
30. Eagly AH, Steffen VJ (1984) Gender stereotypes stem from the distribution of women and men into social roles. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 46: 735–754.
31. Eagly AH, Wood W (1999) The origins of sex differences in human behavior: Evolved dispositions versus social roles. American Psychologist 54: 408–423.
32. Sork VL (1997) Quantitative genetics, feminism, and evolutionary theories of gender differences. In Feminism and evolutionary biology (pp. 86–115). Springer, Boston, MA.
33. Jeong SH, Harrison DA (2017) Glass breaking, strategy making, and value creating: Meta-analytic outcomes of women as CEOs and TMT members. Academy of Management Journal 60: 1219–1252.
34. Ameen EC, Guffey DM, McMillan JJ (1996) Gender differences in determining the ethical sensitivity of future accounting professionals. Journal of Business Ethics 15: 591–597.
35. Barber BM, Odean T (2001) Boys will be boys: Gender, overconfidence, and common stock investment. Quarterly Journal of Economics 116: 261–292.
36. Dawson LM (1997) Ethical differences between men and women in the sales profession. Journal of Business Ethics 16: 1143–1152.
37. Khan WA, Vieito JP (2013) CEO gender and firm performance. Journal of Economics and Business 67: 55–66.
38. Eurostat (2019) Secondary education statistics. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Secondary_education_statistics.
39. Bitterman A, Goldring R, Gray L (2013) Characteristics of public and private elementary and secondary school principals in the United States: Results from the 2011–12 schools and staffing survey. First look. NCES 2013–313. National Center for Education Statistics.
40. UNESCO (2019a) Global education monitoring report. Available at: https://gem-report-2017.unesco.org/en/chapter/gender_monitoring_leadership/
41. Court M (1994) Removing macho management: lessons from the field of education. Gender, Work & Organization 1: 33–49.
42. Kaparou M, Bush T (2007) Invisible barriers: the career progress of women secondary school principals in Greece. Compare 37: 221–237.
43. Green R (2015) Effect of principal and student gender on New York City high school performance outcomes. SAGE Open, 5: 2158244015591707.
44. Hallinger P, Dongyu L, Wang WC (2016) Gender differences in instructional leadership: A meta-analytic review of studies using the principal instructional management rating scale. Educational Administration Quarterly 52: 567–601.
45. Fennell HA (2002) Letting go while holding on: Women principals’ lived experiences with power. Journal of Educational Administration 40: 95–117.
46. Hall V (1994) Making it happen: a study of women headteachers of primary and secondary schools in England and Wales. Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago.
47. Krüger ML (2008) School leadership, sex and gender: Welcome to difference. International Journal of Leadership in Education 11: 155–168.
48. Marczynski JC, Gates GS (2013) Women secondary principals in Texas 1998 and 2011: Movement toward equity. Journal of Educational Administration 51: 705–727.
49. Skrla L (2000) The social construction of gender in the superintendency. Journal of Education Policy 15: 293–316.
50. Trinidad C, Normore AH (2005) Leadership and gender: A dangerous liaison? Leadership & Organization Development Journal 26: 574–590.
51. Williamson R, Hudson M (2001) The good, the bad, the ugly: Internships in principal preparation. Paper presented at the National Council for Professors of Educational Administration at Houston, TX.
52. Chen M, Addi A (1992) Principals’gender and the work orientation of male and female teachers. Transformation 3: 5–14.
53. Winn P, Erwin S, Gentry J, Cauble M (2009) Relationship between student academic achievement and gender of campus administrator. School Leadership Review 4: 36–54.
54. Catalyst (2014). Women board directors. Available at: http://www.catalyst.org/sysem/files/2014_catalyst_census_women_board_directors_0.pdf
55. Deloitte (2017) Women in the boardroom: A global perspective. Available at: https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/za/Documents/technology-media-telecommunications/za_Wome_in_the_boardroom_a_global_perspective_fifth_edition.pdf
56. Zelechowski DD, Bilimoria D (2004) Characteristics of women and men corporate inside directors in the US. Corporate Governance: An International Review 12: 337–342.
57. Adams RB, Ferreira D (2009) Women in the boardroom and their impact on governance and performance. Journal of Financial Economics 94: 291–309.
58. Kanter RM (1977) Some effects of proportions on group life: Skewed sex ratios and responses to token women. American Journal of Sociology 82: 965–990.
59. Cox T (1993) Cultural diversity in organizations. Berrett-Koehler, San Francisco.
60. Jehn KA, Northcraft GB, Neale MA (1999) Why differences make a difference: A field study of diversity, conflict and performance in workgroups. Administrative Science Quarterly 44: 741–763.
61. Swann WB, Polzer JT, Seyle DC, Ko SJ (2004) Finding value in diversity: Verification of personal and social self-views in diverse groups. Academy of Management Review 29: 9–27.
62. Watson WE, Kumar K, Michaelsen LK (1993) Cultural diversity's impact on interaction process and performance: Comparing homogeneous and diverse task groups. Academy of Management Journal 36: 590–602.
63. Bantel KA, Jackson SE (1989) Top management and innovations in banking: does the composition of the top team make a difference? Strategic Management Journal 10(S1): 107–124.
64. De Dreu CK, West MA (2001) Minority dissent and team innovation: The importance of participation in decision making. Journal of Applied Psychology 86: 1191–1201. 11768061
65. Grant RM (1988) On ‘dominant logic’, relatedness and the link between diversity and performance. Strategic Management Journal 9: 639–642.
66. Bilimoria D, Wheeler JV (2000) Women corporate directors: Current research and future directions. Women in Management: Current Research Issues 2: 138–163.
67. Davison HK, Burke MJ (2000) Sex discrimination in simulated employment contexts: A meta-analytic investigation. Journal of Vocational Behavior 56: 225–248.
68. Hillman AJ, Shropshire C, Cannella AA (2007) Organizational predictors of women on corporate boards. Academy of Management Journal 50: 941–952.
69. Milliken FJ, Martins LL (1996) Searching for common threads: Understanding the multiple effects of diversity in organizational groups. Academy of Management Review 21: 402–433.
70. Hirschfeld RR, Jordan MH, Field HS, Giles WF, Armenakis AA (2005) Teams' female representation and perceived potency as inputs to team outcomes in a predominantly male field setting. Personnel Psychology 58: 893–924.
71. Kramer VW, Konrad AM, Erkut S, Hooper MJ (2007) Critical mass on corporate boards: Why three or more women enhance governance, 2–4. Wellesley Centers for Women, Boston.
72. Rand DG (2017) Social dilemma cooperation (unlike Dictator Game giving) is intuitive for men as well as women. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 73: 164–168. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2017.06.013 29686434
73. Brañas-Garza P, Capraro V, Rascon-Ramirez E (2018) Gender differences in altruism on Mechanical Turk: Expectations and actual behaviour. Economics Letters 170: 19–23.
74. Rand DG, Brescoll VL, Everett JA., Capraro V, Barcelo H. (2016) Social heuristics and social roles: Intuition favors altruism for women but not for men. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 145: 389–396.
75. Abeler J, Nosenzo D, Raymond C (2016) Preferences for truth-telling. IZA Discussion Paper 10188.
76. Capraro V, Sippel J (2017) Gender differences in moral judgment and the evaluation of gender-specified moral agents. Cognitive Processing 18: 399–405. doi: 10.1007/s10339-017-0822-9 28597324
77. Balafoutas L, Sutter M (2012) Affirmative action policies promote women and do not harm efficiency in the laboratory. Science 335(6068): 579–582. doi: 10.1126/science.1211180 22301317
78. Niederle M, Vesterlund L (2007) Do women shy away from competition? Do men compete too much? The Quarterly Journal of Economics 122: 1067–1101.
79. Byron K, Post C (2016) Women on boards of directors and corporate social performance: A meta‐analysis. Corporate Governance: An International Review 24: 428–442.
80. Dawson J, Kersley R, Natella S (2016) The CS gender 3000: The reward for change. Credit Suisse Research Institute.
81. Blackmore J (1996) Doing ‘emotional labour’in the education market place: Stories from the field of women in management. Discourse: studies in the cultural politics of education 17: 337–349.
82. Limerick B, Lingard B (1995) Gender and changing educational management. Hodder Education, a division of Hodder Headline Australia.
83. Lee LE, Marshall R, Rallis D, Moscardi M (2015) Women on boards: Global trends in gender diversity on corporate boards. MSCI Research Insights.
84. West TV, Heilman ME, Gullett L, Moss-Racusin CA, Magee JC (2012) Building blocks of bias: Gender composition predicts male and female group members’ evaluations of each other and the group. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 48: 1209–1212.
85. Baron-Cohen S (2005) La gran diferencia: Cómo son realmente los cerebros de hombres y mujeres. Editorial AMAT, Barcelona.
86. Addi-Raccah A (2006). Accessing internal leadership positions at school: Testing the similarity-attraction approach regarding gender in three educational systems in Israel. Educational Administration Quarterly 42: 291–323.
87. McNeilly KM, Russ FA (2000) Does relational demography matter in personal selling context? The Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management 20: 279–288.
88. Lee VE, Smith JB, Cioci M (1993) Teachers and principals: Gender-related perceptions of leadership and power in secondary schools. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 15: 153–180.
89. Brunner CC (2000). Unsettled moments in settled discourse: Women superintendents’ experience of inequality. Educational Administrative Quarterly 36: 76–116.
90. Regan HB, Brooks GH (1995) Out of women’s experience: Creating relational leadership. Corwin Press, Thousand Oaks, CA.
91. Shakeshaft C (1987) Women in educational administration. Corwin Press, Newbury Park, CA.
92. Horwitz SK (2005) The compositional impact of team diversity on performance: Theoretical considerations. Human Resource Development Review 4: 219–245.
93. Cox T Jr (2001) Creating the multicultural organization: A strategy for capturing the power of diversity. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA.
94. DiTomaso N, Post C, Parks-Yancy R (2007) Workforce diversity and inequality: Power, status, and numbers. Annual Review of Sociology 33: 473–501.
95. Herring C (2009) Does diversity pay? Race, gender, and the business case for diversity. American Sociological Review 74: 208–224.
96. Wegge J, Roth C, Neubach B, Schmidt KH, Kanfer R (2008) Age and gender diversity as determinants of performance and health in a public organization: The role of task complexity and group size. Journal of Applied Psychology 93: 1301–1313. doi: 10.1037/a0012680 19025249
97. Williams K, O'Reilly C (1998) Demography and diversity in organizations: a review of 40 years of research. Research in Organizational Behavior 20: 77–140.
98. Badal S, Harter JK (2014) Gender diversity, business-unit engagement, and performance. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies 21: 354–365.
99. Chrobot-Mason D, Aramovich NP (2013) The psychological benefits of creating an affirming climate for workplace diversity. Group & Organization Management 38: 659–689.
100. Hoogendoorn S, Oosterbeek H, Van Praag M (2013) The impact of gender diversity on the performance of business teams: Evidence from a field experiment. Management Science 59: 1514–1528.
101. Orlitzky M, Benjamin JD (2003) The effects of sex composition on small-group performance in a business school case competition. Academy of Management Learning & Education 2: 128–138.
102. UNESCO (2019b) Education: Percentage of female teachers by teaching level of education. Available at: http://data.uis.unesco.org/index.aspx?queryid=178.
103. Dee TS (2005) A teacher like me: Does race, ethnicity, or gender matter? American Economic Review 95: 158–165.
104. Den Brok P, Brekelmans M, Wubbels T (2004) Interpersonal teacher behaviour and student outcomes. School Effectiveness and School Improvement 15: 407–442.
105. Wayne AJ, Youngs P (2003) Teacher characteristics and student achievement gains: A review. Review of Educational Research 73: 89–122.
106. Dee TS (2007) Teachers and the gender gaps in student achievement. Journal of Human Resources 42: 528–554.
107. Martin A, Marsh H (2005) Motivating boys and motivating girls: Does teacher gender really make a difference? Australian Journal of Education 49: 320–334.
108. Lam YR, Tse SK, Lam JW, Loh EK (2010) Does the gender of the teacher matter in the teaching of reading literacy? Teacher gender and pupil attainment in reading literacy in Hong Kong. Teaching and Teacher Education 26: 754–759.
109. Spilt JL, Koomen HM, Jak S (2012) Are boys better off with male and girls with female teachers? A multilevel investigation of measurement invariance and gender match in teacher–student relationship quality. Journal of School Psychology 50: 363–378. doi: 10.1016/j.jsp.2011.12.002 22656078
110. Toledo G, Valenzuela JP (2015) Over-estimating the effects of teacher attributes on school performance in the Chilean education system. Estudios de Economía 42: 99–128.
111. Pelled LH (1996) Demographic diversity, conflict, and work group outcomes: An intervening process theory. Organization Science 7: 615–631.
112. Tsui A, Egan T, O'Reilly C (1992) Being different: Relational demography and organizational attachment. Administrative Science Quarterly 37: 549–579.
113. Tsui AS, O'Reilly CA (1989) Beyond simple demographic effects: The importance of relational demography in superior-subordinate dyads. Academy of Management Journal 32: 402–423.
114. Tsui AS, Porter LW, Egan TD (2002) When both similarities and dissimilarities matter: Extending the concept of relational demography. Human Relations 55: 899–929.
115. Green SG, Anderson SE, Shivers SL (1996) Demographic and organizational influences on leader–member exchange and related work attitudes. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 66: 203–214.
116. Eagly AH, Carli LL (2007) Through the labyrinth: The truth about how women become leaders. Harvard Business School Press, Cambridge, MA.
117. De Nmark FL (1993) Women, leadership, and empowerment. Psychology of Women Quarterly 17: 343–356.
118. Chen M, Addi A (1992) Principals’gender and the work orientation of male and female teachers. Transformation 3: 5–14.
119. Ballou D, Podgursky M (1995) What makes a good principal? How teachers assess the performance of principals. Economics of Education Review 14: 243–252.
120. Husain AN, Matsa DA, Miller AR (2018) Do male workers prefer male leaders? An analysis of principals' effects on teacher retention (No. w25263). National Bureau of Economic Research.
121. MECD (2017) Estadística de profesorado y otro personal. Available at: http://www.educacionyfp.gob.es/servicios-al-ciudadano-mecd/estadisticas/educacion/no-universitaria/profesorado/estadistica/2017-2018-DA.html
122. OECD (2019) Distribution of teachers by age and gender. Available at: https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=EAG_PERS_SHARE_AGE
123. The World Bank (2019) Secondary education: Teachers (female). Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.SEC.TCHR.FE.ZS?end=2016&start=2016&year_high_desc=false
124. Eurostat (2015) Secondary education statistics: Women teachers over-represented at early stages of education in the EU. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/7017572/3-02102015-BP-EN.pdf/5a7b5406-4a0d-445b-8fa3-3558a8495020
125. Lozar Manfreda K, Bosnjak M, Berzelak J, Haas I, Vehovar V (2008) Web surveys versus other survey modes: A meta-analysis comparing response rates. International Journal of Market Research 50: 79–104.
126. Leana CR, Pil FK (2006) Social capital and organizational performance: Evidence from urban public schools. Organization Science 17: 353–366.
127. Park KH, Kerr PM (1990) Determinants of academic performance: A multinomial logit approach. The Journal of Economic Education 21: 101–111.
128. Rumberger RW, Palardy GJ (2005) Test scores, dropout rates, and transfer rates as alternative indicators of high school performance. American Educational Research Journal 42: 3–42.
129. Wikström C, Wikström M (2005) Grade inflation and school competition: an empirical analysis based on the Swedish upper secondary schools. Economics of Education Review 24: 309–322.
130. Ziomek RL, Svec JC (1997) High school grades and achievement: Evidence of grade inflation. NASSP Bulletin 81: 105–113.
131. Pilcher JK (1994) The value-driven meaning of grades. Educational Assessment 2: 69–88.
132. Rivkin SG, Hanushek J, Kain JF (2005) Teachers, schools, and academic achievement. Econometrica 73: 417–458.
133. OECD (2018) Employment by job tenure intervals–average tenure. Available at: https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=TENURE_AVE
134. Watt HM, Richardson PW (2008) Motivations, perceptions, and aspirations concerning teaching as a career for different types of beginning teachers. Learning and Instruction 18: 408–428.
135. Furnham A (1986) Response bias, social desirability and dissimulation. Personality and Individual Differences 7: 385–400.
136. Nederhof AJ (1985) Methods of coping with social desirability bias: A review. European Journal of Social Psychology 15: 263–280.
137. Baron RM, Kenny DA (1986) The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 51: 1173–1182. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.51.6.1173 3806354
138. Judd CM, Kenny DA (1981) Process analysis: Estimating mediation in treatment evaluations. Evaluation Review 5: 602–619.
139. Miller T, del Carmen Triana M (2009): Demographic diversity in the boardroom: Mediators of the board diversity–firm performance relationship. Journal of Management Studies 46: 755–786.
140. Marquardt DW, Snee RD (1975) Ridge regression in practice. American Statistician 29: 3–20.
141. Kutner MH, Nachtsheim CJ, Neter J (2004) Applied linear regression models (4th edition). McGraw-Hill, Irwin.
142. Joecks J, Pull K, Vetter K (2013) Gender diversity in the boardroom and firm performance: What exactly constitutes a “critical mass?” Journal of Business Ethics 118: 61–72.
143. Korabik K, Abbondanza M (2004) New theory supplants Queen Bee notion of women in management. Report by Almina Ali, Office of Research, Ontario Ministry of Education & Training.
144. Terborg JR, Peters LH, Ilgen DR, Smith F (1977) Organizational and personal correlates of attitudes toward women as managers. Academy of Management Journal 20: 89–100.
145. Debón Lamarque S (1996) La dirección escolar en la UE y EE.UU.: Hacia una mayor profesionalización. Organización y Gestión Educativa 2: 8–13.
146. Montero A (2010) Dirección profesional y selección de directores en el sistema educativo español. Revista Española de Pedagogía 247: 417–435.
147. Eagly AH, Carli LL (2003). The female leadership advantage: An evaluation of the evidence. The Leadership Quarterly 14: 807–834.
148. MECD (2016) PISA 2015. Programa para la evaluación internacional de los alumnos. Informe español. Available at: http://www.educacionyfp.gob.es/inee/dam/jcr:e4224d22-f7ac-41ff-a0cf-876ee5d9114f/pisa2015preliminarok.pdf.
Článok vyšiel v časopise
PLOS One
2019 Číslo 9
- Metamizol jako analgetikum první volby: kdy, pro koho, jak a proč?
- Nejasný stín na plicích – kazuistika
- Masturbační chování žen v ČR − dotazníková studie
- Úspěšná resuscitativní thorakotomie v přednemocniční neodkladné péči
- Fixní kombinace paracetamol/kodein nabízí synergické analgetické účinky
Najčítanejšie v tomto čísle
- Graviola (Annona muricata) attenuates behavioural alterations and testicular oxidative stress induced by streptozotocin in diabetic rats
- CH(II), a cerebroprotein hydrolysate, exhibits potential neuro-protective effect on Alzheimer’s disease
- Comparison between Aptima Assays (Hologic) and the Allplex STI Essential Assay (Seegene) for the diagnosis of Sexually transmitted infections
- Assessment of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity using CareStart G6PD rapid diagnostic test and associated genetic variants in Plasmodium vivax malaria endemic setting in Mauritania