A biface production older than 600 ka ago at Notarchirico (Southern Italy) contribution to understanding early Acheulean cognition and skills in Europe

English version

Autoři: Marie-Hélène Moncel ^aff001; Carmen Santagata ^aff002; Alison Pereira ^aff001; Sébastien Nomade ^aff004; Jean-Jacques Bahain ^aff001; Pierre Voinchet ^aff001; Marcello Piperno ^aff006
Působiště autorů: UMR 7194 HNHP, National Museum of Natural History, Paris, France ^aff001; UMR 5199 PACEA, University of Bordeaux 1, Bordeaux, France ^aff002; Ecole française de Rome, Piazza Farnese, Roma, Italy ^aff003; Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de L’Environnement, UMR 8212, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvellet, France ^aff004; Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France ^aff005; Museo archeologico "Biagio Greco", Mondragone, Italy ^aff006
Vyšlo v časopise: PLoS ONE 14(9)
Kategorie: Research Article
prolekare.web.journal.doi_sk: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218591

Souhrn

For the past decade, debates on the earliest evidence of bifacial shaping in Western Europe have focused on several key issues, such as its origin (i.e., local or introduced), or on what should define the Acheulean culture. Whatever hypotheses are proposed for its origin, the onset and technological strategies for making Large Cutting Tools (LCTs), including biface production, are key issues and are often associated with other behavioural changes, such as increased core technology complexity. Current archaeological patterns do not support the existence of transitional industries. Rather, the scant evidence suggests that biface production associated with the management of bifacial volume was widespread around 700 ka. Among the earliest sites, the site of Notarchirico in Southern Italy stands out as one of the most significant examples. ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar ages and ESR dates recently provided a revised chronology for the whole sedimentary sequence and constrained the archaeological levels between ca. 610 and 670 ka. Five archaeosurfaces (A, A1, B, D and F) yielded LCTs, including bifaces, during Marcello Piperno’s excavations from 1980 to 1995. In light of this new chronological framework, which is much shorter than previously thought, we propose in this contribution a revision of the bifaces by applying the “chaine opératoire” method for the first time (analysis of reduction processes). Our goals are to assess biface production in this early Western European locality and to characterize the strategies applied at the site throughout the sequence. A corpus of 32 tools was selected from the A-A1, B, D and F archaeosurfaces. The technological analysis shows that hominins had the capacity to manage bifacial volumes, when raw material quality was adequate. Clear differences do not emerge between the different levels in terms of shaping modes or final forms. However, we demonstrate that the oldest level (level F), with the richest corpus, lacks flint and displays a higher diversity of bifaces. This ability to manage bifacial and bilateral equilibrium, as well as the diversity of the morphological results, is observed in a few penecontemporaneous sites (700–600 ka), both in the north-western and southern parts of Western Europe. These patterns suggest that hominins mastered well-controlled and diversified biface production, combining intense shaping and minimal shaping, and shared a common technological background regardless of the geographical area, and applied this technology regardless of the available raw materials. The degree of skill complexity of hominins in Western Europe between 700 and 600 ka, the current lack of evidence suggesting “gradual industries” between core-and-flake series and Acheulean techno-complexes, raise numerous questions on the origin of new behaviours in Western Europe, their mode of diffusion, and their association with Homo heidelbergensis or other Middle Pleistocene populations.

Klíčová slova:

Europe – Paleoanthropology – Hominins – Archaeology – Archaeological excavation – Limestone – Raw materials – Pleistocene epoch

Zdroje

1. Schreve D., Moncel M-H., Bridgland D. 2015. Editorial: The early Acheulean occupation of western Europe: chronology, environment and subsistence behaviour. In: Schreve D., Moncel M-H., Bridgland D., Special issue: Chronology, paleoenvironments and subsistence in the Acheulean of western Europe, Journal of Quaternary Science 30(7), p. 585–593.

2. Martínez K., Garriga J. G., 2016. On the origin of the European Acheulian. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 44, 87–104.

3. Abbate E., Sagri M., 2012. Early to Middle Pleistocene Homo dispersals from Africa to Eurasia: Geological, climatic and environmental constraints. Quaternary International 267, 3–19

4. Moncel M-H, Arzarello M., Boëda E., Bonilauri S., Chevrier B., Gaillard C. et al., 2018. Assemblages with bifacial tools in Eurasia (third part). Considerations on the bifacial phenomenon throughout Eurasia, CR Palevol, special issue Eurasian Pleistocene ( Coppens Y. et Vialet A. Eds.) 17 (1–2), 77–97.

5. Mussi M., Gallotti R. (Eds.) 2018. The Emergence of the Acheulean in East Africa, Springer edition.

6. Moncel M.-H., Landais A., Lebreton V., Combourieu-Nebout N., Nomade S., Bazin L., 2018. Linking environmental changes with human occupations between 900 and 400 ka in Western Europe, Quaternary International, special issue; Acheulean and Acheulean-Like Adaptations, P. Chauhan 480, 74–90.

7. Moncel M-H., Ashton N. 2018. From 800 to 500 ka in Europe. The oldest evidence of Acheuleans in their technological, chronological and geographical framework. In: Mussi M., Gallotti R. (Eds.), Chapter 11. The Emergence of the Acheulean in East Africa, Springer edition, pp. 215–235.

8. Stringer C., 2012. The Status of Homo heidelbergensis (Schoetensack 1908). Evolutionary Anthropology 21, 101–107. doi: 10.1002/evan.21311 22718477

9. Moncel M-H., Despriée J., Voinchet P., Tissoux H., Moreno D., Bahain J-J. et al., 2013. Early evidence of Acheulean settlement in north-western Europe—la Noira site, a 700 000 year-old occupation in the Center of France. PloSOne 8(11), e75529.

10. Gallotti R., Peretto C., 2015. The Lower/early Middle Pleistocene small debitage productions in Western Europe: New data from Isernia La Pineta t.3c (Upper Volturno Basin, Italy). Quaternary International 357, 264–281.

11. Mortillet de, G., 1872. Classification des diverses périodes de l’âge de la pierre. In: Congrès international d’Anthropologie et d’Archéologie préhistoriques, 6ème session, Bruxelles, 1872, C. Muquardt, Bruxelles, pp. 432–459.

12. Moncel M-H., Ashton N., Lamotte A., Tuffreau A., Cliquet D., Despriée J., 2015. The North-west Europe early Acheulian, Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 40, 302–331.

13. Presnyakova D., Braun D. R., Conard N. J., Feibel C., Harris J. W., Pop C. M. et al., 2018. Site fragmentation, hominin mobility and LCT variability reflected in the early Acheulean record of the Okote Member, at Koobi Fora, Kenya. Journal of human evolution 125, 159–180. doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.07.008 30268405

14. Torre de la I., McHenry L.J., Njau J.K., 2018. Special Issue on the early Acheulean of EF-HR (Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania). Special issue. Journal of human evolution, 120.

15. Voinchet P., Moreno D., Bahain J-J., Tissoux H., Tombret O., Falguères C. et al., 2015. Chronological data (ESR and ESR/U-series) for the earliest Acheulean sites of northwestern Europe. In: Schreve D., Moncel M.-H., Bridgland D. (Eds.), Special issue: Chronology, paleoenvironments and subsistence in the Acheulean of Western Europe, Journal of Quaternary Science 30 (7), 610–623.

16. Pereira A., Nomade S., Voinchet P., Bahain J. J., Falguères C., Garon H. et al., 2015. The earliest securely dated hominin fossil in Italy and evidence of Acheulian occupation during glacial MIS 16 at Notarchirico (Venosa, Basilicata, Italy). Journal of Quaternary Sciences 30(7), 639–650.

17. Vallverdu J., Saladié P., S., Rosas A., Huguet R., Caceres I., Mosquera M. et al., 2014. Age and Date for Early Arrival of the Acheulian in Europe (Barranc de la Boella, la Canonja, Spain). PloSOne 9 (Issue 7), e103634.

18. Mosquera M., Ollé A., Rodríguez-Álvarez X.P., Carbonell E., 2018. Shedding light on the Early Pleistocene of TD6 (Gran Dolina, Atapuerca, Spain): The technological sequence and occupational inferences. PloSOne 13(1), e0190889.

19. Piperno M. (ed.) 1999. Notarchirico. Un sito del Pleistocene medio iniziale nel bacino di Venosa, Edizioni Osanna.

20. Boëda E., Geneste J-M., Meignen L., 1990. Identification de chaînes opératoires lithiques du Paléolithique ancien et moyen. Paleo 2, 43–80.

21. Geneste J.M., 1991. Systèmes techniques de production lithique: variations technoéconomiquesdans les processus de réalisation des outillages paléolithiques. Technology and Culture 17 (18), 1–35.

22. Goren-Inbar N., Sharon G., 2006. Axe Age: Acheulian Tool-making from Quarry to Discard, Equinox Publshing Ltd, London.

23. Parfitt S.A., Ashton N., Lewis S.G., Abel R.L., Coope G. R., Mike H. F. et al., 2010. Early Pleistocene human occupation at the edge of the boreal zone in northwest Europe. Nature 466, 229–233. doi: 10.1038/nature09117 20613840

24. Dennell R. W., Martinón-Torres M., de Castro J.M.B., 2011. Hominin variability, climatic instability and population demography in Middle Pleistocene Europe. Quaternary Science Reviews 30(11–12), 1511–1524.

25. Moncel M-H., Despriée J., Voinchet P., Courcimault G., Hardy B., Bahain J-J. et al., 2016a. The Acheulean workshop of la Noira (France, 650 ka) in the European technological context, Special issue First European peopling, Quaternary International 393, 112–136.

26. Hublin J.-J., 2009. The origin of Neandertals. PNAS 106, 38, 16022–16027. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0904119106 19805257

27. Premo L.S., Hublin J-J., 2009. Culture, population structure, and low genetic diversity in Pleistocene hominins, PNAS 106(1), 33–37. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0809194105 19104042

28. Lefèvre D., Raynal J.-P., Vernet G., Kieffer G., Piperno M., 2010. Tephro-stratigraphy and the age of ancient Southern Italian Acheulean settlements: The sites of Loreto and Notarchirico (Venosa, Basilicata, Italy). Quaternary International 223–224, 360–368.

29. Belli G., Belluomini G., Cassoli P.F., Cecchi S., Cucarzi M., Delitala L. et al., 1991. Découverte d'un fémur acheuléen à Notarchirico (Venosa, Basilicate), L'Anthropologie 95(1), 47–88.

30. Santagata C., 2016. Operating systems in units B and E of the Notarchirico (Basilicata, Italy) ancient Acheulean open-air site and the role of raw materials. Quaternary International 411, 284–300.

31. Steiger R.H., Jäger E., 1977. Subcommission on geochronology: convention on the use of decay constants in geo- and cosmochronology. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 6, 359–362.

32. Nomade S., Renne P.R., Vogel N., Deino A.L., Sharp W.D., Becker T.A., Jaouni A.R., Mundil R., 2005. Alder Creek sanidine (ACs-2), A Quaternary 40Ar/39Ar dating standard tied to the Cobb Mountain geomagnetic event. Chemical Geology 218, 315–338.

33. Niespolo E.M., Rutte D., Deino A., Renne P.R., 2016. Intercalibration and age of the Alder Creek sanidine 40Ar/39Ar standard. Quaternary Geochronology 39, 205–213.

34. Renne P.R., Mundil R., Balco G., Min K., Ludwig K.R., 2011. Joint determination of 40K decay constants and 40Ar*/40K for the Fish Canyon sanidine standard, and improved accuracy for 40Ar/39Ar geochronology. Response to the comment by Schwarz W.H. et al., Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta 75, 5097–5100.

35. Kleindienst M.R., 1961. Variability within the late Acheulian assemblage in Eastern Africa. South African Archaeological Bulletin 16, 35–52.

36. Leakey M.D., 1971. Olduvai Gorge: Excavations in Bed I and Bed II, 1960–1963, Cambridge University Press.

37. Texier P-J., Roche H., 1995. The impact of predetermination on the development of some Acheulean chaînes opératoires. In: Bermúdez de Castro J., Arsuaga J.L., Carbonell E. (Eds.), Evolucion humana en Europa y los yacimientos de la Sierra de Atapuerca. Junta de Castilla y Leon, Vallaloid, pp. 403–420.

38. Roche H., 2005. From Simple Flaking to Shaping: Stone-knapping Evolution among Early Hominids. In: Roux V., Brill B. (Eds.), Stone knapping. The necessary conditions for a uniquely hominin behavior. MacDonald Institute Monograph, pp. 35–53.

39. Goren-Inbar N., Alperson-Afil N., Sharon G., Herzlinger G., 2018. The Acheulian Site of Gesher Benot Ya ‘aqov Volume IV: The Lithic Assemblages. Springer.

40. McPherron S., 2006. What typology can tell us about Acheulian handaxe production. In: Goren–Inbar N, Sharon G. (Eds.), Axe Age Acheulian Tool-making from Quarry to Discard, Equinox Publishing Ltd, London, pp. 267–287.

41. Key A. J., Proffitt T., Stefani E., Lycett S.J., 2016. Looking at handaxes from another angle: Assessing the ergonomic and functional importance of edge form in Acheulean bifaces. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 44, 43–55.

42. Lycett S.J., Schillinger K., Eren M.I., von Cramon-Taubadel N., Mesoudi A., 2016. Factors affecting Acheulean handaxe variation: Experimental insights, microevolutionary processes, and macroevolutionary outcomes. Quaternary International 411, 386–401.

43. Soriano, S. 2000. Outillage bifacial et outillage sur éclat au Paléolithique ancien et moyen: coexistence et interaction (Doctoral dissertation, Paris 10).

44. Terradillos-Bernal M., Rodríguez-Alvarez X.-P., 2014. The influence of raw material qualities in the lithic technology of Gran Dolina (Units TD6 and TD10) and Galería (Sierra de Atapuerca, Burgos, Spain): a view from experimental archeology. Comptes Rendus Palevol 13, 527e542.

45. Tagliacozzo A., Cassoli P.F., Curci A., Fiore I., 1999. Analisi tafonomica dei resti ossei del livello alfa. In: Piperno M. (Eds.), Notarchirico. Un sito del Pleistocene medio iniziale nel bacino di Venosa. “Poliedrica”, Osanna, Venosa, pp. 455e520.

46. Martinez K., Garcia J., Carbonell E., Agusti J., Bahain J.-J., Blain H.-A. et al., 2010. A new Lower Pleistocene archaeological site in Europe (Vallparadis, Barcelona, Spain). PNAS 107(13), 5762–5767. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0913856107 20231433

47. Pereira A., 2017. Apport de la datation 40Ar/39Ar à la compréhension de l’évolution culturelle des pré-néandertaliens en Italie centrale et méridionale entre 750 et 250 ka. Phd MNHN, Paris, Ecole Française de Rome and Université de Ferrare, Italie.

48. Peretto C., Arnaud J., Moggi-Cecchi J., Manzi G., Nomade S., Pereira et al., 2015. A human deciduous tooth and new 40Ar/39Ar dating results from the Middle Pleistocene archaeological site of Isernia La Pineta, southern Italy. PLoSOne 10(10), e0140091.

49. Ashton N.M., White M., 2003. Bifaces and raw materials: flexible flaking in the British Early Palaeolithic. In: Soressi M., Dibble H. (eds.), Multiple Approaches to the Study of Bifacial Technology. University Museum Monography, 115, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, pp. 109–124.

50. Antoine P., Moncel M.-H., Limondin-Lozouet N., Locht J.-L., Bahain J.-J., Moreno D., et al., 2016. Palaeoenvironment and dating of the Early Acheulean from the type area of the (River) Somme basin (Northern France): new discoveries from the high terrace at Abbeville-Carrière Carpentier. Quaternary Sciences Reviews 149, 338–371.

51. Despriée J., Voinchet P., Tissoux H., Bahain J.-J., Falguères C., Courcimault G. et al., 2011. Lower and Middle Pleistocene human settlements recorded in fluvial deposits of the middle Loire River Basin, Centre Region, France. Quaternary Science Reviews 30(11–12), 1474–1485.

52. Moncel M.-H., Orliac R., Auguste P., Vercoutère C., 2016b. La séquence de Moulin Quignon est-elle une séquence archéologique?, L’Anthropologie 120(5), 369–388.

53. Hurel A., Bahain J-J., Moncel M-H., Vialet A., Antoine P., Auguste P. et al., 2016. Moulin Quignon: La redécouverte d’un site. L’Anthropologie 120(5), 428–438.

54. Iovita R., Tuvi-Arad I., Moncel M-H., Despriée J., Voinchet P., Bahain J-J. 2017. High handaxe symmetry at the beginning of the European Acheulian: the data from la Noira (France) in context. PloSOne 12(5), e0177063.

55. McNabb J., Cole J., Hoggard C. S., 2018. From side to side: Symmetry in handaxes in the British Lower and Middle Palaeolithic. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 17, 293–310.

56. Winton V., 2005. An Investigation of Knapping-skill Development in the Manufacture of Palaeolithic Handaxes. In: Roux V., Brill B. (Eds.), Stone knapping. The necessary conditions for a uniquely hominin behavior, MacDonald Institute Monograph, pp. 109–119.

57. Despriée J., Courcimault G., Moncel M.-H., Voinchet P., Tissoux H., Puaud S. et al., 2016. The Acheulean site of la Noira (Centre region, France): characterization of materials and alterations, choice of lacustrine millstone and evidence of anthropogenic behavior. Quaternary International 411, 144–159.

58. Hardy B.L., Moncel M.-H., Despriée J., Courcimault G., Voinchet P., 2018. Clues to Homo heidelbergensis Behavior at the 700ka Acheulean site of La Noira (France). Quaternary Sciences Review 199, 60–82.

59. Key A., Merritt S. R., Kivell T.L., 2018. Hand grip diversity and frequency during the use of Lower Palaeolithic stone cutting-tools. Journal of human evolution 125, 137–158. doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.08.006 30322659

60. Barsky D., 2013. The Caune de l’Arago stone industries in their stratigraphical context. Comptes Rendus Palevol 1(5), 305–325.

61. Barsky D., Lumley H., de, 2010. Early European Mode 2 and the stone industry from the Caune de l'Arago's archeostratigraphical levels "P". Quaternary International 223–224, 71–86.

62. García-Medrano P., Ollé A., Ashton N., Roberts M.B., 2018. The Mental Template in Handaxe Manufacture: New Insights into Acheulean Lithic Technological Behavior at Boxgrove, Sussex, UK. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 1–27.

63. Roberts M., Parfitt S., 1999. Boxgrove: A Middle Pleistocene Hominid site at Eartham Quarry, English Herirage, West Sussex, England.

64. Gallotti R., Collina C., Raynal J-P., Kieffer G., Geraads D., Piperno M., 2010. The Early Middle Pleistocene Site of Gombore II (Melka Kunture, Upper Awash, Ethiopia) and the Issue of Acheulean Bifacial Shaping Strategies. African Archaeological Revue 27, 291–322.

65. Gallotti R., Mussi M., 2018. Before, During, and After the Early Acheulean at Melka Kunture (Upper Awash, Ethiopia): A Techno-economic Comparative Analysis. In: Mussi M., Gallotti R. (Eds.), The Emergence of the Acheulean in East Africa and Beyond (), Springer, Cham, pp. 53–92

66. Herzlinger G., Goren-Inbar N. 2019. Do a few tools necessarily mean a few people? A techno-morphological approach to the question of group size at Gesher Benot Ya'aqov, Israel. Journal of Human Evolution 128, 45–58. doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.11.008 30825981

67. Sharon G., Alperson-Afil N., Goren-Inbar N., 2011. Cultural conservatism and variability in the Acheulian sequence of Gesher Benot Yaaqov. Journal of Human Evolution 60(4), 387–397. doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2009.11.012 20303143

68. Texier P-J., 2018. Technological Assets for the Emergence of the Acheulean? Reflections on the Kokiselei 4 Lithic Assemblage and Its Place in the Archaeological Context of West Turkana, Kenya. In: Mussi M., Gallotti R. (Eds.), The Emergence of the Acheulean in East Africa and Beyond (, Springer, Cham, pp. 33–52

69. Bar-Yosef O., Goren-Inbar N., 1993. The Lithic Assemblages of Ubeidiya. A Lower Palaeolithic site in the Jordan Valley, Quedem, University of Jerusalem.

70. Pappu S., Gunnell Y., Akhilesh K., Braucher R., Taieb M., Demory F. et al., 2011. Early Pleistocene Presence of Acheulian Hominins in South India. Science 331, 1596–1599. doi: 10.1126/science.1200183 21436450

71. Lugli F., Cipriani A., Arnaud J., Arzarello M., Peretto C., Benazzi S., 2017. Suspected limited mobility of a Middle Pleistocene woman from Southern Italy: strontium isotopes of a human deciduous tooth. Scientific Reports 7, 8615. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-09007-5 28819227

72. Anconetani, P., 1999. L'assemblage faunique du gisement paleolithique inférieur d'Isernia-La-Pineta (Molise, Italie) et l'exploitation du bison. In: Brugal, J.-P., David, F., Enloe, J.G., Jaubert, J. (eds.), Le Bison: gibier et moyen de subsistance des hommes du Paléolithique aux Paléo indiens des grandes plaines. Proceedings of the International Conference, Toulouse, 1995. Editions APDCA, Antibes, pp. 105–120.

73. Thun Hohenstein U., Di Nucci A., Moigne A.M., 2009. Mode de vie à Isernia La Pineta (Molise, Italie). Stratégie d'exploitation du Bison schoetensacki par les groupes humains au Paléolithique inférieur. L'Anthropologie 113, 96–110.

74. Pawłowska K. 2017. Large mammals affected by hominins: Paleogeography of butchering for the European Early and Middle Pleistocene. Quaternary International 438, 104–115.

75. Aureli D., Contardi A., Giaccio B., Jicha B., Lemorini C., Madonna S. et al. 2015. Palaeoloxodon and human interaction: depositional setting, chronology and archaeology at the Middle Pleistocene Ficoncella site (Tarquinia, Italy). PloSOne 10(4), e0124498.

76. Abruzzese C., Aureli D., Rocca R. 2016. Assessment of the Acheulean in southern Italy: new study on the Atella site (Basilicata, Italy). Quaternary International 393, 158–168.

77. Leroyer M., 2017. Palethnologie Acheuléenne: De la Technologie Bifaciale à l’organisation de la subsistance collective. Étude du Site de Boxgrove–Eartham Pit (West Sussex, Angleterre) et de deux sites du cours moyen de la Seine. Unpublished Phd, University of Paris I.

78. De Lumley H., Grégoire S., Barsky D., Batalla G., Bailon S., Belda V. et al., 2004. Habitat et mode de vie des chasseurs paléolithiques de la Caune de l'Arago (600 000–400 000 ans). L'Anthropologie 108(2), 159–184.

79. Ollé A., Mosquera M., Rodríguez X. P., de Lombera-Hermida A., García-Antón M. D., García-Medrano P. et al., 2013. The Early and Middle Pleistocene technological record from Sierra de Atapuerca (Burgos, Spain). Quaternary International 295, 138–167.

80. Mosquera M., Saladié P., Ollé A., Cáceres I., Huguet R., Villalaín J. J. et al., 2015. Barranc de la Boella (Catalonia, Spain): an Acheulean elephant butchering site from the European late Early Pleistocene. Journal of Quaternary Science 30(7), 651–666.

81. Herzlinger G., Wynn T., Goren-Inbar N. 2017. Expert cognition in the production sequence of Acheulian cleavers at Gesher Benot Ya'aqov, Israel: A lithic and cognitive analysis. PloSOne 12(11), e0188337.

82. Sharon G., 2009. Acheulian Giant-Core Technology. Current Anthropology 50 (3), 335–367.

83. Sharon G., 2011. Flakes Crossing the Straits? Entame Flakes and Northern Africa-Iberia Contact During the Acheulean. African Archaeological Review 28, 125–140.

84. Baena J. B., Navas C.T., Sharon G., 2018. Life history of a large flake biface. Quaternary Science Reviews 190, 123–136.

85. Beyene Y., Katoh S., WoldeGabriel G., Hart W.K., Sudo M., Kondo M. et al., 2013. The characteristics and chronology of the earliest Acheulean at Konso, Ethiopia. PNAS 110(5), 1584–1591. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1221285110 23359714

86. Torre de la L., 2016. The origins of the Acheulean: past and present perspectives on a major transition in human evolution. Philosophical Transactions B. 371.

87. Bermúdez de Castro J.M., Martinon-Torres M., Blasco R., Rosell J., Carbonell E., 2013. Continuity or discontinuity in the European early Pleistocene human settlement: the Atapuerca evidence. Quaternary Sciences Review 76, 53e65.

88. Bermúdez de Castro J. M., Martinón‐Torres M., Arsuaga J. L., Carbonell E., 2017. Twentieth anniversary of Homo antecessor (1997‐2017): a review. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 26(4), 157–171.

89. Wagner G.A., Krbetschek M., Degering D., Bahain J-J., Shao Q., Falguères C. et al., 2010. Radiometric dating of the type-site for Homo heidelbergensis at Mauer, Germany. PNAS 107 (46), 19726–19730. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1012722107 21041630

90. Rodríguez J., Burjachs F., Cuenca-Bescós G., García N., Made van der J., Pérez-González A. et al., 2011. One million years of cultural evolution in a stable environment at Atapuerca (Burgos, Spain). Quaternary Science Reviews 30, 1396–1412.

91. Muttoni G., Scardia G., Kent D.V., 2010. Human migration into Europe during the late Early Pleistocene climate transition. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 296, 79–93.

92. Ashton N., Lewis J.E., Hosfield R., 2011. Mapping the Human Record: Population Change in Britain during the Early Palaeolithic. In: Ashton N., Lewis J.E., Stringer C. (Eds.), The Ancient Human occupation of Britain. Quaternary Science, pp. 39–53.

93. Ashton N., Lewis SG., 2012. The environmental contexts of early human occupation of northwest Europe: The British Lower Palaeolithic record. Quaternary International 271, 50–64.

94. MacDonald K., Martinez-Torres M., Dennell R.W., Bermúdez de Castro J.M., 2012. Discontinuity in the record for hominin occupation in southwestern Europe: Implications for occupation of the middle latitudes of Europe. Quaternary International 271, 84–97.

95. Blackwell B.A., Sakhrani N., Singh I. K., Gopalkrishna K. K., Tourloukis V., Panagopoulou E. et al., 2018. ESR Dating Ungulate Teeth and Molluscs from the Paleolithic Site Marathousa 1, Megalopolis Basin, Greece. Quaternary 1(3), 22.

96. Field M.H., Ntinou M., Tsartsidou G., van Berge Henegouwen D., Risberg J., Tourloukis V. et al., 2018. A palaeoenvironmental reconstruction (based on palaeobotanical data and diatoms) of the Middle Pleistocene elephant (Palaeoloxodon antiquus) butchery site at Marathousa, Megalopolis, Greece. Quaternary International 497, 108–122.

97. Ingicco T., van den Bergh G.D., Jago-on C., Bahain J-J., Chacón M.G., Amano N. et al., 2018. Earliest known hominin activity in the Philippines by 709 thousand years ago. Nature 557, 233–237. doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0072-8 29720661

98. Szymanek M., Julien M.A., 2018. Early and Middle Pleistocene climate-environment conditions in Central Europe and the hominin settlement record. Quaternary Science Reviews 198, 56–75.

99. Belmaker M., 2009. Hominin adaptability and patterns of faunal turnover in the Lower-Middle Pleistocene transition in the Levant. In: Camps M., Chauhan P.R (eds), A sourcebook of Paleolithic transitions: methods, theories and Interpretations, Springer, pp. 211–227.

100. Palombo M. R. 2010. A scenario of human dispersal in the northwestern Mediterranean throughout the Early to Middle Pleistocene. Quaternary International 223, 179–194.

101. Ben-Dor M., Gopher A., Hershkovitz I., Barkai R. 2011. Man the fat hunter: the demise of Homo erectus and the emergence of a new hominin lineage in the Middle Pleistocene (ca. 400 kyr) Levant. PLoSOne 6(12), e28689.

102. Hosfield R., Cole J., 2018. Early hominins in north-west Europe: a punctuated long chronology? Quaternary Science Reviews 190, 148–160.

103. Palombo M.R., 2014. Desconstructing mammal dispersals and faunal dynamics in SW Europe during the Quaternary. Quaternary Science Reviews 96, 50–71.

104. Moncel M-H., Arzarello M., Peretto C. 2016c. Editorial. The Holstainian Eldorado. Quaternary International 409, 1–8.

105. Martinón-Torres M., Dennell R. & Bermúdez de Castro J.M., 2011. The Denisova hominin need not be an out of Africa story. Journal of Human Evolution 60(2), 251–255. doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.10.005 21129766

A biface production older than 600 ka ago at Notarchirico (Southern Italy) contribution to understanding early Acheulean cognition and skills in Europe

Souhrn

Klíčová slova:

Zdroje

PLOS One

Aktuální možnosti diagnostiky a léčby litiáz